Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1981. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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Studies were conducted to determine the effects of iron and zinc chelates on these deficiencies . Soil treatments, and foliar treatments with and without urea were used . It was found that in soil treatments at least one pound chelate per tree must be used to significantly increase the iron content of the leaves. The soil treatments did not re~lt in as high a concentration in the leaves early in the season, but they had a residual effect that lasted throughout the entire growing season. Foliar treatments with iron did not effect the foliage that developed after the final application was made . In the conditions of this experiment the application of iron and/or zinc chelates resulted in increased peach size, soluble solids and sugar content.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:22:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Debora_Leitzke_Betemps.pdf: 1110781 bytes, checksum: 2e516a9e01a150ed3520ffe92559384d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-29 / Althought there are researches that report the influence of rootstock about the scion cultivar, changing their behavior in relation to development, productivity, resistance, nutrition, maturation time and the quality of the fruits, these results are not conclusive. Objective of the study was evaluate the effect of rootstock Aldrighi, Capdeboscq, Flordaguard, Nemaguard, Okinawa and Umezeiro about quality of peaches cultivar Maciel. The fruits of the cultivar Maciel are from two orchards located in the Agricultural Center of Palma UFPel/Capão do Leão and in the experimental Estation of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul UFRGS/Eldorado do Sul. After the harvest, the fruits carried the following Physico-chemical analysis: acidity, skin color, total soluble solids, pH, 'Ratio' and firmness. For phytochemical analysis, fruits were separated into peel and flesh, stored in ultra-freezer, and later held the analysis of individual and total phenols, total and individual carotenoids and antioxidant activity. For Palma‟s fruits, the rootstock evaluated influenced considerably the acidity parameters, firmness, color of coating, pH, and ratio. These effects were not observed in the experimental Estation UFRGS with the same cultivar. The values of phenols and carotenoids total and individual were influenced by the rootstocks both the flesh and the peel, for the two localities. The Okinawa‟ had the highest average of total phenols in the peel for both places, Flordaguard‟ the flesh showed the highest average for the CAP‟s fruit and Nemaguard‟ to the fruits EE/UFRGS. The quantification of phenolic compounds, the gallic acid is the highest expression followed by p-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric and caffeic. For carotenoids in the flesh Okinawa‟ showed the highest average not differing from Aldrighi‟ while in the largest EE/UFRGS results were found in the Capdeboscq‟, Nemaguard‟ and Umezeiro‟. For carotenoids, β-cryptoxanthin, is the majority pigment, still presenting licopen and β-caroten in minors amounts. Nemaguard, Aldrighi and Umezeiro‟ present a higher value for antioxidant capacity. In the analysis of correlation between phytochemical were watched a weak and positive correlation for the flesh of the fruits and for the peel a correlation weak and negative. It is conclude that the rootstock might affect in an undirected form some phytochemical and physico-chemical, for both localities in which fruits were characterized. / Embora existam pesquisas que relatem a influência do porta-enxerto sobre a cultivar copa, alterando o seu comportamento em relação ao desenvolvimento, produtividade, resistência, nutrição, época de maturação e qualidade dos frutos, os resultados ainda não são conclusivos. Objetivou-se com o trabalho avaliar o efeito dos porta-enxertos Aldrighi, Capdeboscq, Flordaguard, Nemaguard, Okinawa e umezeiro sobre a qualidade de pêssegos da cultivar Maciel. Os frutos foram provenientes da safra de 2008 de dois pomares, sendo um localizado no Centro Agropecuário da Palma UFPel/Capão do Leão (CAP/UFPel) e outro na Estação Experimental da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul UFRGS/Eldorado do Sul (EE/UFRGS). Após a colheita dos frutos procederam-se as seguintes análises físico-químicas: acidez (AT), coloração da epiderme, sólidos solúveis totais (SST), pH, relação SST/AT e firmeza de polpa. Para as análises fitoquímicas os frutos foram separados em casca e polpa e armazenados em ultra-freezer e posteriormente realizou-se a análise de fenóis totais e individuais, carotenóides totais e individuais e atividade antioxidante. Para os frutos provenientes do CAP/UFPel, os porta-enxertos avaliados influenciaram significativamente a acidez, firmeza, cor de recobrimento, pH e ratio. Estes efeitos não foram observados com os frutos provenientes da EE/ UFRGS com esta mesma cultivar onde somente a firmeza apresentou efeito significante dos porta-enxertos. Os valores de fenóis e carotenóides totais e individuais foram influenciados pelos porta-enxertos tanto na polpa quanto na casca, para as duas localidades.O Okinawa‟ obteve as