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<p>The processes that link High Performance Work System (HPWS) practices and organizational performance are not fully understood. Using resource-based theory, this research focuses on training, by separating it from other HPWS practices, and human capital development as a source of sustained competitive advantage. The first purpose of my research is to examine the relationships between the HPWS practice of training, innovation, and organizational performance, and look at the mediating effect of innovation over time at the workplace level. The results indicate that the temporal pathway from training to innovation to organizational performance is positive and significant even after controlling for reverse-causality. Strategic activity is also explored and is found to be a significant moderator. This study contributes to knowledge by identifying the importance of aligning business strategy with training, as well as other HPWS practices and innovation to achieve improved organizational performance outcomes. The second purpose of this research is to explore the factors that act to expand or limit the HPWS practice of training, with a focus on the outcomes of employers' decisions to offer training, employees' decisions to accept or decline training, and the job-related training received by employees. The results indicate that the employee-level factors: participating in HPWS practices, use of technology, and using new technology are significant contributors to employers' decisions to offer and employees' receipt of training. Further, employees' perception of the existence of a gap between the skills required for the job and their current skills contributes to employees accepting employer offers of training.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

近年來，策略性人力資源管理被企業視為一項核心競爭優勢，透過人力資源規劃與組織運作結合，以達到企業經營的目的。因此，著重在管理職能對高組織績效影響效果之策略性人力資源探討愈來愈多，而在管理職能之實證研究，也多著重在管理群組對個人工作績效或部門績效之影響，其結果也證明管理職能之良窳確實會對個人或組織績效產生影響，可說明管理職能在企業營運中的重要性。然而，相較於結果面之研究，管理職能之前因面研究卻明顯地不足，少有研究將組織內外之管理措施或活動與管理職能的因果關係作進一步探討，特別是關於影響研發主管管理職能之前置因素探討。因此，本研究將聚焦於影響研發主管管理職能之前置因素，並探討影響管理職能之組織活動與管理措施為何，為企業培育研發主管時，提供具體且有效之建議。 本研究主張企業中的研發主管，因實際參與公司內的管理措施與組織運作，將能強化自身的管理職能。然而，有鑑於過去研究較少針對研發主管職能發展出符合理論與實務看法之分類與內涵，本研究在探究組織活動與研發主管職能之關係前，先行對研發主管職能進行文獻探究，並藉由業界主管深度訪談與專家效度問卷等多重方式歸納出重要之職能群組。本研究將研發主管職能分為三個職能群組與七個職能，分別為專業知能(包括產品發展能力與領導培育能力)、跨界知識轉換職能(包括搭橋溝通能力與知識管理能力)以及資源整合創新職能(包括資源協調能力、策略規劃能力與創新促進能力)。 同時，本研究認為內部與外部組織活動會對不同的研發主管職能產生影響。內部組織活動可分為專業能力的訓練、員工授權、團隊經營與工作指派；外部組織活動則著重於顧客經營活動。與過去研究不同的是，本研究認為除組織內部相關之措施外，研發主管亦應該要對外經營顧客關係，因為透過顧客關係之建立與維持，將能不間斷地接收顧客資訊，以為產品創新之來源，並提高主管個人之管理職能。 本研究以中高階研發主管為研究對象，而為避免相同方法偏誤之發生，由研發主管自評參與組織活動之程度，並由其直屬上司評量該研發主管之管理職能表現。本研究以問卷調查方式進行資料蒐集，共搜集14家公司、119位研發主管與26位直屬上司之資料，並以階層式迴歸分析資料。研究結果如下： (一) 訓練與專業知能為正向關係。 (二) 專業能力訓練與跨界知識轉換職能為正向關係。 (三) 專業能力訓練與整合資源創新能力為正向關係。 (四) 授權程度與專業知能為正向關係。 (五) 授權程度與跨界知識轉換職能為正向關係。 　　本研究另以個別職能為依變項進行分析，研究結果發現顧客經營活動與知識管理能力、創新促進能力呈正向關係。 　　而就上述之研究發現，本研究建議管理者應建立完整且具系統性之管理職能發展計畫，以做為培育現職工程師為日後之研發主管，並應將專業能力訓練、授權與顧客經營活動納入此培育系統中，以確保研發主管具備專業知能、跨界知識轉換職能以及資源整合創新職能等「技術」與「管理」的職能，以因應環境之變化與競爭，為企業永續經營奠定良好的基礎。 / In recent years, strategic human resource management (SHRM) has been regarded as core competitive advantage for frims to respond to uncertain environments. Because human capital can bring innovation into organizations, it is important to select, train, allocate and retain the human resources. Among these human catpial, competency is the essential component representing the knowledge, skills, and abilities. This study focuses on R&D competency, particularly R&D managerial competency. Moreoever, this study investigates the effects of organizational activities on R&D managerial competency to understand the complex relationships among organizational activities and RD managerial competency. This study suggests that R&D managers will be able to substantially enhance their managerial competency by progressively participating in organizational activities. However, fewer research pay attention on the typology and contents of R&D managerial competency, this study explores this construct before investigating its anticidents. The author reviewed R&D managerial competency literature, interviewed seneior R&D managers and analyzed expert opinion questionnaires to categorize R&D managerial competencies into three competency clusters and seven competencies: 1. Competency cluster of professional knowledge and skill  Product developemtn competency  Leadership competency 2. Competency cluster of integrative capacities  Bridging communication competency  Knowledge management competency 3. Competency cluster of optimizing resource and facilitating innovation  Leveraging resources competency  Strategy planning competency  Innovation stimulation competency Meanwhile, this study also claims that involvement in both internal and external organizational activities will have substantial effects on R&D managerial competency. Internal activities herein refer to professional training, empowerment, team management, and job assignment; whereas, external activities emphasize on fostering royal customer relationships. In contrast to pre-existing academic researches, this study suggests that, in addition to internal activities, R&D managers should progressively develop customer relations. The reason is that by understanding customer’s needs and absorbing most innovative ideas would no doubt be the origins of technology innovations. This study focuses on top and middle level R&D managers. In order to avoid common method variances, this study is to match and analyze data collected from 119 R&D managers and their supervisors (26 senior managers in total) of 14 companies in Taiwan electronic industry. Results showed that: 1. Professional training was significantly and positively related to to competency cluster of professional knowledge and skill. 2. Professional training was significantly and positively related to the competency cluster of integrative capacities. 3. Professional training was significantly and positively related to the competency cluster of optimizing resource and facilitating innovation. 4. Empowerment was significantly and positively related to competency cluster of professional knowledge and skill. 5. Empowerment was significantly and positively related to the competency cluster of integrative capacities. In addition, this study analyzes the sub-competency of the competency clusters, and found that customer management is positively related to knowledge management competency and facilitating innovation competency. In sum, this study suggests that organizations should set up an integrated and systematic program for potential engineers who might be competent R&D managers in the future. Furthermore, the findings of this study implies that this program should include professional trainings, empowerment, and customer-relationship management, and to ensure that R&D managers possesses “skill” and “managerial” competencies to make themselves the cornerstones for ever-competitive enterprises and to prepare themselves to be responsive to the constantly evolving environment.

