Title: Analysis of the intervention of the Mountain Service in the period 2013-2018. Objectives: The aim of the diploma thesis is to analyze the intervention of the Mountain Service of the Czech Republic in the period 2013-2018 and its statistical expression. Furthermore, the work aims to summarize the history, location and activities of the Mountain Service. Methods: The diploma thesis uses methods of content analysis and methods of data collection from available sources and materials, the method of descriptive statistics and subsequent comparison of data. The obtained data are presented through tables and graphs, which are described in detail and evaluated. Results: The result of the work is a summary description of the Mountain Service of the Czech Republic from its inception to the present, its operation and legislative authority. The mountain areas where the Mountain Service of the Czech Republic operates are also described. Numerical data of all interventions of the Mountain Service of the Czech Republic for the period 2013-2018 are written here and evaluated. These data are supported by clear tables with the exact number of interventions and supported by graphs for better evaluation. Keywords: Analysis, intervention, service, period, help

A return-period analysis of annual peak spring break-up and open-water levels for 136 Water Survey of Canada hydrometric stations was used to classify rivers across Canada and to assess the physical controls on peak break-up water-levels. According to the peak water-level river-regime classification and subsequent analysis, 32% of rivers were classified as spring break-up dominated, characterized by low elevations and slopes and large basin sizes while 45% were open-water dominated and associated with alpine environments of high elevations and channel slopes, and smaller basin sizes. The remaining 23% of rivers were classified as a mixed regime. A spatial and temporal analysis (1969-2006) of the river ice break-up season using hydrometric variables of timing and water levels, never before assessed at the northern Canada-wide scale, revealed significant declines in break-up water levels and significant trends towards earlier and prolonged break-up in western and central Canada. The spatial and temporal influence of air temperature on break-up timing was assessed using the spring 0°C isotherm, which revealed a significant positive relationship but no spatial patterns. In the case of major ocean/atmosphere oscillations, significant negative (positive) correlations indicate that break-up occurs earlier (later) during the positive phases of the Pacific North American Pattern (El Niño Southern Oscillation) over most of western Canada. Fewer significant positive correlations show that break-up occurs later during the positive phases of the Arctic Oscillation and North Atlantic Oscillation in eastern Canada. / Graduate

L'analyse démographique se déroule principalement dans un cadre de référence défini par des variables temporelles ; ce faisant, elle débouche sur des résultats mettant en évidence des régularités remarquables. Cette constatation pourrait laisser croire automatiquement à une valeur explicative substantielle des variables en cause. En fait, généralement, l'âge, la date ou le moment de naissance, par exemple, n'ont en eux-mêmes aucune vertu explicative, si ce n'est à travers des phénomènes physiologiques ou sociologiques, par exemple. En prenant le cas de la mortalité des personnes âgées, l'âge peut être, au moins en partie, considéré comme un proxy du processus physiologique du vieillissement. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de voir si les méthodes des démographes pourraient se transposer en optant pour un cadre de référence non temporel qui serait régi par une variable éventuellement plus proche de causes en rapport avec un phénomène étudié. La réponse à cette question est affirmative. Sur un plan purement mathématique, tout cadre de référence composé de trois variables formant une combinaison linéaire et dont une est invariable individu par individu peut remplacer le cadre de référence temporel le plus classique où l'âge correspond au temps moins le moment de naissance et où le moment de naissance est invariant tout au long de la vie d'un individu. Ainsi, en va-t-il, par exemple, de la taille (ou du poids) des nourrissons, de leur taille (ou poids) à la naissance et de leur gain de taille (ou de poids) depuis la naissance. Des diagrammes de Lexis ont été construits en remplaçant le temps par la taille (ou le poids) des nourrissons ; le moment de naissance, par leur taille (ou leur poids) à la naissance et l'âge, par la variation de leur taille (ou de leur poids) depuis la naissance. Les cohortes se définissent non plus par rapport au moment de naissance, mais par rapport à la taille (ou au poids) de naissance. Ces diagrammes ont montré qu'il existe une relation négative entre le gain de taille durant la première année de vie et la taille à la naissance, mais qu'aucune relation de ce type n'était pas présente dans le cas du poids. L'équivalent d'une table d'extinction classique a été élaboré en remplaçant l'âge par le gain de taille (ou de poids). Par ailleurs, toujours en remplaçant l'âge par le gain de taille (ou de poids), des régressions logistiques ont permis d'identifier des variables ayant un effet significatif sur la croissance en taille ou en poids durant la première année de vie. Ces régressions ont notamment confirmé l'influence de la taille à la naissance sur le gain de taille et la non-influence du poids de naissance sur le gain de poids. Il est à noter que pour employer ces méthodes de la table ou de la régression, il faut en plus remplir certaines conditions ; si ce n'est pas le cas, il faut soit procéder à des adaptations, soit adopter des hypothèses supplémentaires, soit carrément renoncer à l'emploi de ces méthodes. La réflexion menée dans ce travail a suggéré d'enrichir la panoplie des méthodes de l'analyse démographique : à l'analyse transversale classique se concentrant sur une période et donc sur un couloir vertical du diagramme de Lexis, on peut adjoindre un autre type d'analyse transversale portant cette fois sur un couloir horizontal. Si cette nouvelle perspective d'analyse est sans intérêt pratique avec le cadre de référence classique en temps, elle pourrait donner lieu à l'établissement de résultats dignes d'intérêt en cas de cadre de référence autre. Par ailleurs, ce travail aura aussi montré en quoi, dans certaines circonstances, la corrélation et la régression pourraient avoir intérêt à intégrer la notion de cohorte. Si ce travail montre que le cadre de référence temporel n'est pas le seul envisageable, il ne débouche nullement sur la conclusion que ce cadre classique est à abandonner définitivement au profit d'autres. En effet, les variables temporelles présentent des spécificités qui les rendent particulièrement efficaces pour organiser une analyse.

