Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-13T14:50:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-08-05Bitstream added on 2014-08-13T18:01:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000748773_20150805.pdf: 830451 bytes, checksum: 00f57ceb2d4958ffee9a5bf3199fd1fd (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-08-07T12:19:49Z: 000748773_20150805.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-07T12:20:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000748773.pdf: 1452676 bytes, checksum: badad910f3816ef11c09a088b97e9270 (MD5) / Muscle growth in teleost fish involves the balance between the recruitment (hyperplasia) and the enlargement (hypertrophy) of muscle fibers, mechanisms that are controlled by many transcription factors, as the MyoD family and growth factors as myostatin. Several environmental factors such as temperature can influence the muscle fiber cellularity, and the expression of genes related with muscle development and growth, affecting the growth rate pattern in fish. Pacu is a fast growing fish extensively used in Brazilian aquaculture programs and shows a wide range of thermal tolerance. As temperature is an environmental factor that influences the fish growth rate, parameter directly related with muscle plasticity and growth, we hypothesized that different rearing temperatures in juvenile of pacu, which presents an intense muscle growth by hyperplasia, can potentially alter the muscle cellularity that could influence the muscle growth patterns in this species. The aim of this study is to analyze the muscle growth characteristics and the expression of Myogenic Regulatory Factors, MyoD and myogenin, and the growth factor myostatin in juvenile of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) submitted to the different rearing temperatures. Juvenile fish (1.5 g weight) were distributed in tanks containing water and maintained at 24 (G24), 28 (G28) and 32 (G32)°C (three replicates for each group) during 60 days. At days 30 and 60, fish were anesthetized, euthanized and muscle samples (n=12) were collected for morphological, morphometric and gene expression analyses. At days 30, the body weight and the standard length were lower in fish reared at 24 °C. Muscle fiber frequency in the class <25μm was significantly higher in fish reared at 24 °C, compared to the fish reared at 28 and 32 °C. Considering the frequency distribution of muscle fiber diameter in the class >50 μm, fish reared at 28 and 32 ºC showed similar result and these was higher than that ...

Orientador: Maeli Dal Pai / Banca: Selma Maria Michelin Matheus / Banca: Fernanda Antunes Alves Costa / Resumo: Não disponível / Abstract: Muscle growth in teleost fish involves the balance between the recruitment (hyperplasia) and the enlargement (hypertrophy) of muscle fibers, mechanisms that are controlled by many transcription factors, as the MyoD family and growth factors as myostatin. Several environmental factors such as temperature can influence the muscle fiber cellularity, and the expression of genes related with muscle development and growth, affecting the growth rate pattern in fish. Pacu is a fast growing fish extensively used in Brazilian aquaculture programs and shows a wide range of thermal tolerance. As temperature is an environmental factor that influences the fish growth rate, parameter directly related with muscle plasticity and growth, we hypothesized that different rearing temperatures in juvenile of pacu, which presents an intense muscle growth by hyperplasia, can potentially alter the muscle cellularity that could influence the muscle growth patterns in this species. The aim of this study is to analyze the muscle growth characteristics and the expression of Myogenic Regulatory Factors, MyoD and myogenin, and the growth factor myostatin in juvenile of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) submitted to the different rearing temperatures. Juvenile fish (1.5 g weight) were distributed in tanks containing water and maintained at 24 (G24), 28 (G28) and 32 (G32)°C (three replicates for each group) during 60 days. At days 30 and 60, fish were anesthetized, euthanized and muscle samples (n=12) were collected for morphological, morphometric and gene expression analyses. At days 30, the body weight and the standard length were lower in fish reared at 24 °C. Muscle fiber frequency in the class <25μm was significantly higher in fish reared at 24 °C, compared to the fish reared at 28 and 32 °C. Considering the frequency distribution of muscle fiber diameter in the class >50 μm, fish reared at 28 and 32 ºC showed similar result and these was higher than that ... / Mestre

