Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:40:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Donizeti Padilha de Souza.pdf: 2689123 bytes, checksum: 28a86b4d37447c3f9f3f3d8368b3f293 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-28 / The various theories of production management have been suggesting improvements and also presenting achievements made by organizations in their multiple productive activities. In this sense, it is necessary to ensure that the proposed changes actually take place, the results perpetuate and the gained knowledge is reported. Thus, research methods that involve a larger number of participants, such as the action research, involve these members and consequently, generate a greater commitment of those who take part in the process, then the learning takes place simultaneously with the practice. In the current context of global media models, the sector of Newspapers suffers fierce competition. This study aimed to observe the processes of change made in the industrial area of a daily periodical company in the city of Goiânia through the action research method and based on the Theory of Constraints combined with other production methods which are described in the body of this paper. The deployed changing processes named RETROFIT had the objective of making the company in which the research took place into a more competitive organization and, above all, more agile in their manufacturing processes of printed materials in order to meet market demand for their products. Management focused on the constraints presented the following results: better performance for the system as a whole; better nominal capacity for the printers; an opportunity for the employees, which are directly engaged in the production process, to visualize the priorities to be observed within the process; it also highlighted the importance of preventive maintenance and an overview of the main causes in the industrial area that prevent the company to earn more money. / As várias teorias de gestão da produção têm sugerido melhorias e apresentado resultados alcançados pelas organizações em suas múltiplas atividades produtivas. Nesse sentido, é necessário garantir que as mudanças propostas sejam efetivadas, os resultados perenizados e os conhecimentos adquiridos divulgados. Assim, métodos de pesquisa que contam com um universo maior de participantes, como a pesquisa-ação, envolvem estes integrantes e, por consequência, geram maior comprometimento dos envolvidos no processo, e o aprendizado acontece simultaneamente com a prática. No atual contexto dos modelos de mídia global, o segmento Jornal sofre acirrada concorrência. Esta pesquisa objetivou acompanhar os processos de mudança realizados na área industrial de uma empresa de periódicos, na cidade de Goiânia, através do método pesquisa-ação, tendo como alicerce a Teoria das Restrições, aliada a outros métodos de produção, que estarão descritas no corpo do trabalho. Os processos de mudança implantados, denominados RETROFIT, tiveram como escopo tornar a empresa na qual se realizou a pesquisa mais competitiva e, sobretudo, mais ágil nos seus processos de manufatura dos impressos produzidos, para atender à demanda de mercado dos seus produtos. O gerenciamento com foco nas restrições apresentou como resultados: melhor desempenho para o sistema como um todo, permitiu melhorar a capacidade nominal das impressoras, propiciou aos colaboradores diretamente envolvidos na produção dos periódicos, visualizarem prioridades a serem observadas no processo, mostrou a importância da manutenção preventiva e quais são as principais causas na área industrial que impedem a empresa de ganhar mais dinheiro.

Between 1880 and 1920, both urban England and essays published in urban England underwent seismic shifts and splits, as population grew, education and technology advanced, and periodical publishing expanded. The city grew both larger in size and smaller in units of comprehensibility, and many of its people were (or were perceived by certain thinkers to be) less free and more instrumental. The periodical essay too grew more common and, at the same time, smaller in size, less free, and more instrumental, as it developed closer ties with journalism, with the industrial city, and with readers of all classes. By an examination of various forms of essaying in the period, this thesis argues that the essay's transitions parallel modernity's transitions, not only because the essay reflects or enacts or follows trends in modernity, but also because modernity at the time was conditioned by the essay's way of thinking through its form and cannot be fully understood without reference to the activities of the urban periodical essay at the time. The essay between 1880 and 1920 was a highly social genre, and this sociability manifested in a number of ways this thesis will explore. Its periodical context allowed it a ritual, patterning relationship with its readers; its brevity and limitations pushed it into dialectical, double-glancing modes of thought that complemented its fragmented setting; its tendency to direct attention away from its own form gave it a unique, constitutive role in literary modernisms; its material connections to new technologies implicated it in new doubts concerning urban modernity, and its massed readership embroiled it in fears over anti- or a-intellectual over-simplification. This thesis tells the stories of the periodical essay, in London, as an actor in modernity's transitions, by examining four concepts central to both the essay and to emergent modernity: play, the trick, doubt, and wisdom. These concepts are treated, primarily, through the work of three writers-Oscar Wilde, G. K. Chesterton, and Virginia Woolf-all of whom, in their styling of the essay, embody different moments and essayistic registers in the transitions of modernity and reveal the cross-fertilising relationship between essaying and what is meant by 'the modern'.