Uma Equipe de Alta Performance é criada e sustentada, de acordo com os pressupostos teóricos expostos pelo presente trabalho, por um High Performance Work System (HPWS) ou, em português, Sistema de Trabalho de Alta Performance. Embora o termo em questão seja pesquisado há mais de cinco décadas por estudiosos de diversas áreas do conhecimento, sobretudo pela administração, seus conceitos ainda não são consensuais e, principalmente, há poucas observações em língua portuguesa. Paralelamente a esta questão, pode-se afirmar que uma constante busca por resultados organizacionais, sejam eles financeiros ou não, pelos agentes do mundo organizacional moderno é uma realidade. A proposta do presente trabalho centra-se em explorar ambos os conceitos relatados em duas organizações governamentais, o Esquadrão de Demonstração Aérea (EDA) e o Esquadrão Arara. Isso posto, primeiramente, é importante ressaltar que a pesquisa tem um cunho teórico, ao reunir o que estudiosos de diversas áreas têm descoberto e afirmado sobre o HPWS, relatando-os na língua portuguesa. Em segundo lugar, foi possível criar um quadro com os elementos organizacionais presentes em um HPWS, de acordo com as bibliografias pesquisadas. Com base nesse quadro selecionaram-se algumas características para fins de comparação nos dois Esquadrões. As características são: comprometimento, trabalho em equipe e gestão de pessoas. Isso foi feito por meio de duas técnicas de pesquisa. A primeira delas foi uma entrevista, aplicada ao setor de pessoal desses Esquadrões, para entender a sua forma de gestão de pessoas. Em seguida, foi aplicado um questionário a todo o efetivo de militares de ambas as organizações pesquisadas. Todas as hipóteses de pesquisa foram formuladas pressupondo o EDA como uma Equipe de Alta Performance devido a todas as características relatadas no item 3 Objeto de Estudo. De qualquer maneira, nem todas foram confirmadas, demonstrando que embora o EDA seja, em muitas análises, diferente do Esquadrão Arara ainda não pode ser definido como uma verdadeira Equipe de Alta Performance. De qualquer maneira, a oportunidade de pesquisar a equipe e relatar as suas características é uma maneira de que outras organizações do mundo empresarial conheçam como obter resultados, mesmo que não financeiros, extremamente satisfatórios. / A High Performance Team is created and kept, according to the theoretical assumptions on this work, by a High Performance Work System (HPWS). Although this topic has been studied for more than five decades by researchers from different fields (mainly administration), their concepts are not consensual and mainly, there are few observations on this topic in the Portuguese language. Along with this issue, it can be affirmed that a constant search for results (financial or not) by the modern organizational world agents is a reality. The proposal of this study focus on exploring both concepts reported in two Brazilian Air Force organizations: the Air Demonstration Squadron (EDA) and the Arara Squadron. First of all, it is important to highlight that this research has a theoretical approach, gathering what lecturers from many fields have been finding out and stating about the HPWS, reporting them in Portuguese. Secondly, it was possible to create a table with the organizational elements present in a HPWS, according to the studied bibliography. Based on this table, some features were selected in order to compare the two squadrons: commitment, team work and personnel management. It was carried out by using two survey techniques, being the first one an interview for those squadrons` staff to understand their way of personnel management. Then a questionnaire was applied to all the military personnel in both studied organizations. All the hypothesis for the survey were formulated pre-assuming the EDA as a High Performance Team due to all the characteristics related on the item 3, `Object of Study`. Not all of those features were confirmed, showing that although the EDA is under many analyses different from the Arara Squadron, they cannot be defined as a true High Performance Team. All in all, the opportunity of surveying the team and reporting their characteristics is a manner that other business organizations can approach to obtain some satisfactory results, financially speaking or not.