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2016-01-28T10:46:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 593338 bytes, checksum: 14b43a387a2bf0ca5e7b252beff0fa2e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-28T10:46:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 593338 bytes, checksum: 14b43a387a2bf0ca5e7b252beff0fa2e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Com este estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a resposta de estresse e a mortalidade em lambaris-do- rabo-amarelo (Astyanax altiparanae) nas fases de crescimento e terminação submetidos a redução da temperatura da água. Foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo o primeiro com lambaris-do-rabo-amarelo em fase de crescimento (4,25±0,75g e 5,45±0,08cm) e o segundo com lambaris em fase de terminação (7,25±0,75g e 6,56±0,08cm). Inicialmente os peixes foram aclimatados a temperatura de 27oC por 21 dias. Em ambos os experimentos, utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos 27, 23, 19, 15, 11 e 7 °C (temperaturas da água) e seis repetições. Os peixes foram distribuídos em seis aquários com 10L de água cada, os quais foram alocados em Câmara Incubadora B.O.D para controle da temperatura da água, utilizando-se as densidades de estocagem de 8,5 e 8,7 g/L, respectivamente, para o primeiro e segundo experimento. Os peixes passaram por um período de 72 horas na temperatura de 27°C para adaptação às condições experimentais e em seguida foram submetidos às temperaturas testes por mais 96 horas. Os lambaris-do-rabo-amarelo foram alimentados e avaliados quanto à taxa de mortalidade, os comportamentos alimentar e natatório, posição no aquário e coloração do corpo e das nadadeiras a cada 24 horas. Ao final das 96 horas de cada tratamento foram analisados os parâmetros de qualidade da água e coletadas amostras de sangue para as análises de glicemia e lactato sanguíneos e cortisol plasmático. Os dados obtidos foram avaliados por análise de variância (ANOVA) e em caso de significância (P<0,05), submetidos à análise de regressão. Foi adotada como temperatura letal aquela que antecedeu a mortalidade de 50% dos peixes. Houve aumento significativo do pH e do oxigênio dissolvido na água com a diminuição da temperatura da água para ambos os experimentos. Nas temperaturas abaixo de 27oC, os peixes de ambas as fases de desenvolvimento não alimentaram no momento do fornecimento da ração. Apenas os peixes em fase de crescimento, submetidos à temperatura da água de 7oC, não apresentaram nenhum tipo de comportamento natatório na primeira observação. Com relação à posição dos peixes nos aquários, os mesmos geralmente permaneciam próximos às estruturas de refúgio e após alguns segundos, nadavam por todo o aquário, exceto os peixes em fase de crescimento submetidos à temperatura de 7oC. Houve alteração na coloração do corpo de cinza prateado para cinza escuro e da nadadeira caudal de amarelo vivo para pálido dos peixes das duas fases de desenvolvimento submetidos às temperaturas de 7 e 11oC. Houve aumento significativo da mortalidade dos peixes com diminuição da temperatura da água, com 100% de mortalidade dos peixes das duas fases de desenvolvimento submetidos as temperaturas de 7 e 11oC. Houve diminuição na concentração de lactato sanguíneo dos peixes com a diminuição da temperatura da água em ambos os experimentos. Houve aumento significativo na concentração plasmática de cortisol apenas nos peixes em fase de crescimento em função da diminuição da temperatura da água. Portanto, conclui-se que a temperatura letal para Astyanax altiparanae nas fases de crescimento e terminação encontra-se entre 11 e 15 oC, e que, a diminuição da temperatura da água causa estresse nos peixes. / On this study, aimed to evaluate the stress response and mortality of lambaris-of-yellow-tail (Astyanax altiparanae) in growing and finishing phases, subjected to water temperature reducion. Two experiments were conducted, the first with Astyanax altiparanae in the growth phase (4.25±0.75g and 5.45±0.08cm) and the second with Astyanax altiparanae in the finishing phase (7.25±0.75g and 6.56±0.08cm). Initially the fish were acclimated to a temperature of 27oC for 21 days. In both experiments, we used a completely randomized design with six treatments 27, 23, 19, 15, 11 and 7°C (water temperatures) and six repetitions. The fish were distributed in six tanks with 10L of water each, which were placed in incubator chamber B.O.D. to control the water temperature, using the storage densities of 8.5 and 