This research explores the convergence of journalism, an influential and well established profession, and the Internet, a technology that alters the communication experience. It focuses on how the Net and its associated practices intersects with deep rooted journalistic cultures; asking how this collision affects traditional values, how it influences new practices appearing in newsrooms, how the involved agents re-define their roles and how new media logics are emerging from this contact. This investigation has been developed through the prism of Bourdieu's theory of practice, which considers the journalistic profession as a field, where there are shared values, practices and routines, a sense of a group, a common identity, built on each actor's daily experiences. The latter, accumulated as a bodily habitus, operates in relation to the environment. The ethnography, a tool reckoned as well suited to capture and describe behaviours in newsrooms, is the methodology employed in this work, which combines participant observation and interviews. The studied media are four Spanish journalistic institutions; Diario de Mallorca, a regional print paper; Efe, a news agency, El País and El Mundo, the two biggest national newspapers and its online sites. This thesis argues that, in the negotiation of their adapted new role, journalists tend to align themselves with their traditional values and habitus. Well aware of the Internet related trends, they claim to keep an open mind to technological features, while filtering them through the sieve of their most cherished tenets. They see the gatekeeping role of journalism –as a profession with particular values– as something that can help save the public sphere from powerful and biased agents; the identification of sources and traceability of stories to guarantee its trustfulness, framing news in wider scenarios or a declared attachment to 'the truth' –all of these ‘news values' and the practical activities designed to underpin them shape their professional ideology. Negotiating new media, and taking a view on journalistic transformation, they mostly stick to what they do not see as nostalgia (an attachment to values now rendered redundant in a new media environment), but as values related with, and indeed helping to enable, democracy, fairness, equality and a healthy public sphere.

This thesis explores the ‘credibility' of news in Saudi Arabia, comparing online media with official newspapers. The latter are heavily regulated offering limited viewpoints. But the Saudi government has been less able to regulate online. Against a historical background of news development in Saudi Arabia, the thesis explores the rise of online from discussion forums established in the 1990s to online newspapers and social media. Largely qualitative methods (interviews, focus groups) plus a quantitative survey, were adopted to collect two sets of data: from educated readers, and from journalists working for online publications. Additionally, material from two news case studies was gathered. Questions concerned: how online news was evaluated by users compared to more traditional reporting; how producers perceived the distinctiveness of online titles and the issues they faced. The data from the case studies – an ‘internal' news story, Corona virus and an ‘external' event, Egyptian elections – was subjected to ‘frame' analysis, addressing the different news coverage of official print titles, online news and independent Twitter accounts. Focus was on whether online reporting offered more varied viewpoints and greater reader participation, and whether there was evidence for more management of news by the Saudi authorities in relation to the internal as compared to the external news event. The thesis argues that compared to official newspapers, online titles have largely gained greater credibility amongst educated Saudi users. They are regarded as offering different views, more ‘objective' reporting and actively encourage reader comment. Findings indicate that online is less censored than official newspapers, but editors/journalists have learnt the skills of self-censorship to avoid blocking. Exchange of views on Twitter also demonstrate the possibility of distinctive voices and viewpoints being aired and argued over. In these ways, the relation between online news and readers/users begins to enable the formation of independent ‘public opinion'.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O presente trabalho apresenta como objetivo analisar, por meio de uma visão comparativa de história, as transformações políticas ocorridas no Rio de Janeiro e em Buenos Aires, a partir de 1808, que modificaram por completo o antigo mundo ibérico, trazendo consigo o processo de emancipação política para as regiões em estudo. Por conseguinte, tais mudanças possibilitaram ainda a elaboração de projetos constitucionais para legitimar tais processos, que culminaram em 1824, com a Constituição Outorgada no Rio de Janeiro, sede do Império do Brasil, e com o Projeto Constitucional de Buenos Aires, que foi a base da constituição argentina anos depois. Na realização desse estudo, priorizaram-se como fontes os projetos constitucionais de 1813 até 1824, além de leis e decretos, que englobam o