no / One of the major roles lichens play in shaping the natural world, both physically and biologically, is as agents in soil development: formerly considered only in a geological context, recent research has shown that they are capable of biodeteriorating stone substrata within a relatively short timescale. Chemical alteration of the substratum is achieved by the disruptive action of many species, particularly those capable of producing an oxalate at the thallus–substratum interface . The oxalate contributes significantly to the bulk and composition of the thallus itself and persists as an obvious encrustation after the lichen’s death. In the past, these disfiguring oxalate residues on ancient monuments have been variously interpreted as resulting from former mechanical/chemical renovation treatments, atmospheric pollution , and climatic weathering. The origin and nature of oxalate accretions, the factors involved in pedogenesis , and the development of lichen mosaics are reviewed. Aesthetic disfigurement versus physical damage to stonework is considered, and various aspects of stonework conservation are discussed.

The aim of the thesis is the identification and characterization of soils with andic properties using the magnetic methods. Investigated soil is located in the Velký Roudný in the Nízký Jeseník mountain. This is the only known area with Andosols on the territory of the Czech Republic. Magnetic measurements will be performed both in the field and in the laboratory, and will be accomplished by geochemical analyses necessary for accurate pedological characterisation. Magnetic data will be interpreted in termagnetická susceptibilita of the geological and environmental conditions. The results will be compared with the properties of the Andosols from the French Massif Central.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-26T20:13:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014 - Deyvid Diego Carvalho Maranh?o.pdf: 3511156 bytes, checksum: 353d33c1ec8bd59e0324501bd6a5033a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-26T20:13:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014 - Deyvid Diego Carvalho Maranh?o.pdf: 3511156 bytes, checksum: 353d33c1ec8bd59e0324501bd6a5033a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-20 / CAPES / Calcareous soils represent a significant portion of agricultural areas of the planet; commonly have high contents of calcium, magnesium, carbonates, associated with high pH values. In general, although there is little information about their attributes, they are located in areas with great potential for agricultural use. This study aimed to evaluate aspects involved in the genesis of calcareous soils of the Bambu? Group in the municipalities of Lavandeira and Aurora, southeast of Tocantins state, using morphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical attributes, and to compare methods for analytical evaluation ofthis soil attributes. Mostly, these soils havea low degree of pedogenetic development, highlighting the pedogenic processes of melanization and calcification, as well as high levels of silt fraction, which are related to the occurrence of siltstones layers associated with the limestone. From the evaluations, it is suggested that the carbonate character or calcic horizon must be included in the large group level in the class of Luvissolos H?plicos in the Brazilian System of Soil Classification. In this study, the profil P4 of toposequence T2 showed high calcium carbonate content, but were classified as "?rtico" respectively; thus omitting a feature of great importance in the management aspect. This attribute should be emphasized in the classification, since it influences the soil pH, available phosphorus content and micronutrients. The use of the suffix "r" should be reviewed in the Manual for Soil Description and Sampling in the Field, as this suffix has been used exclusively to the horizon and / or layer C, omitting this feature to other horizons, as it is featured in profile P1 of toposequence T2. As for the analytical methods, the phosphorus (P) determination more efficiently to calcareous soilsuses a buffered alkaline solution extraction (Olsen et al., 1954), and the use of acidic nature extractors (Mehlich 1) may overestimate the values of available phosphorus. Moreover, the method for determining calcium carbonateequivalent, with the changes proposed by Donagemma et al. (2011), quantified higher concentrations of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), suggesting that other methods have underestimating the CaCO3 content of the samples. As for the particle size analysis of fine earth, the usage of sodium hydroxide as chemical dispersant was more efficient in determining the clay fraction, with better dispersion of this fraction compared to the sodium hexametaphosphate solution. In contrast, the method for organic carbon measurement proposed by Yeomans and Bremner (1988) was more efficient, when compared to the method of Donagemma et al. (2011), as shown by the values similar to the ones obtained from elemental analysis (CHNS-O) in samples pretreated with an acid solution. / Os solos calc?rios representam uma parcela significativa das ?reas agr?colas do planeta; comumente, apresentam elevados teores de c?lcio, magn?sio, carbonatos, associados a elevados valores de pH. De modo geral, embora haja poucas informa??es acerca de seus atributos, est?o em ?reas de grande potencial para a utiliza??o agr?cola. Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar aspectos envolvidos na g?nese de solos calc?rios do Grupo Bambu?, nos munic?pios de Lavandeira e Aurora, sudestedo estado do Tocantins, a partir de atributos morfol?gicos, f?sicos, qu?micos e mineral?gicos, bem como comparar m?todos anal?ticos para avalia??o de atributos desses solos. Majoritariamente, esses solos apresentaram baixo grau de desenvolvimento pedogen?tico, destacando-se os processos pedogen?ticos de melaniza??o e calcifica??o, al?m de elevados teores da fra??o silte, o que est? relacionado ? ocorr?ncia de l?minas de siltitos associadas ao calc?rio. A partir das avalia??es realizadas, sugere-se que o car?ter carbon?tico ou horizonte c?lcico devem ser inclu?dos no n?vel de grande grupo na classe dos Luvissolos H?plicos do Sistema Brasileiro de Classifica??o de Solos. Neste estudo, os perfis P1 e P4 da topossequ?ncia T2 apresentaram elevados teores de carbonato de c?lcio, por?m foram classificados como ?L?tico? e ??rtico?, respectivamente, omitindo-se essa caracter?stica que ? de grande relev?ncia no aspecto de manejo. Esse atributo deve ser ressaltado na classifica??o, visto que ? determinante do pH, teor de f?sforo e de micronutrientes dispon?veis. A utiliza??o do sufixo ?r? deve ser revista no Manual de Descri??o e Coleta de Solo no Campo, pois esse sufixo tem sido de uso exclusivo para o horizonte e/ou camada C, omitindo essa caracter?stica para os demais horizontes, assim como caracterizado no perfil P1 da topossequ?ncia T2. Quanto aos m?todos anal?ticos, o m?todo de determina??o de f?sforo (P) mais eficiente para solos calc?rios faz uso de uma solu??o extratora alcalina tamponada (Olsen et al., 1954), sendo que a utiliza??o de extratores de natureza ?cida (Mehlich-1) pode superestimar os teores de P dispon?vel. Por outro lado, o m?todo de determina??o de carbonato de c?lcio equivalente, com altera??es da metodologia proposta pela Donagemma et al. (2011), quantificou maiores teores de carbonatos de c?lcio (CaCO3), sugerindo que os demais m?todos t?m subestimando os teores de CaCO3 das amostras. Quanto ? an?lise granulom?trica da terra fina, o hidr?xido de s?dio, como dispersante qu?mico, mostrou-se mais eficiente na determina??o da fra??o argila do solo, por ter proporcionado maior dispers?o dessa fra??o, quando comparado ? solu??o de hexametafosfato de s?dio. Em contrapartida, o m?todo de determina??o de carbono org?nico proposto por Yeomans e Bremner (1988) mostrou-se mais eficiente em compara??o ao m?todo da Donagemma et al. (2011), apresentando valores mais pr?ximos dos obtido na an?lise elementar (CHNS-O) em amostras pr?-tratadas com solu??o ?cida.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-10-03T17:25:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Denilson Dortzbach.pdf: 2628494 bytes, checksum: 615986b2b9f4992ad6bc0756d35c6669 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-03T17:25:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Denilson Dortzbach.pdf: 2628494 bytes, checksum: 615986b2b9f4992ad6bc0756d35c6669 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-02 / CAPES / The soils of fine wines producing regions of Santa Catarina State, has particular altitude characteristics resulting from its lithology and high levels of organic matter. That differentiate the soil of the major producing regions of the world wine. The study was conducted in the regions of west and mountain through Santa Catarina, covering over 80 % of the properties where descriptions and collections of 38 modal profiles and vineyards spread over 45 farms were carried out. The objectives were: a) To characterize the distribution and interaction of soil formation factors and chemical weathering rates; b) evaluate and quantify the carbon, humic fractions in the profiles and ?13C in surface horizons of Cambisols; c) To characterize physical and chemically soils of the vineyards; d) To evaluate the agricultural potential through different methods, with subsequent adaptation of the System for Agricultural Assessment of land for the grape culture in addition to formulating a proposal for zoning for the wine industry of the state. The results indicate that pedogenetic soil was strongly influenced by the source material, weather and terrain. Cluster analysis separated by the similarity the soil profiles in three different groups. Predominate classes Cambisols and