maiores médias de fenóis totais na casca para as duas localidades, na polpa Flordaguard‟ apresentou as maiores médias para os frutos do CAP/UFPel e Nemaguard‟ para os frutos da EE/UFPel. Na quantificação de compostos fenólicos, o ácido gálico foi o de maior expressão seguido dos ácidos hidroxibenzóico, cumárico e cafeíco. Para carotenóides totais, na polpa, Okinawa‟ e Aldrighi‟ apresentaram as maiores médias não diferindo entre si no CAP/UFPel enquanto que na EE/UFRGS os maiores resultados foram quantificados em Capdeboscq‟, Nemaguard‟ e Umezeiro‟. Na quantificação dos carotenóides individuais, o β-criptoxantina é o pigmento majoritário apresentando ainda licopeno e β-caroteno em quantidades menores. Nemaguard, Aldrighi e Umezeiro‟ apresentaram maiores valores para capacidade antioxidante para a polpa dos frutos do CAP/UFPel sendo que Nemaguard‟ e Aldrighi‟ mantiveram este resultado para polpa da EE/UFRGS. Na análise de correlação entre os fitoquímicos, observou-se uma correlação fraca e positiva para a polpa dos frutos e para casca uma correlação fraca e negativa. Conclui-se que o porta-enxerto pode afetar de forma indireta alguns parâmetros físico-químicos e fitoquímicos, para as duas localidades na qual os frutos foram caracterizados.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-08-13T17:46:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cópia revisada ledemar-Luciano PDF.pdf: 1720131 bytes, checksum: 693af5179fe3089038ef47e6746002c4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-08-16T18:55:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Cópia revisada ledemar-Luciano PDF.pdf: 1720131 bytes, checksum: 693af5179fe3089038ef47e6746002c4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T18:55:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cópia revisada ledemar-Luciano PDF.pdf: 1720131 bytes, checksum: 693af5179fe3089038ef47e6746002c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-29 / A produção de pêssego ocupa destaque entre as frutíferas de clima temperado no Brasil, sendo o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul responsável por 65 % da produção. Para obter elevada produtividade com frutos de qualidade, o pessegueiro requer adequado suprimento de água durante a primavera e o verão. Neste período, é frequente a ocorrência de déficit hídrico e a irrigação pode promover aumento de rendimento e qualidade dos frutos. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: avaliar a resposta do pessegueiro à irrigação, quanto ao estado hídrico das plantas e a produtividade e qualidade dos frutos; determinar o manejo de água no solo mais adequado para a cultura do pessegueiro; e avaliar a influência da textura do solo no manejo da água. O estudo foi realizado em um pomar de pessegueiro comercial, cv Esmeralda, localizado no município de Morro Redondo - RS, durante as safras 2014/15, 2015/16 e 2016/17. Foram demarcadas duas áreas homogêneas em função da classe textural do solo, sendo classificadas como Franco Arenosa e Franco Argilo Arenosa. As plantas foram irrigadas por sistema de irrigação localizada por gotejamento. Os resultados mostraram que: a irrigação na fase de crescimento de fruto não influenciou a produtividade nem o tamanho dos frutos; a irrigação na fase de pós-colheita aumentou o crescimento vegetativo na safra seguinte mas não afetou a produção de frutos; os pessegueiros da área do pomar com solo franco arenoso produziram frutos maiores do que os da área com solo franco argilo arenoso; o manejo da irrigação baseado no potencial de água no ramo gera maior consumo de água, seguido pelo manejo baseado no teor de água no solo e, por último, o manejo baseado no clima / The production of peach stands out among the fruits of temperate climate in Brazil, being the State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) responsible for 65% of the production. To achieve high productivity with quality fruits, the peach tree requires adequate water supply during spring and summer. During period, water deficit is frequent and irrigation can promote yield increase and fruit quality. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the peach response to irrigation, as the water status of plants and productivity and fruit quality; to determine the soil water management most appropriate for the peach tree; and to evaluate the influence of soil texture on water management. The study was carried out in a commercial peach orchard, cv Esmeralda, located in the municipality of Morro Redondo - RS, during the harvests of 2014/15, 2015/16 and 2016/17. Two homogeneous areas were demarcated according to the textural class of the soil, being classified as Sandy Loam and Sandy Clay Loam. The plants were irrigated by a drip irrigation system. The results showed that: irrigation in the fruit growth phase did not influence fruit productivity nor fruit size; post-harvest irrigation increased vegetative growth in the next crop but did not affect fruit production; the peach orchard area with sandy loam soil produced larger fruit than the area with sandy loam clay soil; the management of irrigation based on the water potential in the branch generates greater water consumption, followed by management based on the water content in the soil and, finally, the management based on the climate.

