Deux analyses indépendantes du canal de désintegration B0 ! K0s K0s K0s ont été effectuées, utilisant un échantillon de 468 millions de paires B¯B enregistrées par le détecteur BABAR auprès de l'usine à B PEP-II à SLAC National Laboratory. La première analyse est dépendant du temps et integrée sur l'espace de phase. Son but est d'extraire simultanément des deux sous-canaux B0 ! 3K0s (¼+¼−) et B0 ! 2K0s (¼+¼−)K0s (¼0¼0), les paramètres S et C de violation de CP. Il est intéressant de comparer les valeurs mesurées avec les mesures des modes charmonium. Le résultat obtenu est • S = −0.94+0.24 −0.21 ± 0.06 • C = −0.17+0.18 −0.18 ± 0.04 , où la première incertitude est statistique et la deuxième est systématique. Ce résultat est compatible avec la prédiction du modèle standard et les mesures des modes charmonium. La deuxième analyse est une analyse en amplitude (ou dans le plan de Dalitz). Elle est intégrée sur le temps. Son but est d'extraire le rapport de branchement total, ainsi que les rapports de branchement des modes résonnants partiels. C'est la première fois que cette analyse est effectuée pour le canal étudié. Le résultat est • B(B0 ! K0s K0s K0s ) = (6.18 ± 0.47 ± 0.14 ± 0.06) × 10−6 • B(B0 ! f0(980)K0s ; f0(980) ! K0s K0s ) = (2.69+1.25 −1.18 ± 0.35 ± 1.87) × 10−6 • B(B0 ! f0(1710)K0s ; f0(1710) ! K0s K0s ) = (0.50+0.46 −0.23 ± 0.04 ± 0.12) × 10−6 • B(B0 ! f2(2010)K0s ; f2(2010) ! K0s K0s ) = (0.54+0.21 −0.20 ± 0.03 ± 0.44) × 10−6 • B(B0 ! Nonresonant; K0s K0s K0s) = (13.31+2.23 −2.30 ± 0.55 ± 2.77) × 10−6 • B(B0 ! Âc0K0s ; Âc0 ! K0s K0s) = (0.46+0.25 −0.16 ± 0.01 ± 0.19) × 10−6 , où la première incertitude est statistique, la deuxième est systématique et la troisième est liée au modèle de l'amplitude. Aucun signal statistiquement significatif de la résonance controversée fX(1500) n'a été observé. dumm

This thesis analyses yearly mark-recapture-recovery information collected over a 36- year period, from 1968 to 2003, for 23 686 flipper-banded Little Penguins Eudyptula minor of Phillip Island, in south-eastern Australia. Such a long-term data set is extremely rare for any species. Few studies of any animal have been able to model age dependence for the survival, recapture and recovery probabilities simultaneously. I successfully apply such a modelling scheme and obtain biologically realistic age structures for the parameters. I also provide illustrations of erroneous results that may arise when analyses fail to consider simultaneous age dependence, or fail to detect annual variations that may mask age dependence. I obtain a low survival estimate of 17% in the first year of life, increasing to 71% in the second year, and around 80% thereafter, and declining gradually after age nine years. First-year survival increases with number of chicks fledged per pair, increases with annual average fledging weight and decreases with mean laying date. An increase in first-year survival is associated with warmer sea surface temperatures in the summer and autumn of the previous year, which agrees with biological considerations. Irrespective of this inter-year variation, birds born early in the breeding season, relative to the rest of their cohort, have greatly enhanced first-year survival, when compared to birds born late in that season. Fledglings survive better in years in which the mean fledgling weight is higher, and fledglings of above average weight have a better chance of survival than their underweight counterparts. I next analyse seven years of recapture data from a separate experiment studying the effect of banding on adult Little Penguins. In the year following marking, the i survival probability of banded birds is 6% lower than that of unbanded birds, while in subsequent years the survival is 4% lower for banded birds. Band loss is negligible. Finally, I compare the survival estimates for Phillip Island with those obtained for a six-year study in New Zealand. While first-year survival is significantly higher for New Zealand, there is a marked decline over time, coinciding with an increase in population size.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:37:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_luiza_osorio.pdf: 19002428 bytes, checksum: 248f2bc7bb85ec8caca8336bb8f6ed0d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-24 / Penguins are seabirds that spends about 75% of their life on the sea, and when they are found weak, this birds are sent to rehabilitation centers. Although, their extensive adaptations to sealife can become limiting issues to their life in captive, occurring, often, bumblefoot, or pododermatitis, cases: a foot disease that can evolve to septicemia and death. The Centro de Recuperação de Animais Marinhos (CRAM Marine Animals Recovery Center) is the place that, in Brazil, recieve