8.7g/L, respectively, for the first and second experiment. The fish passed for a period of 72 hours at 27°C for adaptation to the experimental conditions and were then subjected to testing temperature for a further 96 hours. The Astyanax altiparanae were evaluated fed and mortality rate, the food and swimming behavior, position in the aquarium and coloration of the body and fins every 24 hours. At the end of 96 hours of each treatment were analyzed water quality parameters and collected blood samples for blood glucose and lactate tests and plasma cortisol tests. Data were evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and in case of significance (P <0.05) were submitted to regression analysis. It was adopted as lethal temperature that run up to 50% of fish mortality. There was increase of pH and dissolved oxygen in water with decreasing temperature for both experiments. In temperatures below 27oC, the fish of both development phases did not fed at the feeding time. Only fish in the growth phase, subjected to water temperature of 7°C did not show any kind of swimming behavior in the first observation. Regarding the fish position in aquariums, they generally remained close to the refuge structures and after a few seconds, swam across the aquarium, except the fish in the growth phase submitted at a temperature of 7°C. There was a change on body color from silver gray to dark gray and caudal fin from bright yellow to pale yellow for fish of the two phases of development subjected to temperatures of 7 and 11oC. There was significant increase in fish mortality with decreasing water temperature, with 100% of mortality for fish in two stages undergoing development for temperatures of 7 and 11oC. There was decrease in blood lactate concentration of fish with decrease of the water temperature in both experiments. There was significant increase in plasma cortisol only on fish in the growth phase due to the decrease in water temperature. Therefore, it is concluded that the lethal temperature for Astyanax altiparanae on growing and finishing phases is between 11 and 15°C, and the temperature decrease of the water causes stress in the fish.

Submitted by Amauri Alves (amauri.alves@ufv.br) on 2015-11-16T16:53:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 740070 bytes, checksum: 3d0e145ca01282a1fb12d222822ed8ea (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-16T16:53:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 740070 bytes, checksum: 3d0e145ca01282a1fb12d222822ed8ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A intensificação da produção aquícola ocasionou maior demanda por produtos oriundos de coprodutos dos peixes, como a farinha e óleo. A preocupação socioambiental e o declínio dos estoques pesqueiros, principalmente os de origem marinha, têm restringido a produção destes coprodutos. Vários estudos estão direcionados para a utilização de fontes alternativas a estes coprodutos na confecção de dietas para os peixes, destacando as de origem vegetal. O lambari-do-rabo-amarelo (Astyanax altiparanae) apresenta ampla distribuição geográfica, habito alimentar onívoro, maturidade sexual precoce, alto rendimento de carcaça e nos últimos anos, vem sendo proposto como modelo experimental. Portanto, com este estudo objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de fontes de óleos com diferentes composições de ácidos graxos e do desafio pelo frio em lambari-do-rabo- amarelo (Astyanax altiparanae) em fase de crescimento . O experimento foi realizado em duas fases consecutivas, ambas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos (óleos de peixe, soja, linhaça, palma e coco) e oito repetições, na primeira fase e três na segunda. Na primeira fase, peixes em crescimento (1,44±0,20 g e 3,23±0,20 cm) foram distribuídos em 40 aquários (20 peixes/aquário), em sistema de recirculação de água (vazão de 1 litro/min), dotados de filtro mecânico, biológico e aeração contínua. A temperatura da água foi mantida em 27,17 ± 0,92°C, o pH permaneceu em 7,6 ± 0,357, a amônia em 0,2 ± 0,11 mg/Le o oxigênio dissolvido entre 6,5 a 7,5mg/L. Os peixes foram alimentados com as dietas experimentais por 106 dias. Após este período peixes (2,69±0,87g) de três repetições por tratamento foram transferidos para o Laboratório de Bioclimatologia para a realização da segunda fase experimental (desafio pelo frio). Os peixes foram distribuídos em 15 aquários (13 peixes/aquário) e alimentados com as mesmas dietas experimentais por mais sete dias. A temperatura da água dos aquários foi mantida a 21,12 o C± 0,79°C, o pH, a amônia e o oxigênio dissolvido permaneceram em 