O modelo de financiamento do sistema previdenciário brasileiro é o de repartição simples, bastante sensível a mudanças estruturais de caráter econômico. Algumas dessas mudanças estruturais que afetaram a previdência, tiveram origem na Constituição de 1988, no crescente envelhecimento da população, no aumento da informalidade de vínculo trabalhista e em problemas políticos e administrativos no regime de previdência. Tais mudanças levaram a previdência a apresentar déficits elevados a partir de meados dos anos 90. Verificou-se que alguns princípios previdenciários como solidariedade, redistribuição e eqüidade não foram respeitados. Observou-se a existência de distorções no valor de aposentadorias e pensões, privilegiando poucos e evidenciando a existência de problemas no modelo de repartição simples. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal verificar se o rendimento das aposentadorias e pensões contribuiu para aumentar a desigualdade da distribuição de renda no Brasil. Utilizou-se a metodologia de decomposição do índice de Gini, que consiste em determinar a contribuição de cada parcela do rendimento para a desigualdade total, utilizando-se os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Amostras Domiciliares (PNAD) de 1981 a 2001. Através dos estratos de rendimento domiciliar per capita agregados, verifica-se que a participação do estrato no rendimento de aposentadorias e pensões é, em geral, maior do que a sua participação no rendimento de todos os trabalhos. Nota-se também que a razão de concentração de aposentadorias e pensões, ao longo do período analisado, é superior à razão de concentração do rendimento do trabalho principal em nove dos dezesseis anos analisados. No período de 1998 a 2001 a razão de concentração de aposentadorias e pensões é superior ao índice de Gini e à razão de concentração do rendimento de trabalho principal. Observou-se que, ao longo do período analisado, aumentou a participação de aposentadorias e pensões na renda total, e a sua razão de concentração cresceu. O rendimento de aposentadorias e pensões contribuiu com a segunda maior parcela na formação do índice de Gini. Essa participação teve significativo aumento a partir de 1993. Os resultados permitem concluir que a parcela de rendimento das aposentadorias e pensões contribuiu para aumentar a desigualdade da distribuição da renda no Brasil em seis dos dezesseis anos analisados. Observa-se que de 1998 a 2001 essa contribuição tem-se intensificado. A persistência dessa situação é insustentável para o país, porque inviabilizará a Previdência Social, devido ao déficit crescente que onera as contas públicas e também porque não é justificável que rendimentos diretamente controlados pelo Estado, como as aposentadorias e pensões, contribuam para aumentar a desigualdade da distribuição da renda no país. Isso mostra que existe necessidade de reforma do sistema previdenciário brasileiro. / The financing model of the Brazilian social security system is that of simple partition, quite sensitive to economic structural changes. Some of the structural changes which affected social security were originated in the 1988 Constitution, in the increasing population aging, in the rise of employment relationship informality, and in political as well as administrative problems concerning the social security system. Such changes led social security to present high deficits from middle 1990s on. It was verified that some principles for social security, such as solidarity, re-distribution, and equality, were not respected. The existence of distortions in retirement and pension values were observed, giving privilege to few people and evidencing the existence of problems in the model of simple partition. The present work aimed primarily at verifying whether the retirement pension income contributed to increase the inequality in the income distribution in Brazil. The methodology employed was that of decomposition of Gini's index, which consists in determining the contribution of each income part to the total inequality, using data provided by Household Samples of National Research from 1981 until 2001. By means of aggregated per capita household income layers it was verified that the participation of the layer in the pension income is, in general, higher than its participation in the income of all works. It may be observed that the retirement and pension concentration ratio, along the period analyzed, is higher than the main work income concentration ratio in nine of the sixteen years under analysis. In the period that ranges from 1998 until 2001, the retirement and pension concentration ratio is higher than Gini's index and the main work concentration ratio. It was observed that, along the period analyzed, the participation of pensions in the total income increased, and its concentration ratio had a rise. The retirement pension income was the second highest part in the formation of Gini's index. Such participation had a significant raise from 1993 on. Based on the results, the conclusion drawn is that the retirement pension income part contributed to increase the inequality of income distribution in Brazil in six of the sixteen years analyzed. The persistence of such situation is unsustainable for the country, since it will make Social Security unfeasible due to the increasing deficit which burdens public accounts and also because it is unjustifiable that incomes that are directly controlled by the Sate, like retirements and pensions, may contribute to the increase of inequality in the income distribution in the country. This shows that there is a need for change in the Brazilian social security system.