L'analyse longitudinale de la fécondité montre que les valeurs élevées de l’ICF pendant unepremière période (1960-1980) résultent de l'adoption d'un calendrier plus précoce des femmes néesen 1940 et au-delà. Aussi, son effondrement au cours d’une seconde période (1980-2000) est dû à uncalendrier fécond plus mature des femmes nées à partir de 1960. L’augmentation de l’ICF despremières années de 2000 est due au phénomène de récupération des naissances à traversl’augmentation des taux de fécondité à des âges supérieurs à 30 ans. Cette récupération estcependant incomplète car la descendance finale des générations s’est nettement réduite au fil dutemps. En tenant compte de la mortalité, aucune de générations examinées ne s’est complètementreproduite. L'analyse de la fécondité longitudinale selon le rang biologique de naissance de l’enfantmontre un âge moyen à la maternité de plus en plus élevé au premier enfant et l'augmentationsignificative de l’infécondité définitive pour les femmes nées depuis la fin des années 1960. Plus de lamoitié des femmes nées entre 1940 et le début des années 1960 ont obtenu 2 enfants. Le modèlestandard de la famille de deux enfants semble donc apparaître un plus tôt en Grèce que dans d’autrespays européens. Le découplage de la fécondité de la nuptialité, observée dans les pays occidentauxn’a pas encore été confirmée pour la Grèce. Le début de la crise économique a coïncidé avec ladiminution de la fécondité transversale. Le faible recul temporel ne nous permet pas de savoir si cetteréduction aura un impact sur la descendance finale des générations. / The longitudinal analysis of fertility shows that the low values of the period TF from 1980 to 2000was the result of the postponement of births, as women who born after 1960 were putting offparenthood to later ages which depressed period fertility rates. The increase of period TF in the firstdecade of 2000 is due to fertility “recuperation”, through the increase in fertility rates at ages over 30years old. The recuperation is incomplete and the cohort fertility has significantly reduced over timeAnalysis of cohort fertility by biological birth order shows a mean age of childbearing in first childincreasingly high and a significant increase of childlessness. The 20-25% of woman born from1970 to1975 in Greece will remain childlessness. The reduction of complete fertility in generations is largelydue to the fact that more and more women reaching the age of 49 years old without having achildren. Also the family size is reduced over the generations, two child family becoming the norm.The parity progression ratios reduced at all birth orders and especially a2 and a3. The low percentageof births outside marriage in Greece (6,7% 2013) revealed the important role of marriage inchildbearing. Data from the censuses (1991,2001,2011) show that unmarried women over 49 yearsold, had on average a total fertility between 0,05 to 0,15 children/women and a childlessness ratebetween 85 and 95%. The examination of a series of economic indicators like GDP andunemployment rate alongside with period TF reveals the strong correlation between the twophenomena. The short time series (2009-2012) does not allow us to know whether this reduction ofperiod fertility will have an impact on the cohort fertility.

