Cette thèse en informatique se situe dans le domaine des Environnements Informatiques pour l'Apprentissage Humain (EIAH), et plus particulièrement au sein du projet AGATE (an Approach for Genericity in Assistance To complEx tasks) qui vise à proposer des modèles génériques et des outils unifiés pour permettre la mise en place de systèmes d'assistance dans des applications existantes. Dans ce projet, l'éditeur d'assistance SEPIA permet aux concepteurs d'assistance de définir un système d'assistance épiphyte grâce à des règles respectant le langage aLDEAS. Ce système d'assistance peut ensuite être exécuté par le moteur d'assistance de SEPIA pour fournir de l'assistance aux utilisateurs finaux sur les applications-cibles diverses. Dans le contexte éducatif, des enseignants peuvent souhaiter mettre en place des systèmes d'assistance pour compléter les logiciels pédagogiques ou non-pédagogiques utilisés par les apprenants. Des ingénieurs pédagogiques endossent donc le rôle de concepteurs d'assistance, alors que les apprenants sont les utilisateurs finaux des applications assistées. Notre thèse traite la problématique suivante : « Comment mettre en place un système d'assistance épiphyte en contexte éducatif en adoptant une approche générique ? Nous avons abordé cette problématique de recherche en deux étapes : tout d'abord l'étude d'assistances existantes au sein d'applications utilisées en contexte éducatif, puis l'exploitation et l'enrichissement des modèles et outils du projet AGATE pour les adapter au contexte éducatif. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié des applications variées utilisées par des enseignants au sein de leurs cours, ainsi que des travaux existants qui proposent des systèmes d'assistance. Nous avons ainsi identifié les caractéristiques de l'assistance, et nous les avons classées selon qu'elles permettent de proposer de l'assistance technique (utilisation de l'application, prise en main) ou de l'assistance pédagogique (feedbacks pédagogiques, guidage pédagogique). Nous avons ajouté à cette classification les différents modes de déroulement d'une assistance dans le contexte éducatif. Dans un second temps, nous avons confronté les modèles et outils proposés précédemment dans le projet AGATE aux caractéristiques de l'assistance ainsi identifiées dans le contexte éducatif. Les limites des modèles et outils précédents nous ont amené à proposer deux contributions au langage aLDEAS et au système SEPIA pour les adapter au contexte éducatif. Cette nouvelle version de SEPIA adaptée au contexte éducatif est nommée SEPIA-edu. La première limite concernait la complexité de définition de systèmes d'assistance variés en termes de déroulement. Que ce soit dans un contexte éducatif ou non, il est important de pouvoir définir facilement et de manière explicite plusieurs modes d'articulation entre les différents éléments d'un système d'assistance. Nous avons donc proposé un modèle d'articulation entre les règles aLDEAS explicitant le déroulement d'une assistance et permettant de définir des systèmes d'assistance comprenant des éléments qui se déroulent de manière successive, interactive, simultanée, progressive, indépendante. Nous avons associé à ce modèle un processus d'application automatique des contraintes des modes d'articulation aux règles qui permet de générer et/ou modifier automatiquement les règles aLDEAS en faisant en sorte qu'elles soient toujours compatibles avec le moteur d'exécution d'assistance de SEPIA. Ce modèle et ce processus ont été implémentés dans SEPIA-edu. La seconde limite est propre au domaine éducatif. Elle concernait la complexité à définir un guidage pédagogique proposant un parcours entre différentes activités au sein d'une application existante. Nous avons tout d'abord proposé un modèle d'activité permettant de délimiter les activités au sein des applications... / This thesis in computer science take place in the ILE domain (Interactive Learning Environment) and was realized within the AGATE project (an Approach for Genericity in Assistance To complEx tasks) that aims at proposing generic models and unified tools to make possible the setup of assistance systems in various existing applications. In this project, an assistance editor allows assistance designers to define assistance systems and a generic assistance engine executes these assistance systems on the various target-applications without disturbing them to help final users. These assistance systems are defined by the assistance rules that respect the aLDEAS language. In the educational context, teachers can want to set up assistance system to complete the pedagogical or non-pedagogical software used by learners. Pedagogical engineers therefore have the role of assistance designers and learners are end-users of such assisted applications. Our PhD thesis address the following research question: “How to set up an epiphytic assistance system in the educational context by adopting a generic approach?” In order to answer this research question, we realized this thesis in two steps: first, the study of existing assistances within applications used in the educational context, then the exploitation and enrichment of models and tools of the AGATE project to adapt them to the educational context. In the first step, we studied the applications used by teachers in their courses as well as existing works proposing assistance system. We identified the characteristics of assistance, and classified them by the way they propose the technical assistance (use, handling of