mesmo período, e de periódicos, tendo como destaque a Gazeta de Buenos Aires. No caso das fontes para o processo constitucional estabelecido no Rio de Janeiro, a ênfase foi dada aos debates da Assembleia de 1823, e seu projeto constitucional, a Constituição de 1824, além de periódicos, como Revérbero Constitucional Fluminense e o Sentinella da Liberdade na Guarita de Pernambuco. Frente às questões político-sociais procurou-se estudar a trajetória política e de vida de dois fundamentais personagens na construção da política nacional das regiões em questão. Mariano Moreno e Antonio Carlos R. Andrada Machado Silva e Araújo que se apresentaram como principais agentes para a discussão constitucional. Por fim, buscou-se compreender que as questões que permitiram a elaboração de uma monarquia constitucional e de uma república para as sociedades em tela, apesar de destoarem frente aos respectivos projetos, mantiveram o status quo em suas sociedades. / This work intents to analise the political transformations occured in Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires, through a comparative and historical point of view. Starting in 1808, this transformations completaly changed the ancient iberical world, giving birth to a political emancipation. Therefore, such changes allowed the elaboration of constitutional projects that legitimazed these events. These situation had a breakthrough at 1824, as the Constituição Outorgada in Rio de Janeiro, seat of the brazilian empire, and with the constitutional project from Buenos Aires, wich was the baseline of the future constitution. During the elaboration of this study, we priorized as fonts, the constitutional projects from 1813 up to 1824, and also laws, decrees and newspapers of this period of time, specially the Gazeta de Buenos Aires. To the process occurred in Rio de Janeiro, we emphasized the debates held at 1823 assembly, its constitutional project, the constitution of 1824, and newspapers such as Revérbero Constitucional Fluminense and Sentinella da Liberdade na Guarita de Pernambuco. Considering the social and political issues, we intended to study the political path traced and the life of two important characters to the construction of the national policy: Mariano Moreno and Antonio Carlos R. Andrada Machado Silva e Araújo. They played a main role during the constitutional debate. At last, we seeked to compreended the questions that allowed the elaboration of a constitutional monarchy and a republic to these societies that sustained their status quo although they drifted apart from their projects.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:02:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wallace Rocha Assuncao.pdf: 3585353 bytes, checksum: b9b70b759359e95f1ad2abfa1d4b96e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-26 / Esta pesquisa procura compreender a circulação e as apropriações do americanismo, movimento político-cultural que nasce a partir da hegemonia interna desenvolvida pelos Estados Unidos da América e que se torna modelo de modernidade para outros países. Utiliza, como referencial teórico-metodológico, o repertório da Nova História Cultural, bem como o modelo indiciário fundamentado na microhistória italiana. Como fonte documental, faz uso das publicações periódicas da Educação Física que circularam no Brasil na primeira metade do século XX. A análise do corpus documental indica que, a partir de 1932, com a publicação dos primeiros periódicos da Educação Física, é observável a circulação e a apropriação das representações sobre o americanismo, cujos traços culturais permeiam as práticas esportivas e a forma escolar da Educação Física. Mais que isso, os indícios apontam para uma estratégia de divulgação do modo de vida americano, síntese de eficácia e modernidade, especialmente nas revistas publicadas por editoras comerciais que fazem mais referências aos Estados Unidos que as publicações de editoras autárquicas, utilizando para isso, algumas vezes, o movimento pan-americanista, havendo ainda a circulação de publicidade de produtos e bens de consumo produzidos por indústrias americanas. Podemos constatar ainda que, embora não possa ser caracterizada como um locus de difusão do americanismo, a Associação Cristã de Moços contribuiu com essa circulação e consequente apropriação do americanismo pelo fato de ter sido trazida para a América do Sul por americanos que, em suas atividades, trouxeram imagens da cultura americana como o ápice da modernidade / This research seeks to understand the circulation and appropriations of Americanism, a political and cultural movement that was born out of internal hegemony developed by the United States of America and becomes a model of modernity for other countries. Uses the repertoire of the New Cultural History and the evidentiary model based on Italian microhistoria as theoretical and methodologicalreference. As historic source, makes use of physical education periodicals that circulated in Brazil in the first half of the twentieth century.The analysis of the chosen documents indicates to us that from 1932, with the publication of the first periodicals on physical education,it is observable the circulation and appropriation of representations of Americanism, whose