由於民用航空器產業之經濟特性，補貼成為該產業發展之必要支柱，然因補貼係不公平之貿易行為，因此在WTO下曾引發數個民用航空器補貼爭端，包括巴西與加拿大間之區域航空器補貼案及美國與歐盟間之大型民用航空器補貼爭議。有鑑於民用航空器產業之特殊性，本文主要之研究目的在於探究SCM協定下對於民用航空器補貼及出口補貼之認定基準。本文以巴西與加拿大間之區域航空器補貼案小組與上訴機構之判定基準為基礎，輔以其他WTO裁決先例，分析「歐盟─大型民用航空器補貼案」美歐訴狀中之主張，試圖推斷本案小組對於爭端措施可能之裁決、解析過往案例中未曾闡釋之補貼要件，以期能進一步釐清SCM協定補貼及出口補貼要件之認定。 / Because of the economic characteristics of the civil aircraft industry, subsidies in practice are deemed necessary for the development of the industry. Subsidy measures taken by WTO members will distort resource allocations, and may have an adverse effect on other members. In this connection, there are 7 civil aircraft subsidy disputes under the WTO so far, including 3 regional civil aircraft disputes between Canada and Brazil and 4 large civil aircraft disputes between the United States and European Communities. In view of the fact that the civil aircraft industry possesses certain special features, the main purpose of the thesis is to analyze the requirements of determination of civil aircraft subsidies and export subsidies under the SCM Agreement. In order to further clarify the determinations of subsidies and export subsidies under the SCM Agreement, the author will take the findings in the Canada and Brazil disputes and other WTO preceding cases as the basis to analyze the arguments in the United States and European Communities written submissions of European Communities- Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft, try to presume the panel rulings of that case, and explore the subsidy conditions never explained by WTO preceding cases.

環保投資往往造成廠商成本負擔之增加，若缺乏政府管制或經濟誘因，廠商極有可能降低環保方面的投資，導致自然環境的污染及社會外部成本之發生，故透過公共環保政策之適度介入，似乎是不得不存在之必要手段。而本文所欲探討的環保補貼政策，即是存有多元見解及爭議之一種經濟誘因工具。 本文先介紹環保補貼之範圍、定義與各國適用之情形，並採用文獻回顧之方式，整理各學者對政府獎勵企業污染防治措施之爭議，以瞭解環保補貼對環境保護或全球整體經濟的影響。 肯定環保補貼對經濟發展及環境保護有正面的效果之後，接著討論環保補貼與SCM協定中「禁止性補貼」、「可控訴補貼」及「不可控訴補貼」類型間之關係，並探討當「不可控訴補貼」類型所依據之SCM協定相關規定停止適用後目前之定位，同時提出環保補貼於SCM協定下合法規避他國控訴之方式。 本文最後檢驗與分析我國之環保補貼於SCM協定下之適法性，並對我國環保補貼政策未來之發展與方向提出建議。 / The use of subsidies as environmental policy instruments has increased in recent years since firms usually aren’t willing to pay for the expense of pollution prevention and control. Environmental subsidies involving financial support by the government, as an economical incentive approach, are deemed to be important and effective by many researchers. However, it still remains controversial because some researchers argue that government intervention would always result in resources distortion and economic inefficiency. Therefore, this thesis focuses on subsidies with a positive impact on the environment and aims to discuss their utility and compatibility with relevant WTO covered agreements, especially the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measure (the SCM Agreement). The thesis first introduces the definition, scope and practice of environmental subsidies, and, by using literature review, presents several studies on the environmental and economic impact of environmental subsidies. The thesis then discusses the relevant regulations under the SCM Agreement framework and finds that environmental subsidies may be categorized as more than one type, ie non-actionable subsidy, of subsidies under the SCM Agreement. Furthermore, the thesis also analyzes how environmental subsidies can be designed in a way that complies with the SCM Agreement, thus avoiding the risk of being challenged under the WTO by other WTO Members. Finally, the thesis examines various types of environmental subsidies provided by Taiwanese government to understand whether they are consistent with the regulations of the SCM Agreement. Suggestions based on this research are put forward at the end of the thesis.

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil

自從「京都議定書」在2005年2月16日經160個國家簽署生效後，為兼顧環境保護及經濟發展，各國政府便開始鼓勵其國內能源產業發展生質燃料作為替代燃料，以減少溫室氣體排放。然生質燃料產業起步階段，因技術與市場交易機制均未成熟，故有賴政府的補貼才能順利推廣。是以，目前生質燃料的補貼是否應受到WTO協定之規範仍是備受爭議，而實有討論與研究之必要。 本論文主要研究目的，遂在分析目前德國、美國、巴西等主要生質燃料生產國為鼓勵、推廣生質燃料產業之發展，其獎勵措施所涉及的補貼是否會對未受補貼的國內外競爭者形成不公平待遇，以及是否違反WTO補貼暨平衡稅措施協定及農業協定補貼規範的情形，以政策事實套法律要件的方式，深入討論現階段各國生質燃料補貼措施：市場保證、價格補貼、投資補貼、稅賦優惠四種措施態樣，在和平條款落日後，於生質燃料製程上游、中游、下游的協定管轄情形與適法性，以期對目前生質燃料補貼政策作一完整的評估與建議。 / Since the Kyoto Protocol was signed by 160 countries and entered into forced on 16 Feburauy 2005, the governments of above countries began encouraging their enery industries to develop biofuels as substitute to reduce green house gases in pursuit of environmental protection and economic development. While the technologies and trading mechanisms of biofuel industries were immature at the preliminary stage, the prevalence of the biofuels will be dependent on government subsidies. Therefore, whether biofuels subsidies shall be subject to the rules of WTO Agreements is still a controversial issue and needs to be discussed and studied. The main purpose of the thesis is to analyze the domestic policies and incentives of those key biofuel-producuing countries such as Germany, United States and Brazil, and find if such subsidizing measures constitute unfair treatments to foreign compeitiors and violate the SCM Agreement or Agriculture Agrmment under the WTO. In order to conduct a comprehensive analysis and come up with feasible suggestions, the thesis will take the four main incentives, the so-called“Market Assurance”, “Price Support”, “Investment Support”and “Tax credit”as facts to conduct legal analysis as well as discuss the applicability of agreements when Peace Clause came to an end and analyze the legality of each incentive from upstream to downstream of the biofuel production process.