This study aims to understand the factors and dynamics that influenced a major social policy change. This is undertaken by unravelling the policymaking processes involved in the largest public pension scheme in Korea, the National Pension System (NPS). Changes to the NPS followed a very different direction to other expansionary welfare developments either in Korea or in similar East Asian welfare systems. This research set out to explain how and why this happened. This is examined via a case study approach with a particular focus on the role of policy actors. This provides an analysis of this single policy change across three time periods, which are characterised by different political and economic regimes: authoritarian rule; democratisation in the midst of a financial crisis; and finally a democracy in recovery from the financial crisis. Data was gained from 44 interviews with the actual policymakers and major policy actors involved, and was complemented by extensive archival data. The findings suggest that, first, although authoritarian governments in Korea may pursue social policy to harness economic development in order to legitimise their non-democratic rule, subtle yet crucial policy competition can still exist among key policy actors. Second, democratisation does not necessarily lead to a dominant view favouring welfare system expansion. Third, new major policy actors - strengthened by a democratic, centre-left government - may not always favour an expansive welfare system. The analysis suggests that, despite the emergence of an increased range and number of policy actors as the democracy matured, there was a marked continuity in policy development in the case of the NPS. Key policy actors pursued a reform in line with liberal economic policy that had been the dominant tendency during the authoritarian era. This suggests that the major mechanism contributing to this continuity was the role of a persistent and powerful epistemic policy community, members of which continued to influence policymaking throughout its development. The conclusion points to how incremental changes in the pension system led to the path dependency of the original policy ideas. We suggest that future research could apply a similar analytical approach to understanding change processes in various policy domains and to other East Asian welfare systems.