Nitossols. Humic substances allowed to discriminate the taxonomic orders of soil and showed ?13C in soil with the humic, little change in isotopic signature, and soils with moderate. The observed changes were derived from C3 and C4 plants crops. The vineyards have similar chemical properties, and thus can be grouped in a single region for a determination of Geographical Indication. As for agricultural suitability evaluating different methods indicated that the evaluated profiles have low agricultural aptitude for annual crops. Therefore, it was proposed an adaptation of the evaluation system of agricultural suitability of the land for the growing of vines, taking into account specific conditions of altitude in the SC state. Allied to this, the drafting of the zoning proposal is an important tool for the implementation of new vineyards. / Os solos das regi?es produtoras de vinhos finos de altitude do estado de Santa Catarina apresentam caracter?sticas particulares decorrentes da sua litologia e dos elevados teores de mat?ria org?nica, que os diferenciam dos solos das grandes regi?es produtoras de vinho do mundo. O estudo foi realizado nas regi?es do meio oeste e serrana de Santa Catarina, abrangendo mais de 80 % das propriedades, onde foram realizadas descri??es e coletas de 38 perfis modais e em vinhedos espalhados em 45 propriedades rurais. Os objetivos foram: a) caracterizar a distribui??o e a intera??o dos fatores de forma??o dos solos e a taxa de intemperismo qu?mico; b) avaliar e quantificar os teores de carbono, fra??es h?micas nos perfis e o ?13C em horizontes superficiais de Cambissolos; c) caracterizar f?sica e quimicamente os solos dos vinhedos; e d) avaliar a aptid?o agr?cola atrav?s dos diferentes m?todos, com posterior adapta??o do Sistema de Avalia??o Agr?cola das Terras, para a cultura da videira, al?m de formular proposta de zoneamento para a vitivinicultura do estado. Os resultados indicam que a pedog?nese dos solos foi fortemente influenciada pelos fatores material de origem, clima e relevo. A an?lise do agrupamento separou pela similaridade os perfis de solo em tr?s grupos distintos. Predominam as classes de Cambissolos e Nitossolos. As subst?ncias h?micas permitiram discriminar as ordens taxon?micas de solos e o ?13C revelando pouca altera??o na assinatura isot?pica nos solos com horizonte A h?mico. Nos solos com A moderado foram observadas altera??es decorrentes de mudan?as nas coberturas (plantas C3 ou C4). As ?reas dos vinhedos apresentam atributos qu?micos similares, podendo ser agrupadas em uma regi?o ?nica para eventual determina??o de Indica??o Geogr?fica. Quanto ? aptid?o agr?cola, ? avalia??o atrav?s de m?todos usuais na literatura resultou em classes que indicam baixa aptid?o para culturas anuais. Diante disto, foi proposta adapta??o do sistema de avalia??o da aptid?o agr?cola das terras, para a cultura da videira, considerando condi??es especificas de altitude no estado de SC e associada ? elabora??o de uma proposta de zoneamento para a implanta??o de novos vinhedos.

The western part of Rio Grande do Sul, which corresponds to geomorphological sector Cuesta de Haedo, is almost entirely composed by volcanic rocks from the Serra Geral Formation, and by sandy sediments from the upper part of the Paraná basin. Because the landscape of the region is susceptible to erosive processes, it is thus necessary, from geological point of view, to know the rocky substratum and the pedologic conditions imposed, when considering the occupation and usage of region. In this way, two profiles in the arenite of the Botucatu formation and three in the arenite of the Guará formation, were taken. In each profile all the layers that form the rocky substratum and the superposed pedogenic horizons were sampled, and physical, mineralogical/petrographical, and chemical analysis were carried after. The physical analysis corresponded to the size separation of the granules, and to the morphological and texture description of them. The mineralogical analysis corresponded to the identification of the mineral associations present, with emphasis on the distribution of heavy minerals along the profiles, and the petrographical analysis to the classification of rocky substratum through the usage polarization and scanning electron microscope. The mineralogy of the clay fraction was determined trough the usage of X-ray. The chemical analysis, which was done trough inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP), tried to identify twelve chemical elements present in every layer and horizon, however only the concentrations of Si, Al, Fe, Ti, Mg, and Mn were used. In all five profiles the rocky substratum was classified as quartz-arenite, because it was almost completely composed by quartz. In one of them, rare altered feldspar was found and was on the limit to subarkose. All the superposed pedogenic horizons showed variable relation with the underneath rocky substratum, however in