applications) and the pedagogical assistance (pedagogical feedback, pedagogical guidance) as well as different modes to sequence assistance elements in the educational context. In the second step, we confronted the models and tools proposed previously in the AGATE project to the characteristics of the assistance identified in educational context. The limitations of the previous models and tools led us to propose two contributions to the aLDEAS language and the SEPIA system in order to adapt them to the educational context. The first limitation relates to the complex definition of various assistance systems in terms of sequence of assistance elements. Whether in an educational context or not, it is important to be able to define easily and explicitly several modes of articulation between the different elements of an assistance system. We therefore proposed a model of articulation between aLDEAS rules in five modes: successive, interactive, simultaneous, progressive, independent. We associated this model with a process of automatic application of constraints of the articulation modes to the rules. This process makes it possible to automatically generate and / or modify the aLDEAS rules by making sure that they are always compatible with the execution of SEPIA assistance engine. This model and this process have been implemented in SEPIA-edu. The second limitation is specific to the educational context. It concerns the complex definition of a pedagogical guidance proposing different learning activities within an existing application. We first proposed an activity model to delimit activities within applications. Then, a pedagogical guidance model allows to define different types of pedagogical guidance (free, sequential, contextualized, temporal, personalized). A pedagogical guidance pattern was proposed to define a composed pedagogical guidance which can combine several types of pedagogical guidance. Finally, a process of the transformation of a pedagogical guidance into aLDEAS rules allows to automatically generate and modify aLDEAS rules. This model of activity, this pedagogical guidance pattern and this process have been implemented in SEPIA-edu

The art of balancing spiritual, physical and emotional attributes is a daunting task for any organist. The techniques with which an organist consolidates these attributes have a direct effect on the accomplishment of a definitive goal – a successful music performance. However, this portrays the ideal situation. There is a myriad of internal and external factors that obstruct the organist from attaining this ultimate goal and – in the process – create excessive stress and anxiety. Over and above the habitual performance nervousness, an organist’s anxiety level is exacerbated when performing on an unfamiliar organ, as every organ has unique characteristics that differ from all other. Moreover, the modern pipe organ – particularly the church organ – is a complex and intricate instrument that claims the highest skills and flexibility from an organist. Performing music is inherently a stressful accomplishment that is intensified by continuous challenges, inter alia incessant preparation and the threat of criticism. Some music performers seem to thrive on stress while others choke under pressure. The music performer, however, is not intrinsically born with the innate knowledge and wisdom to manage the diverse anxiety-causing factors that are associated with organ performing. A particular kind of pedagogical training, namely coaching, is proposed as a technique to equip a scholar – particularly an organist – with tactics to manage performance anxiety. Parallels are drawn between the training of sports athletes and organists as coaching has valuable applications for both sports- and music performers. The aim with the current study was to explore how and why organists experience such strenuous anxiety when performing a repertoire. These strains can often become too overwhelming for an organist to endure. For the purpose with the study, six experienced and qualified organists were selected by means of a convenience sample design. Their stress- and anxiety levels during music performances were identified by means of 12 open-ended questions. Being an experienced organist and teacher herself, the author was able to probe deeper into the topics introduced by the research questions. Particular consideration was given to the fabric of performance anxiety from three different approaches: behavioural, cognitive and psychoanalytical. In addition, pedagogical coaching was explored as a viable alternative to teaching an organist. Moreover, the organist’s unique characteristics were emphasised from behavioural, cognitive (gestalt), socio-cultural, and psychoanalytical approaches. From the results of the empirical study is evident that all the organists participating in the study revelled in their organ performing. However, many situational and related aspects caused them habitually to experience feelings of stress, anxiety, loneliness and apprehension. Of particular concern to the organists was the inclusion of worship bands in the church. They experienced it as a threat to the church – resulting in a lowering of musical standards. All of the stressful situations resulted in tiredness, frustration and sometimes exploitation in the organists. One main finding was that an organist imperatively needs to be coached and supported in coping with such adverse feelings. Coaching improves energy levels, self-help skills, better time management and further development of emotional intelligence. It can also increase the organist’s physiological state – improve a sense of awareness, enhance learning capabilities and increase self-confidence. The all-encompassing conclusion reached was that – through effective coaching – the organist has a much better chance of overcoming inner- and outer adversities on the way to a successful and rewarding career. / Dissertation (MMus)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Music / MMus / Unrestricted

