De flesta av Sveriges avloppsreningsverk byggdes under den senare halvan av 1900-talet, vilket var en period då byggnaders uppvärmningsbehov vanligtvis tillgodosågs genom förbränning av fossila bränslen. Järvsö avloppsreningsverk är ett exempel på ett reningsverk som än idag använder olja för uppvärmning. Följande examensarbete har därför syftat till att minimera oljeanvändningen vid verket, genom att studera ett antal energieffektiviseringsåtgärder och en alternativ uppvärmningslösning. Målet har varit att presentera kostnad- och energieffektiva lösningar till Ljusdal Vatten som äger och ansvarar för driften av reningsverket, för att minimera oljeanvändningen. Arbetet består av två delar, där den första delen behandlade energisimuleringar i simuleringsprogrammet IDA ICE. I programmet simulerades åtgärdsförslag indelade i tre kategorier: byggnaden, ventilationssystemet och en kombination av dessa åtgärder. Att ersätta luftbehandlingsaggregat med ett nytt aggregat visade sig ha hög energieffektiviseringspotential medan åtgärder kopplat till byggnaden hade en liten påverkan på värmebehovet. I den andra delen av arbetet utfördes en fallstudie där ett antal värmepumplösningar och en pelletspanna bedömdes utifrån en förenklad multikriterieanalys i två steg. I första steget bedömdes respektive alternativ utifrån fyra kriterier: självständighet, driftsäkerhet, tidsbehov samt lämplighet. I det andra steget beräknades minskningen av koldioxidekvivalentutsläpp vid byte av värmekälla och en investeringskalkyl, inkluderande återbetalningstid och livscykelkostnad, utfördes. De utvalda alternativen poängsattes och utifrån det fick bergvärme högst totalpoäng och rekommendationen till Ljusdal Vatten var därför att investera i denna lösning. Samtidigt gav resultatet av arbete att samtliga studerade alternativen var ekonomiskt lönsamma. Resultatet visade även att ett byte av luftbehandlingsaggregat och uppvärmningslösning är kostnadseffektivt och dagens oljeanvändning kan med fördel ersättas med en alternativ, fossilfri, energibärare. / Most of the Swedish wastewater treatment plants were built during the second half of the 20th century when the heating demand was supplied by burning fossil fuels. Järvsö wastewater treatment plant is an example of a building that still uses fossil oil for heating. This master thesis aimed to minimize the usage of oil at the plant, by studying energy efficiency measures and an alternative heating solution. The goal was to present a cost- and energy-efficient solution to Ljusdal Vatten, which owns and operates the treatment plant, to minimize oil use. The project was divided into two parts, where the first part included energy simulation performed in the simulation software IDA ICE. In the program different efficiency measures categorized into three categories: building, ventilation system, and a combination of these measures were studied. The heating demand was highly affected by replacing the air handling unit with a new unit. Measures connected to the building, however, had a low effect on the demand. During the second part of the project, a case study was carried out where several heat pump solutions and a pellet boiler were assessed based on a simplified multi-criteria analysis in two steps. Initially, the respective alternatives were assessed based on four criteria: independence, reliability, time requirement, and suitability. Secondly, the reduction of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions which a switch of heat source was calculated, and an investment calculation, including the payback time and life cycle cost, was performed. The interesting alternatives were ranked, and the geothermal heat pump received the highest score. The recommendation to Ljusdal Vatten was to invest in this technology. Furthermore, the result showed that all studied heating sources were profitable investments. The thesis conclude that a change of the air handling unit and heating solution is cost-effective and can be applied to replace the current oil use with an alternative fossil-free energy carrier.

The purpose of this bachelor´s report is to expand the knowledge about heat supply of a small house in Malmö. The heat supply will be provided from solar panels in combination to two accumulator tanks which will storage the up heated water and a pellet boiler. The technique used here is warmth storage in water over seasons, which will provide the total need of heating for the house. Accumulator tanks in combination to solar panels gets more and more common in Sweden but this far it´s unusual to use it for storage over seasons. This report will highlight many of the difficulties associated whit heat storage and give information about a system's possible design and function. The design of this system is decided early on. An accumulator tank is placed 2 meters down in the earth on the backside of the house. This tank is constructed to fit this particular house. It´s supposed to store the heated water which will be used the following winter. The warm water is provided by the solar panels when they have their highest capacity and the need of heating is non-existing. The big question is if it´s possible to support this house in Malmö by energy from the sun as main source and pellets as secondary source? After a couple of guesses, limitations, see "Avgränsningar" below, and calculations the conclusions are that the first year of use the tank will be loaded between May and February. During this period the house will not be heated so best would be if this was done before the habitants move in. The conditions will be very different the first year compared to following years, since the water has to be heated up from a low temperature. The following years will be pretty much alike, only different according to outside temperature and solar radiation. 18 solar panels with an area of 47 m 2will be installed and connected to the accumulator tank in the backyard, which has a volume of 190 m3. During most of the year, the installation year, heat is stored in water at a temperature of 90 ⁰C. Since the heating of the water is taking place during larger part of this year, the system is not able to function. In the years to come, hot water to radiators is provided by solar panels and accumulated heat from solar panels. The accumulation of heat occurs primarily during the summer period.