more penguins to rahabilitation. Given the CRAM s importance in the national matter in penguin rehabilitation, the research objective was to evaluate the bumlefoot epidemiology in the birds kept captive in CRAM, trying to minimize the injuries that accompany the syndrome during rehabilitation period. Were observed 129 penguins in CRAM, where the syndrome incidence were 75%, presenting, the abrasive surface as main predisposing factor for development. The research presented the bumblefoot usually as a bilateral disease and with a progressive course. Every foot pads where qualified according the injury level to clinic evaluation, showing, by creating a method of biometric measurement of edema between each lesion score. The fungal microorganisms were related to the penguin s foot pad s transitory microbiota, being more isolated the C. albicans e Rhodotorula spp.The bacteria were related as transitory and permanent s microbiotas compounds, as well the pododermatitis epidemiology, being the more isolated genres the Staphylocossus and Corybacterium. The antibiotic that inhibited most the bacterial development against all strain tested was cefalosporina, followed by enrofloxacina, estreptomicina and penicillin. Was possible through this study highlight the syndrome s importance about penguin rehabilitation, and understand its epidemiology, enabling the implementation of precise forms of management, prophylaxis and treatment. / Pinguins são aves que dispensam cerca de 75% das vidas no mar, e quando encontrados debilitados são encaminhados a centros de. Porém, suas amplas adaptações à vida marinha atuam como fatores limitantes em cativeiro, sendo freqüentes os casos de bumblefoot, ou pododermatite, afecção podal que pode evoluir para septicemia e óbito. O Centro de Recuperação de Animais Marinhos (CRAM) é o local no Brasil que mais recebe mais pinguins para reabilitação. Em vista da importância do CRAM no cenário Nacional no que tange a reabilitação de pinguins, o estudo objetivou avaliar a epidemiologia do bumlefoot nessas aves mantidas em cativeiro no Centro, a fim de minimizar os prejuízos que acompanham a síndrome durante o período de recuperação. Foram acompanhados 129 pinguins no CRAM, onde a incidência da síndrome foi de 75%, apresentando-se, o piso abrasivo como o principal fator predisponente ao seu desenvolvimento. O estudo demonstrou o bumblefoot como doença geralmente bilateral e de curso progressivo. Todos os coxins plantares foram classificados de acordo com o grau da lesão à avaliação clínica, demonstrando-se através da criação de método de biometria a mensuração de edema entre cada escore de lesão. Os microorganismos fúngicos foram relacionados à microbiota transitória do coxim plantar de pinguins, sendo mais isolados a C. albicans e Rhodotorula spp., As bactérias foram relacionadas como componentes das microbiotas transitória e permanente, bem como com a epidemiologia da pododermatite, sendo os gêneros mais isolados o Staphylococcus e o Corynebacterium. O antibiótico que melhor inibiu o crescimento bacteriano frente a todas as cepas testadas foi a cefalosporina, seguida de enrofloxacina, estreptomicina e penicilina. Foi possível através deste estudo salientar a importância da síndrome no que tange a reabilitação de pinguins, e entender sua epidemiologia, o que permite aplicar formas precisas de manejo, profilaxia e tratamento.

The thesis focuses upon the final reintegration of Walvis Bay and its twelve Penguin/Off-Shore Islands into Namibia. As Namibia's only deep water port, it escaped reintegration in 1989 when the United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 435 (1978) was implemented. Hence the study argues that the exclusion of Walvis Bay from the Settlement Plan falls outside the parameters of various UNSC and UN General Assembly Resolutions, viz 385 and 432 of 1976 respectively. Such an arrangement has to be looked at as Pretoria's non-compliance with the above resolutions. South Africa got away with such an arrangement with the blessing of the Western Contact Group of Nations, i.e the United States; Britain; (former West) Germany; France and Canada. The argument advances further to capture the sudden emergence of Walvis Bay as a dispute between the National Party regime and the African National Congress (ANC) in particular. The dispute came about when the National Party submitted a controversial constitutional proposal during South Africa's transition to democracy at Kempton Park. They were proposing Walvis Bay to constitute part of the new Western Cape province in the postapartheid South Africa. Namibia's diplomacy paid off when the return of Walvis Bay was agreed upon as it became entangled in the constitutional talks for South Africa's transition to democracy at Kempton Park in 1993-1994.

