L’asthme maternel complique environ 3,4% à 12,4% des grossesses dans les pays développés ce qui en fait une des maladies chroniques les plus fréquentes pouvant engendrer de sérieux problèmes médicaux chez la mère et le fœtus. D’autre part, un taux relativement important de femmes enceintes, soit 4 à 7%, utilisent des médicaments anti-asthmatiques. La mortinaissance, la mortalité néonatale et/ou la mortalité périnatale sont les issues de grossesses les plus dramatiques pour l’enfant et la famille. Toutefois, l’effet de l’asthme et de l’utilisation des corticostéroïdes inhalés (CSI) pendant la grossesse sur ces complications a été inadéquatement évalué. La majorité des études qui ont évalué ces associations souffraient d’un manque de puissance statistique et/ou d’une absence ou d’un ajustement inadéquat pour les variables potentiellement confondantes. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont donc pour objectif d’évaluer le risque de mortalité périnatale chez les femmes asthmatiques comparativement aux femmes non- asthmatiques. Cette thèse vise également à évaluer si les femmes asthmatiques exposées aux CSI courent plus de risque de mortalité périnatale que les femmes asthmatiques non exposées et si le risque de mortalité périnatale varie en fonction de la dose quotidienne de CSI utilisée par la mère pendant la grossesse. À l’aide du croisement de trois bases de données administratives du Québec, une large cohorte de femmes asthmatiques et non-asthmatiques qui ont eu au moins une grossesse entre 1990 et 2002 a été construite (n=41 142). À partir de cette cohorte, deux cohortes de grossesses ont été constituées. Les deux premières études présentées dans cette thèse sont basées sur toute la cohorte alors que la dernière étude est basée uniquement sur les grossesses de femmes asthmatiques. Une étude de cohorte a d’abord été réalisée afin d’évaluer l’effet de l’asthme maternel sur le risque de mortalité périnatale permettant l’ajustement pour les variables provenant des bases de données administratives. Afin de mieux estimer le risque de mortalité périnatale chez les femmes asthmatiques une étude de cohorte comprenant deux phases d’échantillonnage a ensuite été réalisée à l’aide d’informations additionnelles sur le tabagisme, l’utilisation de drogue illicite et l’histoire de mortinaissances, colligées à partir du dossier médical de la mère. Finalement, le risque de mortalité périnatale chez les femmes asthmatiques qui ont utilisé des CSI pendant la grossesse et le risque de mortalité périnatale en fonction de la dose moyenne quotidienne de CSI consommée par la mère pendant la grossesse ont été investigués à l’aide d’une étude de cohorte à deux phases d’échantillonnage chez les femmes asthmatiques uniquement. Nous avons premièrement observé que l’asthme pendant la grossesse pourrait augmenter le risque de mortalité périnatale due à l’augmentation du risque de bébés de petits poids et de bébés prématurés chez les femmes asthmatiques (OR=1,30; IC 95%: 1,05-1,57). Toutefois, après avoir ajusté pour le tabagisme pendant la grossesse, le risque relatif de mortalité périnatale a diminué à 12% et l’association n’est pas demeurée statistiquement significative (OR= 1,12; IC 95%: 0,87-1,45). Finalement, l’utilisation de CSI pendant la grossesse, lorsque la dose n’a pas été considérée, n’a pas été associé à une augmentation significative du risque de mortalité périnatale (OR= 1,07; IC 95% : 0,70-1,61) et un effet protecteur non-significatif de l’utilisation de doses de CSI de 250 ug ou moins par jour a été observé (OR=0,89; IC 95%: 0,55 -1,44). Toutefois, les femmes qui ont pris des doses >250 ug/jour avaient un risque accru de mortalité périnatale de 52%, mais cette association n’était pas statistiquement significative (OR=1,52; IC 95%: 0,62-3,76). Cette augmentation du risque pourrait toutefois résulter d’un ajustement imparfait pour la sévérité et le contrôle de l’asthme (les femmes asthmatiques qui ont utlisé >250 ug/jour sont susceptibles d’avoir un asthme plus sévère ou inadéquatement maîtrisé). Les conclusions de nos travaux qui sont plutôt rassurantes pourront contribuer à une meilleure prise en charge des femmes enceintes asthmatiques, à aider les médecins dans la prescription de CSI pendant la grossesse et à rassurer les femmes enceintes souffrant d’asthme et les femmes enceintes qui doivent utiliser des CSI. Toutefois, des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires afin de pouvoir conclure que l’utilisation de doses plus élevées de CSI (>250 ug/jour) pendant la grossesse sont sécuritaires. / Maternal asthma is one of the most common medical conditions in developed contries that can cause serious problems for the mother and the foetus with 3.4% to 12.4% of pregnancies complicated by asthma. On the other hand, a relatively important rate of of pregnant women, 4% to 7%, uses anti-asthmatic drugs. Stillbirth, neonatal mortality and/or perinatal mortality are the most dramatic perinatal pregnancy outcomes