Uma Equipe de Alta Performance é criada e sustentada, de acordo com os pressupostos teóricos expostos pelo presente trabalho, por um High Performance Work System (HPWS) ou, em português, Sistema de Trabalho de Alta Performance. Embora o termo em questão seja pesquisado há mais de cinco décadas por estudiosos de diversas áreas do conhecimento, sobretudo pela administração, seus conceitos ainda não são consensuais e, principalmente, há poucas observações em língua portuguesa. Paralelamente a esta questão, pode-se afirmar que uma constante busca por resultados organizacionais, sejam eles financeiros ou não, pelos agentes do mundo organizacional moderno é uma realidade. A proposta do presente trabalho centra-se em explorar ambos os conceitos relatados em duas organizações governamentais, o Esquadrão de Demonstração Aérea (EDA) e o Esquadrão Arara. Isso posto, primeiramente, é importante ressaltar que a pesquisa tem um cunho teórico, ao reunir o que estudiosos de diversas áreas têm descoberto e afirmado sobre o HPWS, relatando-os na língua portuguesa. Em segundo lugar, foi possível criar um quadro com os elementos organizacionais presentes em um HPWS, de acordo com as bibliografias pesquisadas. Com base nesse quadro selecionaram-se algumas características para fins de comparação nos dois Esquadrões. As características são: comprometimento, trabalho em equipe e gestão de pessoas. Isso foi feito por meio de duas técnicas de pesquisa. A primeira delas foi uma entrevista, aplicada ao setor de pessoal desses Esquadrões, para entender a sua forma de gestão de pessoas. Em seguida, foi aplicado um questionário a todo o efetivo de militares de ambas as organizações pesquisadas. Todas as hipóteses de pesquisa foram formuladas pressupondo o EDA como uma Equipe de Alta Performance devido a todas as características relatadas no item 3 Objeto de Estudo. De qualquer maneira, nem todas foram confirmadas, demonstrando que embora o EDA seja, em muitas análises, diferente do Esquadrão Arara ainda não pode ser definido como uma verdadeira Equipe de Alta Performance. De qualquer maneira, a oportunidade de pesquisar a equipe e relatar as suas características é uma maneira de que outras organizações do mundo empresarial conheçam como obter resultados, mesmo que não financeiros, extremamente satisfatórios. / A High Performance Team is created and kept, according to the theoretical assumptions on this work, by a High Performance Work System (HPWS). Although this topic has been studied for more than five decades by researchers from different fields (mainly administration), their concepts are not consensual and mainly, there are few observations on this topic in the Portuguese language. Along with this issue, it can be affirmed that a constant search for results (financial or not) by the modern organizational world agents is a reality. The proposal of this study focus on exploring both concepts reported in two Brazilian Air Force organizations: the Air Demonstration Squadron (EDA) and the Arara Squadron. First of all, it is important to highlight that this research has a theoretical approach, gathering what lecturers from many fields have been finding out and stating about the HPWS, reporting them in Portuguese. Secondly, it was possible to create a table with the organizational elements present in a HPWS, according to the studied bibliography. Based on this table, some features were selected in order to compare the two squadrons: commitment, team work and personnel management. It was carried out by using two survey techniques, being the first one an interview for those squadrons` staff to understand their way of personnel management. Then a questionnaire was applied to all the military personnel in both studied organizations. All the hypothesis for the survey were formulated pre-assuming the EDA as a High Performance Team due to all the characteristics related on the item 3, `Object of Study`. Not all of those features were confirmed, showing that although the EDA is under many analyses different from the Arara Squadron, they cannot be defined as a true High Performance Team. All in all, the opportunity of surveying the team and reporting their characteristics is a manner that other business organizations can approach to obtain some satisfactory results, financially speaking or not.

The thesis aims to analyse the content of the performance management of teachers at an elementary school. The theoretical part first defines basic terms of human resources and the latest concept of human resource management. Subsequently, the individual terms of the core area of performance management are introduced. A specification of the target organization concludes the theoretical part. The research section reveals the application of the individual components of performance management in a real environment of particular elementary schools. It was chosen the quantitative research for the research survey, particularly the technology questioning. It was used the method of semi-structured interviewing technique and the content analysis of school documents for consistency. The final section is devoted to a summary of results and the achievement of project objectives.