Le dernier rapport du GIEC confirme clairement des projections climatiques prévoyant une augmentation des températures et de leur variabilité à la fin du XXIème siècle. Les effets de ces changements sur la production et la qualité des fruits ont été étudiés dans le cadre du projet CAQ40(INRA). Les expérimentations menées sur des pêchers en pot placés sous différents climats (témoin,+2°C et +5°C), ont permis d’identifier les processus (phénologie, développement, croissance,photosynthèse, métabolisme) les plus sensibles à l’élévation des températures et leurs conséquences sur le développement et la composition des fruits et la pérennité de la production.L’élévation de température a augmenté la demande climatique entraînant une diminution du potentiel hydrique des arbres, ce qui a pu entrainer une concentration des composés d’intérêt dans le fruit. La réduction du taux de photosynthèse des feuilles dans des conditions de forte température est liée à une inhibition de la photosynthèse par les températures élevées et à un contrôle stomatique lié au statut hydrique.Après floraison, l’élévation de température accélère la croissance végétative, induisant une mise en place de la surface foliaire anticipée. Cette croissance végétative précoce a eu pour conséquence (i) une dynamique très rapide d’élongation des axes en pousse longue (ii) une dominance apicale plus marquée, (iii) une diminution de la ramification des axes axillaires,contrairement aux traitements thermiques plus tardifs qui ont eu un effet défavorable sur l’initiation et la différenciation des bourgeons floraux réduisant le potentiel de production l’année suivante.En outre, l’augmentation de température après floraison a entraîné un raccourcissement très marqué de la durée de croissance du fruit, avec une date de récolte anticipée de près de 3semaines. Ce raccourcissement de la durée de croissance du fruit a entraîné une diminution du flux entrant de carbone dans le fruit, pénalisant sa croissance et sa qualité. Le climat très différent entre les deux années expérimentales a entrainé une forte variabilité de la composition des fruits entre les deux années d’expérimentation. En 2014, une élévation de température précoce ou continue a conduit à récolter des fruits de petites tailles ayant des concentrations et des teneurs en saccharose plus importantes. En 2015, la durée de développement entre floraison et maturité était encore plus courte qu’en 2014 ce qui pouvait être lié au climat plus chaud de 2015 et les fruits ont été moins sucrés et plus acides que ceux de 2014. Toutefois, l’élévation des températures en fin de développement en 2015 a augmenté les teneurs et les concentrations en hexoses et en sorbitol liées à un effet concentration mais également à un effet sur le métabolisme. L’élévation des températures en milieu et en fin de cycle a également favorisé l’accumulation d’acide malique et citrique. Les fortes températures n’ont pas eu beaucoup d’effet sur la vitamine C et ont soit augmenté ou diminué les teneurs en composés phénoliques. Les effets d’une élévation de la température sur le métabolisme sont donc très dépendants du stade de développement du fruit.L’utilisation de modèle à l’échelle du fruit (Virtual Fruit) et à l’échelle de l’arbre (QualiTree)pourrait permettre de simuler à la fois l’effet de l’environnement et des pratiques culturales sur la croissance et la qualité du fruit, et donner une vision plus intégrée du fonctionnement de la plante sous contraintes environnementales. / The latest IPCC report clearly confirms the climate projections for increasing temperaturesand their variability at the end of the 21st century. The effects of climate changes in fruit yield andquality have been studied in a project funded by INRA (project CAQ40, Metaprogramme ACCAF).Experiments carried out on potted peaches placed in different climates (control, +2 ° C and + 5 ° C),allowed the identification of the processes (phenology, development, growth, photosynthesis,metabolism) most sensitive to rising temperatures and their consequences on the development andcomposition of fruits and the sustainability of production.Higher temperature has increased the demand for water, leading to a decrease in the waterpotential of the trees, which may have led to a concentration of the compounds of interest in thefruit. The reduction of leaf photosynthesis under high temperature conditions was related to theinhibition of photosynthesis by high temperatures and stomatal control related to water status.After flowering, the rise in temperature accelerates the vegetative growth, triggering a more rapidestablishment of leaf area. This early vegetative growth resulted in: (i) very rapid dynamics ofelongation of the axes in long shoot (ii) a more pronounced apical dominance, (iii) a decrease in theaxillary axial branching. In contrast the later heat treatment had an adverse effect on the initiationand differentiation of floral buds reducing the production potential in the following year.In addition, the increase in temperature after flowering resulted in a marked shortening ofthe fruit growth period, with an expected harvest date almost 3 weeks earlier. This shortening offruit growth duration has led to a decrease in the flow of carbon entering the fruit, penalizing itsgrowth and quality. The very different climates between the two experimental years resulted in ahigh variability in fruit composition between the two years of experimentation. In 2014, increasedtemperature during the early stage of fruit development or continuously led to the harvest ofsmaller fruit with higher concentrations and higher sucrose content. In 2015, the time durationbetween flowering and maturity was even shorter than in 2014, which could be linked to thewarmer climate of 2015. In 2015 fruits were less sweet and acidic than those of 2014. However, therise of temperatures at the end of fruit development in 2015 increased the levels andconcentrations of hexoses and sorbitol; this increase was partially due to a concentration effect butalso to an effect on fruit metabolism. Increased temperatures in the middle and at the end of fruitdevelopment also favoured the accumulation of malic and citric acid. The high temperatures did nothave much effect on vitamin C and either increased or decreased the levels of phenolic compounds.The effects of an increase in temperature on the metabolism are therefore very dependent on thestage of fruit development.The use of a Fruit‐scale model and a tree‐level (QualiTree) model could simulate both the effect ofthe environment and cultural practices on the growth and quality of the fruit, and give a moreintegrated view of the plant's functioning under environmental constraints.