for children and families. However, the effect of asthma and the use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) during pregnancy on these perinatal outcomes have been inadequately evaluated. Most studies that have evaluated these associations suffer from a lack of statistical power and/or a lack or an inadequate adjustment for potential confounding variables. The objectives of this thesis were to evaluate the risk of perinatal mortality among asthmatic women compared to non-asthmatic women. This thesis also aims at evaluating whether or not asthmatic women exposed to ICS during pregnancy are more at risk of perinatal mortality than asthmatic women who are not exposed to ICS as well as estimating the risk of perinatal mortality as a function of the daily dose of ICS taken by the mother during pregnancy. From the linkage of three of Quebec’s administrative databases, a large cohort was created including asthmatics and non-asthmatic women who had at least one pregnancy between 1990 and 2002 (n=41 142). From this cohort, two cohorts of pregnancies were constructed. The first two studies presented in this thesis were based on the entire cohort, whereas the third study was based only on the pregnancies of asthmatic women. A cohort study was first conducted to evaluate the effect of maternal asthma on the risk of perinatal mortality while adjusting for confounding variables derived from the administrative databases. To better quantify the association between maternal asthma and the risk of perinatal mortality, a two-stage sampling cohort design was conducted using additional information on smoking, illicit drug use and history of stillbirths, which were gathered from the medical charts of a sampling of mothers. Finally, the risk of perinatal mortality among asthmatic women exposed to ICS during pregnancy and the risk of perinatal mortality according to the daily dose of ICS taken during pregnancy were evaluated with a two-stage sampling cohort design among asthmatics women only. Firstly, we observed that asthma during pregnancy may increase the risk of perinatal mortality due to an increased risk of low birth weight and premature delivery among asthmatic women (OR=1.30; 95%CI: 1.05-1.57). However, after adjusting for cigarette smoking, the relative risk of perinatal mortality decreased to 12% and did not remain statistically significant. Finally, no significant increased risk of perinatal mortality among asthmatic women exposed to ICS during pregnancy (any doses) as compared to asthmatic women who were not exposed to ICS during pregnancy was observed (OR=1.07 (95% CI: 0.70 -1.61)) and a non-significant protective effect was observed among women who used 250 ug or less of ICS per day (OR=0.89; 95% CI: 0.55 -1.44)). However, the use of more than 250 ug/day of ICS was associated with a 52% increased risk of perinatal mortality, but the association was not significant (OR=1.52; 95% CI: 0.62-3.76). This increased risk may be explain by an inadequate adjustment for asthma severity and control (asthmatic women who used more than 250 ug/day of ICS may have more severe and uncontrolled asthma). The conclusions of our work which is rather reassuring can contribute to a better management of asthma during pregnancy, assist physicians in prescribing ICS during pregnancy and reassure pregnant women with asthma and pregnant women who should use ICS. However, additional studies are needed before we can conclude that higher doses of ICS (> 250 ug/day) are safe during pregnancy.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-05-19T11:00:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 mariadaconsolacaomagalhaes.pdf: 3358023 bytes, checksum: 11bd3472d372f91b765a67807ee928ff (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-19T14:32:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mariadaconsolacaomagalhaes.pdf: 3358023 bytes, checksum: 11bd3472d372f91b765a67807ee928ff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-19T14:32:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mariadaconsolacaomagalhaes.pdf: 3358023 bytes, checksum: 11bd3472d372f91b765a67807ee928ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-26 / É considerado um caso de morbidade materna extremante grave (MMEG) ou near miss uma mulher que quase foi a óbito, mas sobreviveu a complicação que ocorreu durante a gravidez, parto ou até 42 dias do término da gestação. Os critérios para identificação de casos de MMEG têm sido discutidos por diversos autores que levam em consideração as condições clínicas, laboratoriais e/ou manejo dos casos. Os sistemas de informação em saúde disponíveis atualmente no Brasil, tais como o SIH-SUS (Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do SUS), Sistema de informação sobre Nascidos vivos (SINASC) e Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) contam com grande número de dados que poderiam contribuir para estudos da morbidade materna. Este trabalho tem como objetivos analisar a situação da