O modelo de financiamento do sistema previdenciário brasileiro é o de repartição simples, bastante sensível a mudanças estruturais de caráter econômico. Algumas dessas mudanças estruturais que afetaram a previdência, tiveram origem na Constituição de 1988, no crescente envelhecimento da população, no aumento da informalidade de vínculo trabalhista e em problemas políticos e administrativos no regime de previdência. Tais mudanças levaram a previdência a apresentar déficits elevados a partir de meados dos anos 90. Verificou-se que alguns princípios previdenciários como solidariedade, redistribuição e eqüidade não foram respeitados. Observou-se a existência de distorções no valor de aposentadorias e pensões, privilegiando poucos e evidenciando a existência de problemas no modelo de repartição simples. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal verificar se o rendimento das aposentadorias e pensões contribuiu para aumentar a desigualdade da distribuição de renda no Brasil. Utilizou-se a metodologia de decomposição do índice de Gini, que consiste em determinar a contribuição de cada parcela do rendimento para a desigualdade total, utilizando-se os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Amostras Domiciliares (PNAD) de 1981 a 2001. Através dos estratos de rendimento domiciliar per capita agregados, verifica-se que a participação do estrato no rendimento de aposentadorias e pensões é, em geral, maior do que a sua participação no rendimento de todos os trabalhos. Nota-se também que a razão de concentração de aposentadorias e pensões, ao longo do período analisado, é superior à razão de concentração do rendimento do trabalho principal em nove dos dezesseis anos analisados. No período de 1998 a 2001 a razão de concentração de aposentadorias e pensões é superior ao índice de Gini e à razão de concentração do rendimento de trabalho principal. Observou-se que, ao longo do período analisado, aumentou a participação de aposentadorias e pensões na renda total, e a sua razão de concentração cresceu. O rendimento de aposentadorias e pensões contribuiu com a segunda maior parcela na formação do índice de Gini. Essa participação teve significativo aumento a partir de 1993. Os resultados permitem concluir que a parcela de rendimento das aposentadorias e pensões contribuiu para aumentar a desigualdade da distribuição da renda no Brasil em seis dos dezesseis anos analisados. Observa-se que de 1998 a 2001 essa contribuição tem-se intensificado. A persistência dessa situação é insustentável para o país, porque inviabilizará a Previdência Social, devido ao déficit crescente que onera as contas públicas e também porque não é justificável que rendimentos diretamente controlados pelo Estado, como as aposentadorias e pensões, contribuam para aumentar a desigualdade da distribuição da renda no país. Isso mostra que existe necessidade de reforma do sistema previdenciário brasileiro. / The financing model of the Brazilian social security system is that of simple partition, quite sensitive to economic structural changes. Some of the structural changes which affected social security were originated in the 1988 Constitution, in the increasing population aging, in the rise of employment relationship informality, and in political as well as administrative problems concerning the social security system. Such changes led social security to present high deficits from middle 1990s on. It was verified that some principles for social security, such as solidarity, re-distribution, and equality, were not respected. The existence of distortions in retirement and pension values were observed, giving privilege to few people and evidencing the existence of problems in the model of simple partition. The present work aimed primarily at verifying whether the retirement pension income contributed to increase the inequality in the income distribution in Brazil. The methodology employed was that of decomposition of Gini's index, which consists in determining the contribution of each income part to the total inequality, using data provided by Household Samples of National Research from 1981 until 2001. By means of aggregated per capita household income layers it was verified that the participation of the layer in the pension income is, in general, higher than its participation in the income of all works. It may be observed that the retirement and pension concentration ratio, along the period analyzed, is higher than the main work income concentration ratio in nine of the sixteen years under analysis. In the period that ranges from 1998 until 2001, the retirement and pension concentration ratio is higher than Gini's index and the main work concentration ratio. It was observed that, along the period analyzed, the participation of pensions in the total income increased, and its concentration ratio had a rise. The retirement pension income was the second highest part in the formation of Gini's index. Such participation had a significant raise from 1993 on. Based on the results, the conclusion drawn is that the retirement pension income part contributed to increase the inequality of income distribution in Brazil in six of the sixteen years analyzed. The persistence of such situation is unsustainable for the country, since it will make Social Security unfeasible due to the increasing deficit which burdens public accounts and also because it is unjustifiable that incomes that are directly controlled by the Sate, like retirements and pensions, may contribute to the increase of inequality in the income distribution in the country. This shows that there is a need for change in the Brazilian social security system.

In October 2012, the United Kingdom adopted nation-wide automatic enrolment into workplace pension schemes. Automatic enrolment on the current scale is a major undertaking but it is also an untested policy and it is important that we understand how individuals are adapting to these radical changes in pension provision. There is currently a lack of research into the dynamic decision-making processes that lie behind some individuals' deviation from workplace pension scheme default settings. This exploratory study investigates the importance of financial planning, social relations, and the role of the employer to default adherence and deviation. The embedded case study comprises qualitative interviews with 25 middle-income employees of a large UK utility company. Participants were selected on the basis of socio-economic similarity but had variable behavioural responses to the default settings of their workplace pension scheme. The study uncovered different motives underpinning individuals' reaction to membership defaults, contribution defaults, and investment fund defaults. Continued membership following automatic enrolment was driven by social pressures. Subsequent to enrolment, individuals tried to achieve a balance between current expenditure and saving for retirement. Property ownership and mortgage debt redemption were prioritised over additional pension scheme investment. The life-stage of the individual influenced how they reacted to the contribution default settings - default adherence appeared to be linked to unsettled personal lives and career insecurity. Motives for increasing contributions were household formation, parental ageing, and relationship breakdown. Saving strategies were influenced by parental accumulation of retirement assets and parental financial literacy. Employer-matching contributions were implicated in participants' willingness to increase pension contributions beyond the minimum default; investment in share option schemes was offered as justification for limiting contributions to the maximum match. Employer endorsement effects, driven by trust in the employer's intentions, were strongly implicated in fund default adherence and in investment diversification strategies: participants pointed to the employer's promotion of the pension scheme and employer-provided financial seminars. Advice from older colleagues was also cited as influential in directing retirement savings behaviour. The research concludes that the employment context is crucial to understanding how middle-income employees react to the default settings in their workplace pension scheme.