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-05-09T15:50:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo dos Passos_.pdf: 455440 bytes, checksum: 25e832e3530d6fe760c8be86c4e98d34 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-09T15:50:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo dos Passos_.pdf: 455440 bytes, checksum: 25e832e3530d6fe760c8be86c4e98d34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-22 / Nenhuma / O trabalho de orientar pedagogicamente professores, buscando uma melhor relação entre o ensinar e o aprender, tem requerido do profissional que atua nessa função uma grande demanda de trabalho que, muitas vezes, não lhe permite realizar sua função da maneira como efetivamente gostaria e percebe como essencial. Diante disso, o presente trabalho buscou identificar os desafios e as possibilidades enfrentadas no dia a dia por um grupo de orientadores pedagógicos que faz parte do Serviço de Orientação Pedagógica (SOP) do Colégio Catarinense, em Florianópolis, SC. Essa equipe é composta de cinco pessoas que orientam, em média, 20 professores cada um. O grupo de orientadores pedagógicos foi acompanhado em algumas reuniões e foram realizadas entrevistas individuais com a intenção de ouvi-los a fim de registrar e encaminhar sugestões de melhorias para o exercício profissional. Contribuíram para dar sustentação teórica a esta pesquisa: Alarcão, Arroyo, Freire, Hypólito, Luck, Morin, Nóvoa, Paro, Rios, Saviani e Tardif. A investigação constatou que os orientadores pedagógicos, mesmo não tendo formação inicial específica para o exercício da função, têm uma grande sensibilidade frente às demandas de seus professores, e percebem que há uma distância entre a prática de orientação pedagógica que exercem, na maioria das vezes, e aquela que desejam e é preconizada teoricamente. Reconhecem a especificidade de saberes para o exercício profissional e os limites de sua formação, procurando supri-los individualmente ou em iniciativas institucionais. Exercem ações que podem ser sintetizadas em: a) de apoio didático-pedagógico; b) de organização do trabalho pedagógico; c) de mediação entre diferente instâncias; e d) de impulsionador de projetos de ensino. Entretanto, as demandas burocráticas têm preenchido a maior parte do tempo dos orientadores, e a formação pedagógica, o cerne do trabalho, nem sempre tem sido possível na qualidade que almejam. Os professores confirmam a qualidade infraestrutural da instituição e apostam em seu potencial de abertura a mudanças. As leituras e as discussões empreendidas apontam que precisamos de um novo olhar sobre esse serviço no Colégio, aprimorando-o para que cada encontro entre professor e orientador seja um momento de estudo e reflexão partilhados acerca da prática pedagógica. / The job of pedagogical guidance has required the professionals who act in this role a great demand of work. Although it seeks a better relationship between teaching and learning, the great demand does not allow them to perform their function the way they would like to or realize as essential. Thus, the present study sought to identify the challenges and possibilities faced on a daily basis by a group of pedagogical advisors which is part of the Educational Guidance Service of Catarinense School, in Florianópolis, SC. This team consists of five people that drive an average of 20 teachers each. The group of pedagogical advisors was accompanied in some meetings and individual interviews were carried out with the intention of listening to them in order to register and submit suggestions for improvements to the professional practice . Alarcão, Arroyo, Freire, Hypólito, Luck, Morin, Nóvoa, Paro, Rios, Saviani e Tardif contributed to give theoretical support to this research. The investigation found that even though the pedagogical advisors did not have specific initial training to the exercise of the function, they have a great sensitivity to the demands of their teachers. They realize that there is a gap between the practice pedagogical tutoring and what they aim in theory. The advisors recognize the specificity of knowledge to professional practice and the limits of their training, trying to supply the teachers individually or in institutional initiatives. They also carry out actions which can be summarized in: a) didactic pedagogical support; b) pedagogical work organization; c) mediation between different instances; and d) project booster. However, the bureaucratic demands have filled most of the advisors time, and the pedagogical training quality they aim, which is the core of the work, has not always been possible to be achieved. Teachers confirm the infrastructural quality of the institution and bet on its potential openness to change. The readings and discussions undertaken show that we need a new perspective on this service in school, improving it so that every meeting between teacher and guidance counselor is a moment of study and shared reflection about the pedagogical practice.

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