I detta examensarbete har olika metoder för uttorkning inom byggproduktion undersökts, samt hur val av energislag påverkar miljön men även dess kostnader. Till uttorkningsprocessen finns olika alternativ att använda sig av. Oftast används fjärrvärme då detta anses vara den mest miljö- och kostnadseffektiva metoden. När tillgång till fjärrvärme inte finns, måste ett provisoriskt värmesystem med annat energislag upprättas. Denna rapport kommer att behandla de energislag som finns på marknaden idag, gasol, el, diesel, pellets och fjärrvärme.  Resultatet i rapporten är grundat på verklig data för hur många kilowattimmar, som gick åt för endast provisorik uppvärmning och uttorkning under olika tidsintervall på ett redan slutfört bostadsprojekt. Utifrån inhämtad data gjordes en jämförelse av kostnader och koldioxidutsläpp för ett hetluftssystem med pellets, diesel och diesel med inblandning av Triboron som energislag. Jämförelsen resulterade i att diesel med inblandning av Triboron ”Fuel Formula” var det mest kostnadseffektiva alternativet. En inblandning av detta medel i dieselbrännaren sänkte både kostnader och koldioxidutsläpp. Det mest miljövänliga alternativet var pellets, vars koldioxidutsläpp endast stod för 2,2 procent av utsläppen ren diesel hade producerat.  Går pellets ej att nyttja i mån av plats eller kostnad, bör diesel med Triboron användas för att minska växthusutsläpp och kostnader. Grön el är det mest miljövänliga alternativet. Enbart el kan sällan användas för att täcka det effektbehov som krävs för en större uttorkning under vinterhalvåret, men är ett bra komplement. För att företag ska kunna säkerställa att deras el är så kallad grön el, kan man köpa andelar i vindkraftverk och på så sätt veta varifrån elen kommer. / In this thesis, different methods of dehydration have been investigated as well as how the choice of energy source affects the environment combined with its costs. In the dehydration process, there are different options to apply. Usually district heating is used as it’s the most considered method due to its costs and the environmentally aspects. When access to district heating is not available, a provisionally heating system must be established. This thesis will deal with the different energy sources that are available on the market today.  The thesis result is based on actual collected data from a completed construction project and how many kWh they used for provisionally heating system throughout the project. Based from the collected data, a comparison about costs and carbon dioxide emissions was made to compare different dehydration methods. The comparison gave the result that a combination of diesel Triboron “Fuel Formula” is the most profitable option due to its lower costs. The combination of Triboron and diesel showed a reduced indication of both costs and carbon dioxide emissions. The most efficient method from an environmental perspective was pellets. The carbon dioxide emissions accounted only 2,2 percent compared to pure diesel emissions. Whether pellets can be used or not due to logistics or costs, diesel combined with Triboron should be used as a complement to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and costs. However, the usage of “Green” electricity is the best option seen from an environmental point of view. A negative aspect with electricity is that it can rarely be used as a main source due to its highpower requirement during the winter season, but it’s a good complement. Companies can also be part of windmill projects to ensure themselves that they are using “green” electricity for their production.

A school will be built in Upplands Väsby, north of Stockholm, Sweden. The school will be located outside the district heating area. The selected location for the school is also inside a water protection area. The available heating system for the school at the located site has been examined and compared against the set requirements in Miljöbyggnad, a Swedish environmental certification system for buildings. In addition, the available heating systems for the school have been compared in a Life Cycle Cost analysis. To address these questions, energy calculations were done in VIP Energy. For deeper understanding, a literary study was done and study visits to two different schools in Enköping.   The results show that the school achieved grade GOLD for indicator 1 when the school use heat pumps as source of heating. When using a pellet boiler, the grade SILVER where achieved for indicator 1. For indicator 2, the school fulfilled the set requirement for grade SILVER regardless of heating system in the building. When eco-labeled electricity was used, the school received grade GOLD for indicator 4 regardless of heating system in the building. If no eco-labeled electricity was used, the grade GOLD was only achieved if a pellets boiler was used as heating source. Geothermal heating was recommended for the school when combining the result from requirements in Miljobyggnad and the results for the Life Cycle Cost analysis. If drilling for thermal heating would be disapproved, air/water heat pumps where recommended as heating system for the school.