Objetivos: Descrever a morbidade associada à varicela em crianças usuárias de creches Municipais de Taubaté e o conhecimento de seus familiares sobre a doença. Casuística e Métodos: Estudo de corte transversal, realizado através de inquérito com responsáveis por 664 crianças que contraíram varicela após admissão às creches. Os responsáveis pelas crianças foram entrevistados por um único examinador, que utilizou um formulário previamente testado. Os dados foram compilados em banco de dados e analisados utilizando o programa Epi-info versão 6.01. Resultados: A varicela acometeu crianças de seis meses a sete anos de idade (mediana = 36 meses) e 8,4% tiveram a doença antes de um ano. Os principais sintomas foram: exantema (100,0%), febre (85,4%), anorexia (39,6%) e cefaléia (15,3%) / Objective: To evaluate the morbidity associated to varicella in day cares centers of Taubaté and the parent's knowledge about the disease. Subjects and Methods: Cross-sectional study, including 664 children that had varicella after admission to the day care centers. Parents of children were interviewed by one of the participant of the study that filled in previously tested form. Data were compiled in database and analyzed in program Epi-info version 6.01. Results: Children had varicella at six months to seven years of age, (median = 36 months) and 8.4% of cases occurred in children under 12 months of age. The most frequent symptoms were: exantema (100.0%), fever (85.4%), anorexia (39.6%) and headache (15.3%). Five hundred and seventeen children (77.9%) were taken for medical visits, 80.6% were medicated, and 73 children (11.0%) were medicated with anti-inflammatory drugs and 52 children (7.8%) with antibiotics

Objetivos: Descrever a morbidade associada à varicela em crianças usuárias de creches Municipais de Taubaté e o conhecimento de seus familiares sobre a doença. Casuística e Métodos: Estudo de corte transversal, realizado através de inquérito com responsáveis por 664 crianças que contraíram varicela após admissão às creches. Os responsáveis pelas crianças foram entrevistados por um único examinador, que utilizou um formulário previamente testado. Os dados foram compilados em banco de dados e analisados utilizando o programa Epi-info versão 6.01. Resultados: A varicela acometeu crianças de seis meses a sete anos de idade (mediana = 36 meses) e 8,4% tiveram a doença antes de um ano. Os principais sintomas foram: exantema (100,0%), febre (85,4%), anorexia (39,6%) e cefaléia (15,3%) / Objective: To evaluate the morbidity associated to varicella in day cares centers of Taubaté and the parent's knowledge about the disease. Subjects and Methods: Cross-sectional study, including 664 children that had varicella after admission to the day care centers. Parents of children were interviewed by one of the participant of the study that filled in previously tested form. Data were compiled in database and analyzed in program Epi-info version 6.01. Results: Children had varicella at six months to seven years of age, (median = 36 months) and 8.4% of cases occurred in children under 12 months of age. The most frequent symptoms were: exantema (100.0%), fever (85.4%), anorexia (39.6%) and headache (15.3%). Five hundred and seventeen children (77.9%) were taken for medical visits, 80.6% were medicated, and 73 children (11.0%) were medicated with anti-inflammatory drugs and 52 children (7.8%) with antibiotics

Síndrome do túnel do carpo (STC) está associada à diabetes mellitus (DM), mas a associação não está claramente demonstrada com pré-diabetes (PD). Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de PD e fatores de risco associados em pacientes com STC. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo transversal incluindo 115 pacientes com STC idiopática e 115 controles pareados por idade, gênero e índice de massa corporal (IMC). Avaliação clínica, laboratorial e neurofisiológica foi realizada em todos os indivíduos para confirmar o diagnóstico e gravidade da STC de acordo com a classificação neurofisiológica de STC. PD foi definido usando critérios estritos. Resultados: A prevalência de PD foi similar no grupo STC e controles (27% vs. 21,7%, P=0,44). Sintomas noturnos (91,3%) e classificação moderada de STC (58,3%) foram os mais frequentemente observados. Pacientes com STC com PD apresentaram média de idade significativamente mais alta comparada à pacientes com STC sem PD (53,8 +- 10,2 vs. 49,5 +- 8,6 anos, P=0,027). Tendência de média mais alta de IMC (30,6 +- 4,1 vs. 28,7 +- 4,8 kg/m2, P=0,059) e duração dos sintomas (21,5 +- 29,6 vs. 14,8 +- 20,6 meses, P=0,062) e menor frequência de gênero feminino (80,6% vs. 92,9%, P=0,057) foram observados em pacientes com STC com PD. Frequências de pacientes com STC com PD e idade > 60 anos (29,0% vs. 8,3%, P=0,04) e IMC > 30 kg/m2 (64,5% vs. 33,3%, P=0,03) foram significativamente mais altas que em pacientes com STC sem PD. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas em ambos os grupos com relação aos sintomas (P > 0,05) e classificação neurofisiológica da STC (P > 0,05). Conclusões: Nossos achados apóiam fortemente a noção de que a STC não está associada à PD, mas está intimamente ligada a idade e sobrepeso / Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is associated to Diabetes mellitus (DM) but not clearly demonstrated to Prediabetes (PD). Objective: Determine prevalence of PD and risk factors in CTS. Methods: A cross-sectional study including 115 idiopathic CTS patients and 115 age-, gender- and body mass index (BMI)- matched controls was performed. Clinical, laboratorial and neurophysiological evaluations were performed in all subjects to confirm CTS diagnosis and severity according to CTS classification. PD was defined using strict criteria. Results: Prevalence of PD was similar in CTS and control groups (27% vs. 21.7%, P=0.44). Nocturnal symptoms (91.3%) and moderate classification of CTS (58.3%) were most frequently observed in CTS patients. CTS with PD had a significant higher mean age compared to CTS without PD (53.8 +- 10.2 vs. 49.5 +- 8.6 years, P=0.027). A trend of higher mean BMI (30.6 +- 4.1 vs. 28.7 +- 4.8 kg/m2, P=0.059) and duration of symptoms (21.5 +- 29.6 vs. 14.8 +- 20.6 months, P=0.062) and lower female gender frequency (80.6% vs. 92.9%, P=0.057) were observed in CTS with PD. Frequencies of CTS with PD patients with age > 60 years (29.0% vs. 8.3%, P=0.04) and BMI > 30 kg/m2 (64.5% vs. 33.3%, P=0.03) were significantly higher than CTS without PD. No significant differences were observed in both groups regarding each symptoms (P > 0.05) and neurophysiological classifications of CTS (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings strongly supports the notion that CTS is not associated with PD but is closely linked to age and overweight