morbimortalidade materna e infantil a partir dos Sistemas de Informações em Saúde; adequar os critérios de MMEG; identificar e analisar os casos de MMEG na base de dados do SIH-SUS visando subsidiar o planejamento das ações de saúde materna. Entre as 8620 mulheres residentes em Juiz de Fora, MG, no período de 2006 e 2007, internadas com causas codificadas dentro do Capítulo XV da CID-10 ou que receberam procedimentos obstétricos, 326 apresentaram alguma condição clínica e/ou procedimento selecionado como MMEG e uma foi a óbito. A taxa de mortalidade materna foi 12,0 por 100.000 mulheres. A letalidade 3,1 por mil mulheres e a prevalência de MMEG, 39,0 por 1000 mulheres. A média de tempo de internação foi de 3,5 e 10,5 dias para as mulheres sem e com morbidade, respectivamente. O tempo de internação maior que quatro dias foi 13 vezes mais alto entre as mulheres que apresentaram MMEG. A razão de prevalência para permanência do recém-nascido após alta da mãe, ter filhos nascidos mortos e óbito da criança antes da alta da mãe foi mais elevada entre as mulheres com MMEG, respectivamente 2,52, 4,86 e 4,41. As variáveis tempo de internação, número de internações e filhos nascidos mortos mostraram-se como fatores preditores para a MMEG na análise de regressão logística (p < 0,001). Entre os procedimentos/condições selecionados os mais frequentes foram a transfusão de hemoderivados, “permanência a maior” e pré-eclampsia grave/eclampsia, com prevalências de morbidades específicas de 15,7/1000, 9,5/1000 e 8,2/1000, respectivamente. A razão de prevalência de MMEG encontrada e as prevalências específicas de transfusão de hemoderivados e pré-eclampsia grave/eclampsia são achados consistentes com a literatura existente e demonstram que o uso de associação de algumas tabelas do SIH-SUS tem grande potencial para identificação dos casos de MMEG. O critério utilizado para identificação dos casos é factível e pode contribuir para a vigilância da morbimortalidade materna e para ampliar o conhecimento sobre os aspectos que a envolve, contribuindo assim para a melhoria na qualidade da assistência à mulher no período gravídico-puerperal. / An extremely severe maternal morbidity (ESMM) case, or near miss, is one in which the woman almost died due to gestation/delivery-related problems, or any problem occurring up to 42 days after the end of gestation, but survived because of the care received or sheer chance. The criteria for identification of ESMM cases have been discussed by several authors, who take into account clinical and laboratory features and/or case management. Health information systems available in Brazil, such as the Hospital Information System (Sistema de Informações Hospitalares – SIH-SUS), Live-birth Information System (Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos – SINASC) and Mortality Information System (Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade – SIM) comprise a large number of data, which could contribute to studies on maternal morbidity. This study aimed to: assess maternal and childhood morbimortality from the SIH-SUS, adequate the ESMM criteria, and identify and analyze the ESMM cases within the SIH-SUS database, with a focus on the planning of maternal health interventions. Of the 8620 women living in Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil, admitted to hospital with a diagnosis belonging to chapter XV of the ICD-10, or who underwent an obstetric procedure, in the period 2006-2007, 326 had a clinical condition and/or procedure selected as ESMM, with 1 death. Maternal mortality rate was 12.0/100,000 women. Case-fatality rate was 3.1/1,000 women, and ESMM rate was 39.0/1,000 women. Mean hospital stay length ranged from 10.5 to 3.5 days, for women with and without ESMM, respectively. Hospital stay length over 4 days was 13 more likely for ESMM women. Prevalence ratios of newborn hospital stay after the mother`s discharge, stillbirth, and child`s death before the mother`s discharge were higher for ESMM women, being 2.52, 4.86, and 4.41, respectively. The variables hospital stay length, number of admissions, and number of stillbirths were predictors of ESMM on logistic regression analysis (p < 0.001). Of the selected procedures/conditions, the most frequent ones were blood derivatives transfusion, longer hospital stay, and severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia, with specific morbidity prevalence rates of 15.7/1,000, 9.5/1,000 and 8.2/1,000, respectively. The ESMM prevalence ratio found and the specific prevalence rates of blood derivatives transfusion and severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia are consistent with literature data, and show that the association use of the SIH-SS tables has significant potential to identify ESMM cases. The criterion used for case identification is feasible and may contribute to maternal morbimortality surveillance, increasing our knowledge about its associated features and contributing to better prenatal/puerperal care.