Tout au long de leur vie, les espèces animales vont transformer de l'énergie apportée par l'alimentation en énergie utilisable par la cellule. Cependant, dans l'environnement naturel, l'accès à la ressource alimentaire est souvent limité et dépendant des conditions climatiques. Cette contrainte oblige les espèces sauvages à mettre en place des compromis d'allocation d'énergie permettant de favoriser la survie, la croissance ou la reproduction. Les espèces aviaires représentent de bons modèles pour étudier les adaptations aux contraintes environnementales puisqu'elles ont colonisé la quasi-totalité du globe et notamment les niches écologiques les plus « extrêmes ». Parmi les oiseaux sauvages vivant en conditions défavorables, notre intérêt s'est porté sur le manchot royal (Adptenodytes patagonicus) et plus particulièrement sur son poussin qui, au cours la 1ère année de vie va subir un jeûne hivernal de 4 à 5 mois au cours duquel les nourrissages sont peu fréquents et aléatoires. Ainsi, cette espèce est naturellement adaptée à des conditions thermiques défavorables pouvant être associées à des phases de jeûne alimentaire. Plusieurs travaux ont montré que malgré l'exposition prolongée au froid, la dépense énergétique diminue au cours des phases de jeûne, permettant ainsi d'économiser les réserves énergétiques et de préserver les protéines nécessaires aux fonctions cellulaires. La forte proportion que représente le muscle squelettique lui confère une part importante de la dépense énergétique. Des études ont montré que malgré son implication dans la thermogenèse, l'activité oxydative (consommation d'oxygène) mitochondriale est diminuée au cours du jeûne hivernal. Cependant, ces travaux ont porté uniquement sur l'étude de la capacité oxydative et non sur le couplage entre les oxydations et les phosphorylations (synthèse d'ATP). Ce couplage représente l'efficacité avec laquelle les mitochondries vont produire de l'énergie (ATP) en consommant de l'oxygène. C'est donc un paramètre important dans la gestion des réserves énergétiques. Mes travaux de thèse ont reposé sur l'hypothèse selon laquelle, la plasticité de l'efficacité mitochondriale du muscle squelettique expliquerait en partie les capacités de survie des oiseaux en conditions défavorables, aussi bien lorsque ces derniers sont exposés à une contrainte thermique importante que lorsqu'ils sont soumis à un jeûne prolongé / Throughout their life, wild species face periods of food-deprivation that induce energy tradeoffs between survival, growth and reproduction. These fasting periods occur either when food availability is lacking due to adverse climatic conditions or because individuals are engaged in biological processes that prevent food access. This later reason is particularly well illustrated in the king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus), a sea bird that has to moult and reproduce on shore whereas he feed exclusively at sea. Moreover king penguin chicks exhibit exceptional survival capacities during their first year of life when they experience a long period of fast in winter. Thus, this species that lives in sub-Antarctic latitudes, is exposed to environmental and physiological energy constraints during food shortage periods. Since king penguins are endotherms, they need to maintain their body temperature at high level despite variations of ambient temperature. Thus thermoregulation is one of the most expensive process and skeletal muscles account for the greater part of heat production in birds. Several studies showed that despite long term cold exposure, energy expenditure of fasting birds decreases allowing energy savings and especially protein sparing. Since skeletal muscles have high implications in energy expenditure and heat production the question of their implication in energy saving mechanisms arises. During my PhD project I studied skeletal muscle metabolism through mitochondrial efficiency. These sub-cellular organelles are the last effectors of energy transduction from nutrient into ATP, an usable energy for cells. Our hypothesis is based on the flexibility of mitochondrial efficiency as a regulator of energy sparing mechanisms which would explain long term resistance to starvation. My studies were conducted in a wild species, the king penguin chicks, that are naturally acclimated to cold environment and experienced long term fasting stage. To further investigate mitochondrial plasticity in response to energy constraints, I developed several experimental procedures in controlled conditions on a laboratory model (Muscovy ducklings)