four out five profiles the external participation of geological environment was responsible for final product. Theoretically, the quartz arenite rocky substratum similar petrografically, should generate similar soils, like quartz-arenite neosoils, however the influence of the geological environment was determinant for such thing not to happen, and to impose clay characteristics to the horizon B in four out five profiles, acting then as a sixth variable in the pedologic generation. / A superfície oeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, que corresponde a um de seus compartimentos geológico-geomorfológico denominado Cuesta de Haedo, é constituída na sua quase totalidade por rochas vulcânicas da Formação Serra Geral e por sedimentos arenosos da parte superior da Bacia do Paraná. Sob o ponto de vista de uso e ocupação constitui-se numa área frágil e susceptível à ação de processos erosivos, o que faz com que o conhecimento geológico do substrato rochoso, bem como das características pedológicas sobrepostas, sejam condições obrigatoriamente necessárias. Para tanto foram abertos dois perfis sobre os arenitos da Formação Botucatu e três sobre os arenitos da Formação Guará, dos quais foram amostradas todas as camadas que compõem o substrato rochoso e todos os horizontes pedogênicos sobrepostos. Em cada um deles foram realizadas análises físicas, mineralógica/petrográficas e químicas. As análises físicas constaram da separação granulométrica das frações grosseiras e finas, e da descrição morfométrica e de texturas superficiais dos grãos constituintes as análise mineralógicas/petrográficas constaram da identificação das associações minerais presentes, com ênfase na concentração e distribuição de minerais pesados ao longo dos perfis e da classificação petrográfica dos substrato rochosos, com uso de lupa, de microscopia de polarização e de microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A mineralogia da fração argilosa foi determinada com uso de equipamento de raios X. As análises químicas, realizadas com o uso de equipamento de espectrometria de emissão atômica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP), buscaram a determinação da concentração de doze elementos químicos em todas as camadas e horizontes. Destas, em função da mineralogia presente, só foram utilizadas as concentrações do Si, Al, Fe, Ti, Mg e Mn. Nos cinco perfis, o substrato rochoso por ser quase que totalmente quartzoso foi classificado como quartzo-arenito. Um, por apresentar raros feldspatos alterados, mostrou-se no limite para sub-arcósio. Todos os horizontes pedogênicos sobrepostos mostraram relação de filiação variável com o substrato rochoso subjacente, contudo foi a participação alóctone, em quatro dos cinco perfis, a responsável pelo produto pedogênico final. Assim, substratos rochosos quartzo arenosos, petrograficamente similares, pelos menos teoricamente deveriam gerar solos similares como neossolos quartzarênicos, mas a influência do contexto geológico do entorno foi fundamental e decisiva para que tal não ocorresse, impondo características argilosas ao horizonte B em quatro dos cinco perfis, agindo então como uma sexta variável na geração pedológica.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:53:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 6697490 bytes, checksum: 432fa5fbd38ef6f966233ccfb63748b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-24 / The Serra Sul, located in the southeastern portion of the Pará State, is the largest plateau in Serra dos Carajás, comprising highly preserved ecosystems developed on ferruginous rocks. Despite the great geological and economic importance of this region, which is the largest deposit of iron ore in the world, there are very few pedological studies. The objective of the present work was to study the soils of the main geoenvironments of Serra Sul, in terms of their morphological, physical chemical, mineralogical and micromorphological characteristics, seeking to understand the main factors and processes in this singular landscape. Thirtheen soil profiles were described and analyzed. Plintossolos Pétricos, with continuous (lithoplintic) or fragmented (concretionary) horizon, is the main soil type. There is a clear influence of soils on the distribution of the different phyto-physiognomies. Latossolos Vermelhos occur on forested slopes while Organossolos Háplicos occurs on flat, poorly drained grasslands. In general soils are acid, dystric, with very low P avilability and high Al3+. Soils located close to caves, poorly frained areas and termite mounds have high levels of available P, evidencing the effect of the fauna on soil nutrient status. The high levels of total organic carbon (TOC) in all soils indicate conditions which favor the incorporation and conservation of vegetal residues as soil organic matter. Soils have high levels of iron oxide obtained by both sulphuic attack and DCB extractions and present