Thesis (LLM. (Labour Law)) --University of Limpopo, 2014 / This mini-dissertation deals with the adjudication and conciliation of the pension fund complaints as regulated by the Pension Funds, Act, 24 of 1956 (the Act). Section 30E of the Act gives the Pension Funds Adjudicator powers to investigate any complaint that has been lodged within the period of 3 years as prescribed by the law. This mini-dissertation further discusses the powers of the Adjudicator and the way the Office of the Pension Funds Adjudicator was established. The research further discusses the determinations issued by the Adjudicator which are ground-breaking which interpret the Act.

Thesis (LLM. (Labour Law)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014 / This mini-dissertation deals with the adjudication and conciliation of the pension fund complaints as regulated by the Pension Funds, Act, 24 of 1956 (the Act). Section 30E of the Act gives the Pension Funds Adjudicator powers to investigate any complaint that has been lodged within the period of 3 years as prescribed by the law. This mini-dissertation further discusses the powers of the Adjudicator and the way the Office of the Pension Funds Adjudicator was established. The research further discusses the determinations issued by the Adjudicator which are ground-breaking which interpret the Act.

This thesis explores the role played by law in the current breakdown of the employment pension system, focusing on the legal status of pension plans within the employment relationship, and on the way lawmakers have defined, shaped and enforced employee pension rights. It traces the legal status of employment pensions from their 19th Century characterization as gifts to reward employees for long and faithful service, to their current 21st Century construction as terms of the contract of employment. The thesis argues that Canadian lawmakers within all three legal regimes structuring rights and obligations within the employment relationship – the common law, collective bargaining law and statute law – have contributed significantly to the overall dysfunction of the system by cultivating both substantive and procedural legal rules that locate critical issues concerning the scope, design, durability and distribution of employee pension rights within the control of employers. Predictably, Canadian employers have used that control to shape pension plans to meet their distinct business needs, needs that frequently collide with worker needs and expectations for good pensions. Even in the heyday of the ‘Fordist’ work structures that fostered employment pension plans, the system delivered benefits very unequally, privileging the interest of elite workers who fit the ‘male breadwinner’ mould, and failing to provide adequate and secure pensions for the majority of Canadian workers. Changes in the organization of work in Canada, including trends towards more precarious work, will continue to exacerbate the problems inherent in the system, escalating its distributional inequalities. In the current round of pension law reform, Canada’s policy makers should abandon the effort to repair a system which is flawed at its core, and should instead seek a new foundation for pensions outside the employment relationship, a foundation which will not subordinate the pension interests of workers to the business interests of employers.

This thesis explores the role played by law in the current breakdown of the employment pension system, focusing on the legal status of pension plans within the employment relationship, and on the way lawmakers have defined, shaped and enforced employee pension rights. It traces the legal status of employment pensions from their 19th Century characterization as gifts to reward employees for long and faithful service, to their current 21st Century construction as terms of the contract of employment. The thesis argues that Canadian lawmakers within all three legal regimes structuring rights and obligations within the employment relationship – the common law, collective bargaining law and statute law – have contributed significantly to the overall dysfunction of the system by cultivating both substantive and procedural legal rules that locate critical issues concerning the scope, design, durability and distribution of employee pension rights within the control of employers. Predictably, Canadian employers have used that control to shape pension plans to meet their distinct business needs, needs that frequently collide with worker needs and expectations for good pensions. Even in the heyday of the ‘Fordist’ work structures that fostered employment pension plans, the system delivered benefits very unequally, privileging the interest of elite workers who fit the ‘male breadwinner’ mould, and failing to provide adequate and secure pensions for the majority of Canadian workers. Changes in the organization of work in Canada, including trends towards more precarious work, will continue to exacerbate the problems inherent in the system, escalating its distributional inequalities. In the current round of pension law reform, Canada’s policy makers should abandon the effort to repair a system which is flawed at its core, and should instead seek a new foundation for pensions outside the employment relationship, a foundation which will not subordinate the pension interests of workers to the business interests of employers.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2004. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.