This study investigated the potential impacts of several anthropogenic stressors on the movement and survival of African penguins in Algoa Bay, taking into account prey availability and environmental conditions (sea surface temperature and chlorophyll productivity). The primary drive for the study was based on the seismic exploration, which took place in the habitat of the endangered African penguin. The research was also carried out to understand how pelagic fishing and prey availability influence the broader behavioural and mortality aspects of penguins. To achieve this goal, I used monthly beach surveys to assess seabird mortality, admissions of penguins in rehabilitation centres and the monitoring of breeding penguins’ movement at sea through individual GPS tracking. In addition, prey distribution and abundance were monitored with acoustic surveys to assess potential changes in relation anthropogenic stressors. Breeding African penguins did not react dramatically to seismic activities, except on St Croix Island where they changed their foraging direction during the seismic period. There was no evidence of a siginficant increase in African penguin carcasses encountered or strandings along the beaches during the period of seismic activity. However, a sharp increase in encounter rate was recorded soon after seismic operations, which may potentially indicate a delay between the effect of seismic activities on penguin mortality and the encounter of the related carcasses after the operation. However, the impact of seismic surveys on penguins may be long-term rather than short term, and additional studies would be needed to reveal long-term effects of seismic activities, if any. Foraging effort of breeding African penguins increased substantially in the presence of commercial fishing activities within close proximity to the colonies. To a greater extent, at-sea movement patterns and counts of beach cast carcasses were largely influenced by prey availability. Penguins spent more time at sea, traveled longer and covered a larger foraging area during periods of relatvely low pelagic fish abundance. There was also a sharp increase in African penguin mortality during periods of low prey availability in the Bay. However, environmental conditions showed some influence over these interactions. Foraging effort of breeding African penguins increased substantially in the presence of commercial fishing activities within close proximity to the colonies. To a greater extent, at-sea movement patterns and counts of beach cast carcasses were largely influenced by prey availability. Penguins spent more time at sea, traveled longer and covered a larger foraging area during periods of relatvely low pelagic fish abundance. There was also a sharp increase in African penguin mortality during periods of low prey availability in the Bay. However, environmental conditions showed some influence over these interactions. For example a red tide event during in period of low prey availability, made it difficult to understand impacts of prey on penguins difficult. Both anthropogenic stressors and environmental conditions influenced African penguins’ behaviour and survival. Due to the worrying trend of African penguins in South Africa for the past few years, all conservation management efforts to increase penguin numbers and limit their mortality are necessary. This study highlights the negative impact of industrial fishing on this Endangered species and the rapid increase in mortality of penguins during times of low prey availability. A network of Marine Protected Areas would certainly increase food availability to African penguins by limiting competition with fisheries, and contribute to increasing the population numbers.

De par leur importante diversité phénotypique (10000 espèces), les oiseaux ont colonisé la plupart des niches écologiques, aussi « extrêmes » soient-elles. Les zones polaires (Arctique et Antarctiques) et le climat extrêmement froid qui les aractérise, suscitent l’intérêt de nombreuses études. Ce travail de thèse avait pour but d’explorer les différents mécanismes intervenant dans la mise en place de la thermorégulation chez l’oiseau. Nous nous sommes principalement intéressés, par une approche intégrative, de l’animal entier (méthodes de calorimétrie indirecte) à l’expression génique (techniques de RT-PCR), à caractériser les modifications métaboliques et l’implication d’une protéine découplante (avUCP) dans les mécanismes de thermorégulation, et principalement la thermogenèse sans frisson (NST) en réponse à une exposition chronique au froid.Au cours de deux études menées chez le caneton de Barbarie, nous avons démontré l’aspect « adaptatif » de la NST ainsi que l’implication potentielle de l’UCP aviaire dans ce mécanisme en faisant varier tout d’abord la température d’acclimatation puis la durée d’exposition pour caractériser la mise en place de la NST au cours de la croissance. Lors d’une troisième étude, nous nous sommes intéressés à une étape clé de la vie des manchots royaux (passage en mer) caractérisée par un stress thermique important et une activité physique accrue dus aux longs séjours en eau froide. Ce contexte environnemental et physiologique entraine nécessairement des adaptations métaboliques, comme la mise en place d’un métabolisme lipidique efficace soutenant ainsi les dépenses énergétiques