very strong red color. Expressive amounts of maghemita occur and, together with hematite and goethite, comprise the mineralogy of the clay fraction. Microanalysis illustrate the high Fe2O3 levels (> 80%) and very low SiO2 and macronutrient levels, which is attributed to the chemical composition of the parent material (jaspelite), which is rich in iron oxide and poor in nutrientbearing primary minerals. The results indicate that the iron-rich parent material and the pedoclimate are the main factors determining the characteristics of the sudied soils. / A serra Sul, localizada no Sudeste do Estado do Pará, representa o mais extenso platô de canga na paisagem da serra dos Carajás, abrigando diversos ecossitemas desenvolvidos sobre formações ferríferas com elevado grau de conservação. Apesar da grande importância geológica e econômica da região (maiores jazidas de minério de ferro do mundo) e de outros minérios de importância econômica, são ainda escassos os estudos pedológicos nesta área. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar os solos dos principais geoambientes que compõem a paisagem da serra Sul, quanto aos seus aspectos morfológicos, físicos, químicos, mineralógicos e micromorfológicos, procurando entender os principais fatores e processos pedogenéticos atuantes nestas condições singulares deste ambiente amazônico. Para tanto, foram coletadas e analisadas amostras de 13 (treze) perfis de solo, representativos dos diferentes geoambientes encontrados. Na serra Sul, predominam os Plintossolos Pétricos, ora com horizonte endurecido contínuo (litoplíntico) ora com horizonte endurecido fragmentado (concrecionário), existindo um forte controle dos solos sobre as diferentes fitofisionomias presentes nas áreas de canga, evidenciando uma relação direta entre a profundidade do solo e o porte da vegetação. São ainda observados Latossolos Vermelhos nas encostas e grotas florestadas e Organossolos Háplicos nas depressões e patamares campestres mal drenados. No geral, os solos são ácidos, distróficos, com P disponível muito baixo e teores elevados de Al3+ no complexo de troca. Foram observados teores elevados de P disponível nos solos coletados proximo às cavernas, nas áreas brejosas e nos montículos dos termiteiros, evidênciando a relação entre a fauna e o enriquecimento nutricional dos solos, conforme constatado pelas quantidades expressivas de fezes e guano de morceno observados nestes ambientes. Os teores de COT elevados em todos os solos estudados indicam condições favoráveis à incorporação dos resíduos vegetais à matéria orgânica do solo. Ao lado dos teores bastante elevados de óxido de ferro obtidos pelo ataque sulfúrico e pelo DCB, os solos da serra Sul diferenciam-se pela intensa cor vermelha e expressiva ocorrência de maghemita, que, ao lado de hematita e goethita, constituem os minerais dominantes na fração argila. Os resultados das microanálises ilustram os elevados teores de Fe2O3 (> 80%) e teores muito baixos de SiO2 e dos macronutrientes Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Na+, características atribuídas à riqueza em óxidos de Fe do material de origem (Jaspelito), a pobreza em minerais primários ricos em bases e ao intenso intemperismo destes solos. Pelos resultados das análises conclui-se que o material de origem rico em ferro e o pedoclima são os principais fatores que controlam a diversidade de características observadas nestes solos.

Les Technosols ont des propriétés et une pédogenèse influencées par des matériaux technogéniques qui les constituent. Le modèle expérimental de Technosol construit a été choisi et résulte de l’utilisation délibérée de matériaux technogéniques au sein d’un profil. L’objectif scientifique est d’évaluer la contribution de la faune du sol aux processus impliqués dans le fonctionnement et l’évolution des Technosols. Des expérimentations en laboratoire (cosmes) et en conditions climatiques réelles (lysimètres, parcelles) ont été menées de l’échelle ultrastructurale à celle du pédon. Les résultats indiquent que (i) le Technosol construit est un support de vie de la faune, (ii) le modèle d’ingénieur de l’écosystème : Lumbricus terrestris, par la création de macroporosité et par ses structures biogéniques contribue à sa structuration, son agrégation et à la décomposition de sa matière organique, (iii) lorsque plusieurs groupes d’organismes assurant des fonctions différentes sont associés, des effets sont mesurés majoritairement sur la décomposition de la matière organique. La forte disponibilité des ressources du Technosol autorise la présence de la faune mais masquent en partie ses effets et inhibent les interactions faunistiques qui auront un effet sur les fonctions des sols. Un modèle d’évaluation de l’effet de Lumbricus terrestris sur la macroporosité est proposé. En termes de génie pédologique, un projet de modèle d’aide à la décision résulte des acquis scientifiques. L’inoculation de la faune contribuerait