Ce mémoire a pour objectif d’explorer l’effet indirect des pratiques de gestion à haute performance sur l’épuisement émotionnel. Les ressources du travail (latitude décisionnelle et soutien social des superviseurs) et les demandes du travail (demandes psychologiques et heures hebdomadaires travaillées) sont envisagées comme mécanismes de médiation dans cette relation. La théorie des demandes-ressources du travail (Demerouti, Bakker, Nachreiner et Schaufeli, 2001) qui est en toile de fond de ce travail est bonifiée par l’ajout d’un construit de niveau groupal dans l’explication de l’épuisement émotionnel. Aussi, cette étude vise à tester deux perspectives antagonistes sur l’effet des pratiques de gestion à haute performance sur la santé au travail. Les données à la base de cette étude proviennent de l’étude SALVEO réalisée, entre 2009 et 2012, par l’Équipe de recherche sur le travail et la santé mentale (ERTSM). Au total, 1961 employés répartis dans 89 groupes d’employés de 60 établissements ont été sondés sur leur niveau perçu de latitude décisionnelle, du soutien social des superviseurs, de demandes psychologiques, d’heures hebdomadaires travaillées et d’épuisement émotionnel. Les gestionnaires de ces établissements ont été sondés sur la mise en place des pratiques de gestion à haute performance. Pour tester les hypothèses, des analyses descriptives, bivariées et des analyses de cheminement de la causalité multiniveaux ont été réalisées. Les résultats suggèrent que les ressources du travail contribuent à réduire l’épuisement émotionnel alors que les demandes psychologiques contribuent à l’augmenter. Les résultats rejettent la perspective pluraliste et confirment l’approche unitariste en soutenant que certaines pratiques de gestion à haute performance telles que la rémunération variable et la participation à la prise de décision sont associées à moins d’épuisement émotionnel en procurant plus de ressources aux individus. D’autres comme la dotation sont aussi associées à moins d’épuisement émotionnel en réduisant les demandes psychologiques. Par ailleurs, cette étude ne confirme pas que la combinaison des pratiques de gestion à haute performance avait plus d’effet sur les individus que les pratiques prises de manière individuelle. Les résultats mettent en lumière toute l’importance de la poursuite des études portant sur l’association entre la gestion des ressources humaines et la santé au travail. / This thesis aims to explore the indirect effect of high-performance work practices on emotional exhaustion. Job resources (job control and supervisors social support) and job demands (psychological demands and work hours) are theorized as mediation mechanisms in this relationship. Job demands-resources theory (Demerouti et.al, 2001) in background of this work is enhanced by the addition of a group-level construct in the explanation of emotional exhaustion. Therefore, this study aims to test two antagonistic perspectives on the effect of high-performance work practices on occupational health. The data for this study is from the SALVEO study conducted between 2009 and 2012 by the Équipe de recherche sur le travail et la santé mentale (ERTSM). A total of 1,961 employees in 89 employee groups nested in 60 workplaces were surveyed on their perceived level of job control, supervisor social support, psychological demands, work hours and emotional exhaustion. The line managers were surveyed on the implementation of high-performance work practices. To test hypotheses, descriptive analysis, bivariate analysis, and multilevel path analysis were performed. Results suggest that job resources reduce emotional exhaustion whereas psychological demands increase it. The finding further reject the pluralist perspective and confirm the unitarist approach by arguing that some high-performance management practices such as compensation and participation in decision-making are associated with less emotional exhaustion by providing more job resources to individuals. Others like staffing are also associated with less emotional exhaustion by reducing jobs demands. Moreover, we did not find evidence that combination of high-performance management practices had more effect on individuals than individual practices. Results highlight the importance of continuing studies on the association between human resources management and occupational health.

