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An analysis of the literature showed that many conclusions about the relationship between perceptual skills and reading were based on either the measurement of certain reading skills which did not depend upon the perceptual skills tested, or training programs which were not matched with the perceptual skills being studied. This, together with the fact that research in the field of mathematics has found that many computational mistakes are made because of mistaken symbols, led the author to define a perceptual skill, the search mechanism, which was specifically determined by the method of working algorithms. A pilot study was performed to establish testing procedures. The results of this study indicated that there was a relationship between the search mechanism and arithmetic computation. The experiment consisted of a treatment group and a control.group. All subjects were given pre- and post-tests on each of four measures; the search mechanism, vertical span, horizontal span and arithmetic computation. The treatment group was given training in the search mechanism. The following statistical results were established: there was a significant difference between the control and experimental groups on a measure of change of search ability; there were no significant differences between the control and experimental groups on measures of vertical span, horizontal span and arithmetic computation. Using the post-test on the control group only, it was established that: search ability was correlated with vertical span; search ability was not correlated with horizontal span; vertical span was correlated with horizontal span; search mechanism, with the effects of vertical span and horizontal span removed, was correlated with arithmetic computation. This latter finding means that the variance in arithmetic scores accounted for by search mechanism, vertical span, and horizontal span was significantly different from that accounted for by vertical span and horizontal span alone. Two possible conclusions were suggested. The first was that the training period was too short for transfer from the search skill to algorithmic performance to take place. The second was that the increase in the search procedure test could be explained by vertical span being used with increasing efficiency within the new context of search procedure testing. Because a low correlation was obtained between arithmetic and vertical span the achieved stability of the arithmetic scores was to be expected. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

An experiment was designed to test the role of knowledge of results (KR) in perceptual trace (PT) development with KR temporal delay intervals and presence or absence of KR as independent variables. Each of three groups of 10 Ss_ per group had a specific arrangement of KR temporal delay intervals such that over all groups there were two KR delay intervals of 1.0 and 30.0 seconds, two post-KR delay intervals of 10.0 and 39.0 seconds and two intertrial intervals (ITI) of 11.0 and 40.0 seconds. All groups performed a linear positioning task over three phases of responding in order to vary the presence or absence of KR. Two hypotheses were tested. Hypothesis 1, which stated that the post-KR delay interval is the locus of post-KR phase response bias, was not supported by the results. However, there was a tentative finding that the KR phase ITI is the locus of post-KR phase response bias, which supports both the concept of a functioning,PT and the concept that the PT is formed solely from response-produced feedback (FB). Hypothesis 2, which stated that KR does not permanently affect response variability, was supported by the results. Response variability was the same prior to (i.e., pre-KR phase) and following (i.e., post-KR phase) the presentation of KR. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

Social scientists have been concerned for quite some time with the relationship between tolerance of perceptual ambiguity and ethnocentrism. Some investigations have approached the problem by utilizing ambiguous visual designs. It is the purpose of this research to add a new dimension to these studies by employing different types of visual figures and investigating relationships between perception and ethnocentrism.

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Ullman (1979) has proposed a measurement metric, which he termed “affinity." He described affinity as a certain similarity measure between successively presented surfaces as it affects the perception of apparent motion between the surfaces. Later, the concept of “affinity” has been extended; it entails that how the perception of motion within a surface is affected by its grouping strength with adjacent surfaces (Hock and Nichols, 2012). It has been found that the more attributes, that are shared by the adjacent surfaces, the greater the likelihood of their being grouped together. However, Ullman (1979) suggested that the relative affinities of pairs of surfaces could determine the solutions for the motion correspondence problem (when more than one motion path is possible). However, it has remained unknown whether the effects of affinity on solutions to the correspondence problem are due to its effects on a single surface apparent motion strength or pre-selection biases; i.e., the top-down effects of perceptual grouping favoring the perception of motion in one direction as opposed to other competing directions. In the current study, it has been confirmed that motion within a surface is affected by its affinity with adjacent surfaces. The current study also confirmed that affinity has a small, but significant effect on motion strength when motion surfaces are presented in a single surface apparent motion configuration, evidence for top-down effects in which motion strength can be affected by affinity. In motion correspondence problem, affinity affects the perceived motion direction due to competition is consistent with the solution to the motion correspondence problem being affected by the relative affinity-determined strength of competing motion signals. But it is seen that there is strong affinity is due to preselection identity biases. To conclude, in motion correspondence problem, stronger motion is perceived between the two similar surfaces is due to pre-selection biases resulting from the perceptual grouping of surfaces with the greatest affinity; i.e., the top-down effects favoring the perception of motion in one direction as opposed to other competing directions. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2020. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

For many years, psychologists have been trying to find the relationship between perception and different factors of personality. Different experimental techniques were constructed to measure these concepts. One of the tools used to measure personality factors and their effect on perception was the tachistoscope. Through the use of this instrument, words or pictures could be flashed on a screen at varying rates of speed, or illumination. The subject upon watching these flashes, would relate the information which he perceived.

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of stimulus probability on perceptual encoding. In Experiment 1, the role of an abstract code as a mediator of the effect was tested. Subjects viewed and responded to stimuli in conditions which either encouraged or discouraged the use of abstract codes. Contrary to prediction, the effect of probability tended to be greater at a low level of stimulus contrast when the use of abstract codes was discouraged, and unaffected by contrast when their use was encouraged. Subjects 1 responses to a questionnaire indicated that the use of abstract codes was determined to some extent by individual strategies. It was proposed that it is unnecessary to appeal to an abstract code that differs from a name code as a mediator of the probability effect at encoding. In Experiments 2 and 3, the degree to which the probability effect at encoding may be explained by sequential expectancy effects was examined. The probability effect was greater at low contrast in Experiment 2, and the results of Experiment 3 indicated a similar trend. The magnitude of the contrast effect did not vary as a function of the preceding stimulus sequence in either experiment. Previous results have shown that the size of the contrast effect does not depend on whether or not the ensuing stimulus is preceded by a valid cue. These findings were interpreted as suggesting that the probability effect at encoding is the result of a relatively static mechanism in which expectancies do not shift over trials.

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