6,85, 0,50mg/Le 7,00mg/L, respectivamente. Ao final da primeira fase experimental peixes de cinco tratamentos foram anestesiados, medidos e pesados para a realização dos seguintes parâmetros zootécnicos: ganho em peso, conversão alimentar, taxas de xv crescimento especifico, ganho em comprimento e taxa de sobrevivência. Após a biometria dos peixes, os mesmos foram eutanasiados para avaliação do rendimento de carcaça eviscerada, dos índices gonadossomático e hepatossomático e determinação do perfil de ácidos graxos. Foi coletado sangue dos peixes para a análise de glicose e lactato sanguíneo e cortisol plasmático. Fragmentos de brânquias foram coletados para análises de estresse oxidativo. Ao final da segunda fase experimental (desafio pelo frio) todos os peixes dos diferentes tratamentos também foram eutanasiados para coleta da carcaça para o perfil de ácidos graxos, sangue para as análises de glicose e lactato sanguíneos e cortisol plasmático e fragmentos de brânquias para avaliação do estresse oxidativo. A avaliação do efeito das fontes de óleo na dieta sobre as variáveis de desempenho produtivo, foi realizada por meio de análise de variância (ANOVA OneWay) e em caso de teste F significativo foi aplicado o teste de Tukeyao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Para verificar o pressuposto de normalidade dos erros foi aplicado o teste de Lilliefors. Para verificar a homogeneidade das variâncias dos erros entre os tratamentos foi aplicado o teste de Bartlett. A avaliação do efeito das fontes de óleo na dieta e do desafio pelo frio sobre os as concentrações de cortisol, glicose e lactato plasmáticos, perfil de ácidos graxos das carcaças e Parâmetros bioquímicos do estresse oxidativo foi realizada por meio de análise de variância (ANOVA Two Way). Em caso de teste F significativo foi aplicado o teste Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade Houve efeito significativo das fontes de óleo apenas para a taxa de sobrevivência dos peixes (p< 0,05). Os peixes alimentados com os óleos de palma e coco apresentaram as menores taxas de sobrevivência quando comparadas com as dos peixes alimentados com as demais fontes de óleo, as quais não diferiram entre si. Não houve efeito das fontes de óleos para a taxa de sobrevivência dos peixes submetidos ao desafio pelo frio (segunda fase experimental). Houve efeito significativo das fontes de óleo para os lipídios totais (p< 0,05), onde os peixes alimentados com o óleo de coco apresentaram maior valor de lipídios totais quando comparados com aqueles alimentados com óleo de peixe, o qual não diferiu dos demais. Para os ácidos graxos saturados da carcaça dos peixes houve interação entre as fontes de óleo e o desafio pelo frio, para os ácidos graxos 12:0, 13:0, 14:0, 15:0, 16:0, 20:0 e 22:0. Para os ácidos graxos 17:0 e 18:0 houve efeito apenas da fonte de óleo. Para os ácidos graxos monoinsaturados da carcaça dos peixes houve interação entre as fontes de óleos e o desafio pelo frio para os ácidos graxos 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 20:1n-9 e 22:1n-9. Para o ácido graxo 18:1 houve efeito das fontes de óleos e do desafio pelo frio. Para os ácidos graxos polinsaturados houve interação entre as fontes xvi de óleo e o desafio pelo frio para os ácidos graxos 18:2n-6 e 20:3n-3. Houve efeito do desafio pelo frio para glicose e lactato sanguíneos dos peixes, com os maiores valores observados antes do desafio. Houve efeito das fontes de óleo para a atividade da enzima GST, onde os peixes alimentados com óleo de palma apresentaram maior atividade da enzima da GST do que dos peixes alimentados com os óleos de peixe, soja e linhaça. Houve efeito do desafio pelo frio para a atividade da enzima GST, com maior atividade da enzima observada antes do desafio. Com os dados obtidos conclui-se que os óleos de soja e linhaça promovem crescimento, saúde e qualidade de carcaça, equivalentes aos do óleo de peixe. Os óleos de palma e coco pioram a saúde e a qualidade da carcaça de Astyanax altiparanae em fase de crescimento. O desafio pelo frio causou redução do metabolismo e das defesas antioxidantes de Astyanax altiparanae. / The intensification of aquaculture production led to increased demand for products from fish co-products, such as flour and oil. The environmental concern and the decline of fish stocks, mainly of marine origin, have restricted the production of these co-products. Several studies are directed to the use of alternatives to these co-products in the production of diets for fish, highlighting of plant origin. The lambari-do-rabo-amarelo (Astyanax altiparanae) presents a wide geographical distribution, omnivorous feeding habit, early sexual maturity, high carcass yield and in recent years, the minnows has been proposed as an experimental model. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of sources of oils with different compositions of fatty acids and challenge the cold in lambari-do-rabo- amarelo (Astyanax altiparanae) in the growth phase. The experiment was carried out in two consecutive phases, both in a completely randomized design with five treatments (fish oils, soy, linseed, palm and coconut) and eight repetitions in the first round and three in the second. In the first phase, growth in fish (1.44 ± 0.20 g and 3.23 ± 0.20 cm) were distributed in 40 tanks (20 fish / aquarium), water recirculation system (flow rate of 1 liter / min ), equipped with mechanical filter, biological, and continuous aeration. The water temperature was maintained at 27.17 ± 0.92 ° C, the pH remained at 7.6 ± 0.357, ammonia 0.2 ± 0.11 mg / l dissolved oxygen between 6.5 to 7, 5mg / L. The fish were fed the experimental diets for 106 days. Thereafter fish (2.69 ± 0.87g) of three replicates per treatment were transferred to the Bioclimatology Laboratory for the realization of the second experimental phase. The water temperature was kept at aquariums 21,12oC ± 0.79 ° C for fish challenge to cold. Fish were distributed in 15 tanks (13 fish / aquarium) and fed with the same experimental diets for seven days. The pH, ammonia and dissolved oxygen in the water remained at 6.85, 0.50mg / Le 7,00mg / L, respectively. At the end of the first experimental phase fish five treatments were anesthetized, measured and weighed to achieve the following performance parameters: weight gain, feed conversion, specific growth rates, gains in length and survival rate. After the fish biometrics, we were euthanized for assessment of the eviscerated carcass yield, the gonadosomatic and xviii hepatosomatic indices and determination of fatty acid profile. Fish blood was collected for glucose analysis and blood lactate and plasma cortisol. Fragmenstos gills were collected for analysis of oxidative stress. At the end of the second experimental phase all the fishes of the different treatments were also euthanized for housing the collection to the fatty acid profile, blood glucose tests and blood lactate and cortisol palsmatico and gills fragments for evaluation of oxidative stress. The evaluation of the effect of oil sources in the diet on the growth performance variables was performed through analysis of variance (ANOVA OneWay) and significant F test case was applied Tukeyao test 5% level of probability. To check the errors of assumption of normality Lilliefors the test was applied. The homogeneity of error variances between treatments was applied Bartlett test. The evaluation of the effect of oil sources in the diet and challenge the cold on the concentrations of cortisol, glucose and serum lactate, fatty acid profile of carcasses and biochemical parameters of oxidative stress was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA Two Way). In case of significant F test was applied the Tukey test at 5% probability There was a significant effect of oil supplies only for fish survival rate (p <0.05). Fish fed the palm and coconut oils had the lowest survival rates when compared to fish fed the other sources of oil, which did not differ. There was no effect of the sources of oils for fish survival rate subject to challenge by the cold (second experimental phase). Significant effect of oil sources for the total lipids (p <0.05), where the fish fed the coconut oil had higher total lipids when compared to those fed fish oil, which did not differ from other . There was a significant challenge for the cold blood glucose and lactate fish, with the highest values observed before the challenge. Was no effect of oil supplies to the activity of GST enzyme, where the fish fed with palm oil had higher GST enzyme activity than fish fed fish oils, soybeans and flaxseed. There was a significant challenge for the cold to the activity of GST enzyme with increased enzyme activity observed before the challenge. The best indices in the survival rate, the lack of differentiation of the animal stress by levels of cortisol, glucose and lactate, and the lowest activity of GST enzyme, indicating that soy and linseed oils promote growth, health and carcass quality equivalent to fish oil. The palm and coconut oils worsen the health and quality of Astyanax altiparanae housing in the growth phase. The challenge caused by cold reduction of metabolism and antioxidant defenses altiparanae Astyanax.