La formation continue et le roulement volontaire des ressources humaines semblent entretenir une relation confuse. Peu de recherches se sont intéressées à cette relation au niveau d’analyse de l’organisation et leurs résultats semblent ne pas présenter de conclusions probantes. La présente étude de type panel pose la question à propos de la relation entre la formation continue et le roulement volontaire des ressources humaines et vérifie l’effet modérateur d’autres pratiques de gestion des ressources humaines sur cette relation. La formulation de la problématique de cette étude a donné lieu au développement d’un cadre conceptuel puisé dans trois perspectives théoriques différentes : la théorie des organisations, la théorie du capital humain et celles des systèmes de travail à haute performance. Les tests statistiques menés pour vérifier les relations entre les variables issues de ce cadre conceptuel ont été appliqués aux données collectées par Statistique Canada, dans le cadre d’une enquête longitudinale pancanadienne, auprès d’un échantillon de plus de 4 000 entreprises appartenant à 14 secteurs d’activité économique. Les résultats dégagés par l’étude confirment que la formation continue entretient une relation positive et significative avec le roulement volontaire. Les six autres pratiques de gestion des ressources humaines introduites pour tester l’effet de modération entretiennent en majorité des relations négatives et significatives avec le roulement volontaire. Les interactions entre la formation continue et chacune des six pratiques de gestion des ressources humaines aboutissent à un seul effet significatif. La multiplication des valeurs de la rémunération alternative par celles de la formation continue agit dans le sens de la diminution du taux de roulement volontaire des ressources humaines. Malgré le fait que les cinq autres pratiques de gestion des ressources humaines entretiennent des relations significatives et négatives avec le roulement volontaire, leurs interactions avec la formation continue sont demeurées sans effets significatifs. Il ressort donc des résultats de l’étude que l’impact de la formation continue sur le taux de roulement volontaire des ressources humaines peut être contrôlé par la mise en place de la rémunération alternative. Somme toute, cette étude a affirmé l’existence d’un lien significatif et positif entre la formation continue et le roulement volontaire. Elle a aussi vérifié l’impact des effets modérateurs des pratiques de gestion des ressources humaines sur la relation ci-dessus par le biais de tests d’interaction et a expliqué la possibilité de réduire le taux de roulement volontaire en associant la formation continue à la rémunération alternative. Enfin, cette recherche a permis de faire converger trois perspectives théoriques pour dégager un nouveau cadre conceptuel, lequel a servi de base à l’opérationnalisation des variables, la programmation et la réalisation des tests statistiques à travers lesquels ont été vérifiées les relations citées ci-dessus. / The association between employee turnover and training and development seems to be ambiguous at best. Few studies have shed light on this association at the organizational or workplace level of analysis and their results do not to present clear conclusions. The study reported here raises questions about this matter and verifies the moderating effect of other human resource management practices on this relationship. This study focused on the development of a conceptual framework drawn from three different theoretical perspectives: Theory of organizations, human capital theory and high performance work systems theories. The statistical tests conducted to verify the relationship between the variables included in the research framework were applied to data collected by Statistics Canada, as part of the national longitudinal survey of a sample of more than 4000 workplaces from 14 economic sectors. The results confirm that training has a positive and significant relationship with voluntary turnover, whereas the other six human resources management practices, introduced to test their moderating effect, have mostly negative and significant effects on turnover. The interactions between ongoing training and each of the six human resource management practices lead to a single significant effect. The product term formed by multiplying the values of alternative pay by those of continuous training acts in line with the decline in the voluntary turnover rate of human resources. Despite the fact that the other five human resources management practices maintain a significant negative relationship with voluntary turnover, their interactions with continuous training remain without significant effects. Hence, the findings of the study show that the impact of continuous training on voluntary turnover rate of human resources can be controled by the implementation of alternative pay practice. In fact, the study confirms that there is a positive and a significant link between training and voluntary turnover. The study also showed the impact of the moderating effects of human resources management practices on this relation through interaction tests, and explained the possibility of reducing the voluntary turnover rate by associating continuous training to alternative pay. Finally, in this research three theoretical perspectives have been merged in order to provide a new conceptual framework, which served as the basis in making the variables operational, and in programming and conducting the statistical tests used to verify the above relationships.

<p>Opponent: Anthony Allen Öhnström</p>