accrues lors des voyages en mer. / Because of their huge phenotypic diversity (10,000 species), birds were able to colonize many “extreme” ecological niches. Many studies have been focus on the polar areas (i.e. Arctic and Antarctica) with their typical cold climate. The aim of this work was to explore the onset of thermoregulatory mechanisms in birds. Using an integrative approach, from whole animal (indirect calorimetry) to gene expression (RT-PCR analysis), we investigated metabolic adaptations and avian uncoupling protein implication in non shivering thermogenesis (NST) during chronic cold exposure. In two studies, working on Muscovy ducklings, we have highlighted the “adaptative” aspect of NST and potential implication of avUCP in this mechanism in relation to different ambient temperatures of acclimation and to cold exposure duration.In a third study, we were interested by passage from shore to marine life of King Penguins that represents a key step of their life. This is defined by massive cold stress (cold water) and increase of physical activity (long-time swimming), leading great metabolic adaptations, such as an increase of lipid oxidative capacities which would sustain expensive energetic cost of marine life.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-11-30T11:09:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jaqueline Brummelhaus_.pdf: 909672 bytes, checksum: a67cf8e4fb697cea521fe93f204b4187 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-30T11:09:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jaqueline Brummelhaus_.pdf: 909672 bytes, checksum: a67cf8e4fb697cea521fe93f204b4187 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-21 / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / O pinguim-antártico (Pygoscelis antarcticus) tem suas populações distribuídas principalmente nas Ilhas Sandwich do Sul, Georgia do Sul e Shetlands do Sul e na região da Península Antártica. Algumas de suas características são o baixo dimorfismo sexual, a monogamia e o comportamento filopátrico. Esta tese tem como objetivos: 1) quantificar o dimorfismo sexual através de medidas morfológicas, testar uma função discriminante e avaliar o dimorfismo sexual entre duas áreas de reprodução distantes (Ilhas Rei George e Elefante, Shetlands do Sul); 2) caracterizar a distribuição espacial da variabilidade genética populacional entre colônias de reprodução nas Ilhas Rei George e Elefante, através de marcador mitocondrial. Na avaliação do dimorfismo sexual de tamanho, através de caracteres morfológicos, foi encontrado que machos são 6 a 9,4% maiores que as fêmeas e a equação discriminante formulada classifica corretamente 80,6% das aves. Não foi encontrada diferença no dimorfismo sexual entre as colônias de reprodução das Ilhas Rei George e Elefante. Mesmo sendo uma alternativa na determinação sexual, as equações discriminantes devem ser usadas com cautela em locais diferentes do que foram produzidas por causa dos erros de classificação. Quando equações discriminantes das Ilhas Deception e Rei George foram testadas para os dados da Ilha Elefante, obteve-se apenas 67,7% e 71% de acerto. Desta forma, a abordagem molecular é uma opção eficiente na resolução de dúvidas relacionadas à sexagem. Quanto à variabilidade genética com uso de marcador mitocondrial, foram encontrados 38 haplótipos para 61 indivíduos analisados, sendo apenas dois compartilhados nas colônias e todos os demais são exclusivos. Os valores de FST e da AMOVA revelam que a divergência entre as populações é baixa e que a maioria da variação genética (98,3%) ocorreu dentro das populações. Isso poderia ser justificado por um alto fluxo gênico entre as populações, mas não corrobora com o comportamento filopátrico da espécie. Os testes de neutralidade e de expansão demográfica apontam para uma evolução neutra e possibilidade de expansão, que ocorreu há mais de dois milhões de anos atrás e no último um milhão de anos o tamanho efetivo populacional manteve-se constante. Os resultados ressaltam a ocorrência de uma expansão populacional a partir de uma população geneticamente homogênea e a manutenção do tamanho efetivo em longa escala de tempo pode ter amplamente contribuído para a falta de estruturação genética entre as colônias recentes de pinguim-antártico. / Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarcticus) has their populations distributed mainly in South Sandwich, South Georgia and South Shetlands Islands, and the Antarctic Peninsula. This specie presents low sexual dimorphism, monogamy and philopatric behavior. This thesis aims to: 1) to evaluate sexual dimorphism among males and females and among two breeding areas (King George and Elephant Islands) using morphological characters and to obtain a discriminant function based on the characters that best identify the sex of Chinstrap penguins; 2) to determine the spatial structuring of population genetic variation among breeding colonies at King George and Elephant Islands, using