La Communauté française décide en concertation avec la Région bruxelloise et la Région wallonne, de financer un Centre d’Epidémiologie Périnatale (CEpiP). Les Communautés et Régions chargent le CEpiP de les assister dans la vérification, le remplissage et la correction des certificats concernant les naissances à partir du 1er janvier 2008. Le CEpiP est également chargé d’encoder les certificats bruxellois, les certificats wallons étant toujours encodés par un sous-traitant.<p>Un problème souvent rencontré dans l’analyse des certificats de naissance est la présence de données manquantes. Des informations manquaient sur 64.0% des certificats bruxellois de janvier 2008 (situation de base). Le renforcement de l’enregistrement par le CEpiP durant l’année 2008 est lié à une diminution des informations manquantes sur les certificats initiaux (à la sortie des maternités et services d’état civil) après la première et la deuxième année d’enregistrement :20,8% et 19,5% des naissances en décembre 2008 et 2009 respectivement. Le taux résiduel de données manquantes après correction grâce aux listes envoyées aux maternités et services d’Etat civil est faible. En particulier, la nationalité d’origine des parents était souvent manquante, jusqu’à 35% à Bruxelles (données non publiées), et ce taux est passé à 2.6% en 2008 et 0.1% en 2009. Certaines données manquantes ne sont pas distribuées de façon équivalente selon la nationalité de la mère, même après correction. Les mères d’origine sub-saharienne ont les taux de remplissage les moins élevés. Enfin, le taux de mort-nés a augmenté par rapport aux données de 2007, au profit des mort-nés avant l’âge de 28 semaines, et suggère une amélioration de l’enregistrement suite au renforcement de l’information.<p>Les données concernant l’indice de masse corporelle des patientes sont donc relevées depuis 2009 pour l’ensemble des mères qui accouchent en Belgique. L’obésité maternelle et l’immigration sont en augmentation en Belgique, et ont été rarement étudiées au travers d’études de population sur les certificats de naissance. Des études ont pourtant montré que ces mères étaient à risque de complications périnatales, comme la césarienne ou la mortalité périnatale. L’obésité et l’immigration ont en commun le fait qu’elles recouvrent des réalités médicales, sociales et relationnelles face au personnel soignant, qui les mettent à risque de complications périnatales.<p>Des différences en termes de complications obstétricales et néonatales entre populations immigrantes et autochtones ont été observées en Belgique et dans d’autres pays, mais elles sont encore mal comprises. <p>Dans un premier travail d’analyse, nous avons évalué les taux de mortalité périnatale chez les mères immigrantes, en fonction du fait qu’elles étaient naturalisées ou non.<p>Le taux de mortalité périnatale est globalement plus élevé chez les mères immigrantes (8.6‰) que non-immigrantes (6.4‰).<p>Le taux de mortalité périnatale est globalement plus élevé chez les mères non naturalisées (10.3‰) que chez les mères naturalisées (6.1‰).<p>Le taux de mortalité périnatale varie selon l’origine des mères, mais dans chaque sous-groupe étudié, les mères non naturalisées ont un taux plus élevé de mortalité périnatale.<p><p>Des études ont successivement montré davantage, ou moins de césariennes chez les mères immigrantes. Peu de facteurs confondants étaient généralement pris en compte. Dans un second travail d’analyse, nous avons comparé les taux de césarienne dans plusieurs sous-groupes de nationalités.<p>Les taux de césarienne varient selon les sous-groupes de nationalités. Les mères originaires d’Afrique sub-saharienne ont un odds ratio ajusté pour la césarienne de 2.06 (1.62-2.63) en comparaison aux mères belges. L’odds ratio ajusté n’est plus statistiquement significatif après introduction des variables anthropométriques dans le modèle multivariable pour les mères d’Europe de l’Est, et après introduction des interventions médicales pour les mères du Maghreb.<p><p>Peu d’études ont analysé la relation entre l’obésité maternelle et les complications néonatales, et la plupart de ces études n’ont pas ajusté leurs résultats pour plusieurs variables confondantes. Nous avons eu pour but dans un troisième travail d’analyse d’étudier la relation entre l’obésité maternelle et les paramètres néonatals, en tenant compte du type de travail (induit ou spontané) et du type d’accouchement (césarienne ou voie basse). Les enfants de mères obèses ont un excès de 38% d’admission en centre néonatal après ajustement pour toutes les caractéristiques du modèle multivariable (intervalle de confiance à 95% :1.22-1.56) ;les enfants de mères obèses en travail spontané et induit ont également un excès de risque de 45% (1.21-1.73) et 34% (1.10-1.63) respectivement, alors qu’après une césarienne programmée l’excès de risque est de 18% (0.86-1.63) et non statistiquement significatif.<p>Les enfants de mères obèses ont un excès de 31% de taux d’Apgar à 1 minute inférieur à 7, après ajustement pour toutes les caractéristiques du modèle mutivariable (1.15-1.49) ;les enfants de mères obèses en travail spontané et induit ont également un excès de risque de 26% (1.04-1.52) et 38% (1.12-1.69) respectivement, alors qu’après une césarienne programmée l’excès de risque est de 50% (0.96-2.36) et non statistiquement significatif.