Síndrome do túnel do carpo (STC) está associada à diabetes mellitus (DM), mas a associação não está claramente demonstrada com pré-diabetes (PD). Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de PD e fatores de risco associados em pacientes com STC. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo transversal incluindo 115 pacientes com STC idiopática e 115 controles pareados por idade, gênero e índice de massa corporal (IMC). Avaliação clínica, laboratorial e neurofisiológica foi realizada em todos os indivíduos para confirmar o diagnóstico e gravidade da STC de acordo com a classificação neurofisiológica de STC. PD foi definido usando critérios estritos. Resultados: A prevalência de PD foi similar no grupo STC e controles (27% vs. 21,7%, P=0,44). Sintomas noturnos (91,3%) e classificação moderada de STC (58,3%) foram os mais frequentemente observados. Pacientes com STC com PD apresentaram média de idade significativamente mais alta comparada à pacientes com STC sem PD (53,8 +- 10,2 vs. 49,5 +- 8,6 anos, P=0,027). Tendência de média mais alta de IMC (30,6 +- 4,1 vs. 28,7 +- 4,8 kg/m2, P=0,059) e duração dos sintomas (21,5 +- 29,6 vs. 14,8 +- 20,6 meses, P=0,062) e menor frequência de gênero feminino (80,6% vs. 92,9%, P=0,057) foram observados em pacientes com STC com PD. Frequências de pacientes com STC com PD e idade > 60 anos (29,0% vs. 8,3%, P=0,04) e IMC > 30 kg/m2 (64,5% vs. 33,3%, P=0,03) foram significativamente mais altas que em pacientes com STC sem PD. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas em ambos os grupos com relação aos sintomas (P > 0,05) e classificação neurofisiológica da STC (P > 0,05). Conclusões: Nossos achados apóiam fortemente a noção de que a STC não está associada à PD, mas está intimamente ligada a idade e sobrepeso / Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is associated to Diabetes mellitus (DM) but not clearly demonstrated to Prediabetes (PD). Objective: Determine prevalence of PD and risk factors in CTS. Methods: A cross-sectional study including 115 idiopathic CTS patients and 115 age-, gender- and body mass index (BMI)- matched controls was performed. Clinical, laboratorial and neurophysiological evaluations were performed in all subjects to confirm CTS diagnosis and severity according to CTS classification. PD was defined using strict criteria. Results: Prevalence of PD was similar in CTS and control groups (27% vs. 21.7%, P=0.44). Nocturnal symptoms (91.3%) and moderate classification of CTS (58.3%) were most frequently observed in CTS patients. CTS with PD had a significant higher mean age compared to CTS without PD (53.8 +- 10.2 vs. 49.5 +- 8.6 years, P=0.027). A trend of higher mean BMI (30.6 +- 4.1 vs. 28.7 +- 4.8 kg/m2, P=0.059) and duration of symptoms (21.5 +- 29.6 vs. 14.8 +- 20.6 months, P=0.062) and lower female gender frequency (80.6% vs. 92.9%, P=0.057) were observed in CTS with PD. Frequencies of CTS with PD patients with age > 60 years (29.0% vs. 8.3%, P=0.04) and BMI > 30 kg/m2 (64.5% vs. 33.3%, P=0.03) were significantly higher than CTS without PD. No significant differences were observed in both groups regarding each symptoms (P > 0.05) and neurophysiological classifications of CTS (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings strongly supports the notion that CTS is not associated with PD but is closely linked to age and overweight