mitochondrial control region. In the assessment of sexual dimorphism using morphological characters, were found that males were 6 to 9.4% larger than females and discriminant equation formulated correctly classifies 80.6% of the birds. There was no difference in sexual dimorphism between the breeding colonies of King George and Elephant Islands. However, the discriminant function should be used with caution in different locations than are produced because penguins may be misclassified. When discriminant equations from Deception and King George Islands were tested for Elephant Island data, we obtained only 67.7% and 71% accuracy. Where there is doubt in the field, it would be interesting to apply molecular sexing technique. For genetic variability using mitochondrial control region, were found 38 haplotypes for 61 individuals analyzed, only two were shared in the colonies and all others are exclusive. FST and AMOVA values revealed that the divergence between populations is low and that most of genetic variation (98.3%) occurred within populations. This could be explained by a high gene flow among populations, but does not corroborate with the philopatric behavior of this specie. The neutrality tests and Mismatch distribution point to a neutral evolution and possibility of expansion, which occurred more 2 Mya and the last 1 Mya, the effective population size remained constant. The results show the occurrence of a population expansion from a genetically homogeneous population and maintenance of effective size in long time scale can have widely contributed to the lack of genetic structuring among the current colonies of Chinstrap penguin.

Submitted by Ubirajara Cruz (ubirajara.cruz@gmail.com) on 2017-05-05T16:57:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Aryse_Martins.pdf: 857909 bytes, checksum: 6af8a55ce9256458f340496528f323af (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-05-05T17:12:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Aryse_Martins.pdf: 857909 bytes, checksum: 6af8a55ce9256458f340496528f323af (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-05T17:12:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Aryse_Martins.pdf: 857909 bytes, checksum: 6af8a55ce9256458f340496528f323af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-24 / Sem bolsa / Parâmetros sanguíneos básicos e peso corpóreo são rotineiramente utilizados para monitoramento do estado geral de Pinguins-de-Magalhães em reabilitação, sendo inclusive considerados critérios para liberação de acordo com protocolos estabelecidos. No entanto, estudos mostrando o perfil de variação destes parâmetros durante o desenvolvimento da aspergilose nestes animais não são conhecidos. Neste sentido, este trabalho objetivou determinar curva de peso, de hematócrito (Ht) e de proteínas plasmáticas totais (PPT) em pinguins com aspergilose. O estudo do tipo caso-controle retrospectivo foi realizado com pinguins em reabilitação no Centro de Recuperação de Animais Marinhos, (CRAM-FURG) em Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, os quais foram classificados em dois grupos, sendo o grupo caso composto por pinguins com aspergilose, confirmada post mortem a partir de achados necroscópicos associados ao cultivo microbiológico e a histopatologia, e o grupo controle composto por pinguins sadios, que foram liberados. Para a determinação das curvas, foram coletados dados de nove amostras sequenciais, realizadas em média a cada sete dias, durante um período máximo de 81 dias, sendo estes submetidos a análise de variância (ANOVA) com teste post-hoc de Bonferroni. Ao todo, 140 animais foram estudados (50% casos e 50% controles). Pinguins com aspergilose diferiram significativamente do grupo controle em todos os parâmetros analisados. O peso médio, na primeira coleta foi de 2.747g no grupo caso e 2.875g no grupo controle. Os animais com aspergilose apresentaram média de peso menor que animais liberados ao longo de toda a reabilitação. O ganho de peso dos animais com aspergilose ocorreu somente nas três primeiras coletas, com estabilização ou perda de peso nas coletas posteriores, até seu desfecho. Em relação ao hematócrito (Ht) o valor médio na primeira coleta, foi de 38% e 44% nos grupos caso e controle, respectivamente. No grupo de pinguins com aspergilose foi detectado um declínio progressivo na curva dos valores de Ht ao longo do período de reabilitação, os quais permaneceram abaixo do limite inferior de referência para a espécie (42% ± 4%) desde a terceira coleta até seu desfecho, enquanto o grupo controle apresentou valores dentro da referência para a espécie em todas as coletas. A primeira coleta de dados de PPT demonstrou um valor médio similar, de 6,4g/dL e 6g/dL, entre os grupos caso e controle, respectivamente. No entanto, na análise da curva, o grupo com aspergilose apresentou aumento progressivo desses valores durante toda a reabilitação, alcançando um valor médio de 10,3g/dL na nona coleta, diferentemente