<p><p>In 2008, a Centre for Perinatal Epidemiology was created inter alia to assist the Health Departments of Brussels-Capital City Region and the French Community to check birth certificates. A problem repeatedly reported in birth certificate data is the presence of missing data. The purpose of this study is to assess the changes brought by the Centre in terms of completeness of data registration for the entire population and according to immigration status. Reinforcement of data collection was associated with a decrease of missing information. The residual missing data rate was very low. Education level and employment status were missing more often in immigrant mothers compared to Belgian natives both in 2008 and 2009. Mothers from Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest missing rate of socio-economic data. The stillbirth rate increased from 4.6‰ in 2007 to 8.2‰ in 2009. All twin pairs were identified, but early loss of a co-twin before 22 weeks was rarely reported.<p>Differences in neonatal mortality among immigrants have been documented in Belgium and elsewhere, and these disparities are poorly understood. Our objective was to compare perinatal mortality rates in immigrant mothers according to citizenship status. Perinatal mortality rate varied according to the origin of the mother and her naturalization status: among immigrants, non-naturalized immigrants had a higher incidence of perinatal mortality (10.3‰) than their naturalized counterparts (6.1‰). In a country with a high frequency of naturalization, and universal access to health care, naturalized immigrant mothers experience less perinatal mortality than their not naturalized counterparts. <p>Our second objective was to provide insight into the differential effect of immigration on cesarean section rates, using Robson classification. Cesarean section rates currently vary between Robson categories in immigrant subgroups. Immigrant mothers from Sub-Saharan Africa with a term, singleton infant in cephalic position, without previous cesarean section, appear to carry the highest burden.<p>If it is well known that obesity increases morbidity for both mother and fetus and is associated with a variety of adverse reproductive outcomes, few studies have assessed the relation between obesity and neonatal outcomes. This is the aim of the last study, after taking into account type of labor and delivery, as well as social, medical and hospital characteristics in a population-based analysis. Neonatal admission to intensive care and low Apgar scores were more likely to occur in infants from obese mothers, both after spontaneous and <p> / Doctorat en Sciences médicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

MCur / Department of Advanced Nursing Science / Background: Perinatal and neonatal mortality rates remain high in South Africa especially in rural areas and townships where the majority of poor people live. With regard to perinatal and neonatal mortality, South Africa like many other developing countries has failed to achieve MDG 4 and 5 by 2015 regardless of many efforts by the governments. To achieve the SDG which replaced MDGs for child health, it is necessary for the South African public and private health care to reduce substantially perinatal and new born deaths, particularly in rural areas. There are many factors that contribute to a high perinatal mortality rate in public hospitals in rural areas. To understand these factors, a study was conducted with midwives from selected public hospitals in Limpopo, Vhembe district which experiences the highest perinatal mortality rates in South Africa. Purpose and methodology: The purpose of this research study was to assess factors contributing to high perinatal mortality rates in the selected public hospitals in Vhembe district. A quantitative, descriptive, exploratory and cross-sectional design was used to collect data from the sampled hospitals in the Vhembe district. Hospitals were purposively sampled based on the statistics of monthly deliveries. The target population consisted of all registered midwives who had been working in the maternity units for at least two years. Cochrane's formula was used to determine the sample from the target population for each hospital. A random sample of 110 respondents was selected upon which a questionnaire was administered to each by the researcher. Responses from the close-ended and open-ended questions was grouped and analysed quantitatively by means of Statistical Package for Social Sciences 23.0 (SPSS). Results and findings: Results were presented in frequency tables and graphs revealed that most of the midwives lacked knowledge and skills in a number of key areas needed for them to operate efficiently in the maternity wards. There was also high staff turnover which led to a few midwives being overworked. The utilisation of guidelines and protocols in maternity was left to individual midwives as the hospitals did not evaluate the use of it. Conclusions: Lack of key skills in assisting women in labour, and poor use of guidelines and understaffing were the main contributing factors to high perinatal mortality rates in the selected public hospitals of Vhembe district. Midwife attitudes were not a contributory factor. / NRF