ainsi à initier des mécanismes d’évolution des sols et à les accélérer / Technosols are soils whose properties and pedogenesis are influenced by technical materials which take part in their constitution. The experimental model used here is a constructed Technosol which is deliberately composed of technical materials in a soil profile. The scientific objective is to evaluate the contribution of soil fauna to processes implied in soil functioning and evolution. Experiments in laboratory (cosms) and in climatic conditions (lysimeters, field) are conducted from ultrastructural scale to soil profile scale. Results indicate that (i) constructed Technosol can support soil fauna, (ii) the model of ecosystem engineer: Lumbricus terrestris, by macroporosity and by stables biogenic structures, contribute to the structuration, the aggregation and the decomposition of organic matter of the Technosol, (iii) when several groups of organisms implied in differents soil functions are used, effects are observed on organic matter decomposition. The huge availability of resources in the Technosol allow the presence of soil fauna but its effects and reduce soil fauna interactions which can have effects on soil functioning. A model whose objective is to evaluate effect of Lumbricus terrestris on macroporosity is proposed. In terms of soil engineering, a project of decision support model results of scientific experiences. Soil fauna inoculation in soil engineering could contribute to initiate and accelerate mechanisms of Technosol evolution

Chernozem became the crucial soil for the beginnings of soil science through the work of Dokuchaev from 1883. Since then the genesis of chernozems in Central Europe has raised many questions among soil scientists, botanists and paleo-environmentalists. While in Eastern Europe chernozems have been described as zonal soils, that are typical for continental steppe and forest-steppe areas, there are areas in Central Europe which are predisposed by their climatic characteristics to the presence of woodlands. The goal of this dissertation is to enrich the discussion about the genesis of chernozems by restoring the environmental conditions that were prevalent during the formation of chernozem soils in Central Europe. Chernozems are usually developed on loess with a very thick and dark organic surface which passes directly to a calcareous horizon. The organic matter underwent a polymerization in dependence on climate contrasts. However, in Central Europe, the climatic characteristics of the areas of chernozems are a bit different. These chernozems are supposed to have been formed under the climatic conditions that dominated Central Europe during the Late Glacial and the Early Holocene. The climatic nuances may contribute to the explanation of the differences in distribution of chernozems ("drier") and...

Les Technosols forment une nouvelle classe de sols, caractérisée par une forte influence anthropique dont le fonctionnement est peu étudié. L'agrégat étant l'intégrateur de l'histoire du sol et révélateur de son fonctionnement actuel, l'étude du processus d'agrégation est de ce fait une entrée pertinente pour comprendre le fonctionnement des Technosols et les stades vers lesquels ils peuvent évoluer. A partir d'échantillons de sol prélevés sur une parcelle d'un hectare, un protocole non destructif de quantification directe de la porosité et de l'agrégation par analyse d'images a été mis en place. Les résultats montrent qu'au bout de deux ans, le Technosol construit se compacte avec une réduction de la surface de des pores de diamètre > 25 µm et une augmentation des pores < 25 µm. Malgré cette compaction, l'agrégation augmente avec le temps. Pour suivre la dynamique de la porosité et d'agrégation de ce Technosol en fonction de facteurs choisis de pédogenèse, un dispositif de visualisation in situ a été conçu. Les résultats d'analyse d'images ont montré que dans les stades précoces d'évolution des sols, la porosité et l'agrégation augmentent significativement. Ensuite, elles baissent significativement dans la modalité « humectation-dessiccation» tout en continuant d'augmenter dans les modalités « plante » et « faune + plante ». Cette augmentation est proportionnelle à l'âge des racines et à l'intensité de l'action des vers de terre. Le « Technosol construit » est alors un modèle expérimental dont la constitution organominérale et le fonctionnement sont très largement contrôlés, en comparaison de sols « naturels » évolués dont le point initial de développement est quasi systématiquement inconnu / Technosols form a new class of soils, which is characterized by a strong anthropogenic influence of which functioning is less studied. Aggregates can be considered as an integrator of soil history and an indicator of soil bio functioning, therefore studying the process of aggregation is a relevant way to understand how technosols operate and states towards which they will