do grupo controle, que permaneceu estável a partir da sexta coleta, com valores entre 7,9 e 8g/dL. Neste trabalho podemos observar que estes parâmetros, além de serem critérios para liberação de pinguins também podem ser utilizados como indicadores de animais potencialmente infectados, uma vez que o resultado das curvas geradas a partir das análises mostraram diferenças pontuais no grupo de pinguins com aspergilose quando comparado com animais sadios. O estabelecimento desse perfil pode servir como parâmetro para início de terapia preemptiva para aspergilose ou de investigação diagnóstica mais específica. / Basic blood parameters and body weight are routinely used to monitor the general condition of Magellanic penguins in rehabilitation, including being considered criteria for release in accordance with established protocols. However, studies showing the variation of these parameters during the development of aspergillosis in these animals is not known. Thus, this study aimed to determine the curve of weight, hematocrit (Ht) and total plasma proteins (PPT) in penguins with aspergillosis. The study of retrospective case-control was carried out with penguins during rehabilitation at Centro de Recuperação de Animais Marinhos (CRAM-FURG) in Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, which were classified into two groups: the case group composed by penguins with aspergillosis, confirmed post mortem from necroscopic findings associated with microbiological culture and histopathology, and the control group consisted by healthy penguins, which were released. For the determination of the curves, data were collected from nine sequential samples, performed on average every seven days for a maximum period of 81 days, which underwent to analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc Bonferroni. A total of 140 animals were studied (cases 50% and 50% control). Penguins with aspergillosis were significantly different from the control group in all analyzed parameters. The average weight in the first collection was 2.747g in the case group, and 2.875g in the control group. Animals with aspergillosis showed a lower mean weight than animals released throughout the rehabilitation. The weight gain of the animals with aspergillosis occurred only in the first three collections, with stabilization or weight loss in later collections until the last collection. Regarding the hematocrit (Ht) the average value in the first collection, was 38% and 44% in the case and control groups, respectively. In the group of penguins with aspergillosis a progressive decline was detected in the curve of Ht values throughout the rehabilitation period, which remained below of the lower reference limit for the specie (42% ± 4%) from the third until the last collection, while the control group had values within the reference for the specie in all samples. The first collection of PPT data showed a similar average value of 6.4g/dL and 6g/dL, between case and control groups, respectively. However, the analysis of the curve of the group with aspergillosis showed progressive increase of these values throughout the rehabilitation, reaching an average of 10,3g / dL in the ninth collection, unlike the control group, which remained stable since the sixth collection, values between 7.9 and 8 g / dL. In this work we can see that these parameters besides being penguins criteria for release can also be used as indicators of potentially infected animals, as a result of the curves generated from the analysis showed significant differences in penguins group with aspergillosis when compared with healthy animals. The establishment of this profile can be used as parameters for early preemptive therapy for aspergillosis or more specific diagnosis.

Die hier vorgestellte Untersuchung des radiativen elektroschwachen "Pinguin"-Zerfalls B->K*(892)Gamma, der durch den "Schleifen"-Übergang b->sGamma stattfindet, stellt einen wichtigen Test des Standardmodells und einen Kandidaten für die Suche nach Neuer Physik dar. Der benutzte Datensatz wurde auf der Y(4S)-Resonanz mit dem BABAR-Detektor am asymmetrischen Elektron-Positron-Speicherring PEP-II des Stanford Linear Accelerator Centers (SLAC) aufgezeichnet. Die B->K*Gamma Verzweigungsverhältnisse wurden in vier K*-Zerfallskanälen gemessen. Eine Suche nach direkter CP-Verletzung im B->K*Gamma Kanal wurde ebenfalls durchgeführt. / The presented study of the radiative electroweak "penguin"-decay B->K*(892)gamma, proceeding by the b->sgamma "loop"-transition, provides an important test of the Standard Model and a candidate of the search for New Physics. The used data sample has been recorded at the Y(4S) resonance with the BABAR detector at the asymmetric electron-positron- collider PEP-II of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in California. The B->K*gamma branching fractions are measured in four K*-decay modes. A search for direct CP-violation in the B->K*gamma mode has also been carried out.