evolve. Through samples collected on a hone hectare plot, a protocol of none destructive direct quantification of aggregates and porosity by thin sections images analysis has been performed. Results showed that this Technosol is compacting with a decrease of pores with an equivalent diameter >2000 µm and an increase of those <25µm. Despite this compaction, the aggregation increases with time. To study the dynamics of porosity and aggregation of this constructed Technosol as function of pedogenetic factors, a dispositive of in situ soil visualization has been developed. Results of images analysis showed that, during the early stage of soil evolution, porosity and aggregation increase significantly in all modalities. Then, they significantly decrease in ?wetting drying cycle? modality but continued increasing in ?plant? and ?plant-earthworm? modalities. This increase is proportional to the age of plants roots and intensity of earthworm?s activity. The ?constructed Technosol? is therefore an experimental soil model whose organomineral contents and function are well controlled compared to so-called ?natural soils?. In these evolved natural soils, the starting point is quite systematically unknown

Böden aus Mudde entstehen in ehemaligen Seen, meist unter Luftzutritt infolge von künstlicher Entwässerung. Entwässerung und Nutzung führen zu einer sekundären Pedogenese, einhergehend mit der Veränderung der chemischen und physikalischen Bodeneigenschaften. Die nachhaltige Nutzung dieser meist jungen Böden ist von besonderer Bedeutung, da es sich überwiegend um Niedermoorflächen mit großer Bedeutung der Filter- und Speicher- sowie der Lebensraumfunktion handelt. Dabei ist, um negative Konsequenzen ihrer Entwicklung zu verhindern, folgende Wirkungskette zu untersuchen: Entstehung des subhydrischen Sedimentes -> Entwässerung -> landwirtschaftliche Nutzung und Bodenentwicklung -> Degradation. In Nordeuropa sind Böden aus Mudde vor allem in Norddeutschland und Polen sowie Finnland und Schweden zu finden. Es wurden 60 Bodenprofile auf 13 Untersuchungsflächen in Deutschland und Polen detailliert beschrieben und untersucht. Dabei erfolgte für jeden Horizont die Entnahme von ungestörten Proben mittels Stechzylindern für die Analyse der bodenphysikalischen Parameter (pF-Kurven, Trockenrohdichte) und von gestörten Beutelproben für die chemische Analytik (Glühverlust, Kalkgehalt, Elementgehalte mittels RFA und ICP). Bisher noch nicht beschriebene Horizonte wurden vorzugsweise anhand des Bodengefüges identifiziert. Mudden unterscheiden sich in ihrer mineralischen Zusammensetzung erheblich von allen anderen Ablagerungen. Der Anteil an organischer Substanz und Kalziumkarbonat beträgt zwischen 5 und 95 %. Wegen ihres hohen Anteils an kleinen Partikeln weisen sie ein sehr großes Porenvolumen bis zu 90 % auf, wobei die Mittel- und Feinporen mehr als 50 % ausmachen. Das Porenvolumen steigt mit dem Anteil an organischer Bodensubstanz. Als Folge der Bodenentwicklung verringert sich das Porenvolumen bei gleichzeitiger Zunahme des Anteils der Feinporen auf Kosten der Mittelporen. / The formation of gyttja soils takes place in former lakes, predominantly under aeration. This phenomenon of now terrestrial, but formerly subhydric soils (so called gyttja soils) is mainly due to artificial drainage. Their cultivation led to a secondary pedogenesis, which had an effect on their chemical and physical properties. Thus, the sustainable use of this special type of very young land (subhydric soils) is of special importance. Hence, special emphasis has to be directed towards evaluating sequential changes: formation of sediment under water -> drainage/drying -> agricultural use/pedogenesis -> degradation/devastation in order to prevent negative consequences for the environment. In Northern Europe, gyttja deposits can be found in Northern Germany, Finland, Sweden, and mainly in Poland. 13 sites in Germany and Poland with gyttja soils have been investigated. A total of 60 profiles are described in detail. For each horizon, undisturbed samples for physical (tension curves for pF 1.5, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5 and 4.2, dry bulk density) and disturbed samples for chemical analysis have been taken (loss on ignition, CaCO3 content, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy). Previously not described horizons could be visually distinguished mainly by their structure. Subhydric soils have a very specific composition, which differs greatly from other soils. The amount of organic matter and CaCO3 ranges from 5 to 95 %. Almost all sediments contain a high amount of very small particles and, as a consequence, a high pore space volume of up to 90 %. The amount of the medium and micro-pores is more than 50 %. The porosity increases with the content of organic matter. As a result of pedogenesis, the porosity decreases while the volume of micro-pores increases and the volume of medium pores decreases.