cultural traits permeates sports and school form of physical education. Moreover, the evidences points to a strategy for publicizing the American way of life, a synthesis of modernity and efficiency, especially in magazinesissued by commercial publishers that make more references to the United States than those edited by autarchic publishers, using the Pan-American movement to this sometimes and there is still the circulation of productsand goods advertising, produced by American industries. Furthermore we can see that even though it cannot be characterized as a locus for the dissemination of Americanism, the Young Men s Christian Associationhas contributed to the subsequent appropriation of this cultural movement, because it has been brought to South America by Americans who brought in their activities the images of American culture as the apex of modernity

Orientador: Álvaro Santos Simões Junior / Banca: Carlos Erivany Fantinati / Banca: Keli Cristina Pacheco / Resumo: Esta dissertação tem por objetivos: levantamento, indexação e análise dos textos publicados pelo escritor Afonso Henriques de Lima Barreto (1881-1922) no periódico carioca A.B.C. (1915-1934), que foram veiculados de 1916 a 1922, com ênfase na série de capítulos da sátira Os Bruzundangas; e a investigação do hebdomadário visando ao esboço de um perfil para a publicação. A análise dos textos foi feita em seu conjunto, o que, até hoje, a fortuna crítica do autor não havia realizado, tentando notar possíveis condicionamentos do veículo sobre sua produção. A dissertação contém, em anexo, texto de Lima Barreto inédito em livro, cotejo crítico dos capítulos d'Os Bruzundangas publicados no A.B.C., indexação do semanário no período de publicação da sátira e ilustrações. Com tudo isso, o estudo pretende contribuir para uma maior compreensão da obra de Lima Barreto e auxiliar futuros pesquisadores do autor e do tema em questão / Abstract: This dissertation intends to gather, index and analyze texts published by author Afonso Henriques de Lima Barreto (1881-1922) on the periodical A. B. C. (1915-1934) between 1916 and 1922, with emphasis the series of chapters of the satire Os Bruzundangas; we also investigate the weekly publication in order to paint an accurate picture of it. The analysis of these texts in as a whole has not been done until now, and was made with the intention of possibly noting the influence of the medium on its production. Annexed to the dissertation we have Lima Barreto's writings that were not yet edited, a critical comparison between the chapters of Os Bruzundangas published in A.B.C. and an index of the periodical during the production of satires and illustrations. We intend to provide a better understanding of Lima Barreto's work, as well as make resources available to future researchers of the author and the theme / Mestre

A Guerra de Canudos ocorreu no sertão baiano, entre novembro de 1896 e outubro de 1897, figurando como um dos episódios mais sangrentos da história do Brasil. Ao mesmo tempo em que se desenrolava a tragédia, o País estava se urbanizando, industrializando-se, e, em certo sentido, modernizando-se. Interessava às elites que o Brasil adentrasse o quanto antes no que viam como a marcha do progresso e se configurasse como nação moderna, com uma identidade assentada em valores ocidentais. A comunidade de Canudos, percebida na contramão desses valores, significava uma ameaça ao poder local e ao poder republicano. Essa cidadela se organizava a partir de uma divisão social do trabalho que não se baseava na exploração. Também, esses sertanejos praticavam a religião cristã reinterpretada; concebiam Antônio Conselheiro como um salvador que lhes dava esperanças de uma vida melhor na terra e nos céus. O modo de vida canudense era apresentado, nos jornais da época, como uma vergonha para a civilização e uma ameaça â nação brasileira, amplificando boatos que acusavam Canudos de ser um reduto monarquista. A reação a o Conselheiro e a seus seguidores foi tanto material quanto discursiva: foram organizadas quatro campanhas que destruíram o arraial de Canudos, e circularam na imprensa e nos espaços públicos discursos que caluniavam os sertanejos e os tratavam como bandidos, incivilizados, atrasados e retrógrados. Nossa intenção, nesta dissertação, é apresentar os discursos que possuíam uma natureza cientificista que, a partir de conceitos evolucionistas e positivistas, contribuíram para a campanha que apresentava os conselheiristas como elementos de desordem e de retrocesso e representavam a instituição republicana como o fundamento da constituição do Brasil em uma nação moderna, promotora da ordem e do progresso e, sobretudo, civilizada. Para isso, analisamos textos que circularam no jornal O Estado de S. Paulo, apresentando os discursos científicos e cientificistas os quais visavam representar e interpretar a Guerra de Canudos. Há um destaque para os artigos de Euclides da Cunha, publicados sob o título de Diario de uma expedição. Oferecemos, também, um breve estudo da imprensa de fins do século XIX, das principais fontes dos discursos cientificistas (positivismo e evolucionismos) e do papel da ciência no contexto de modernização do Brasil. A situação do sertão, onde houve secas devastadoras, movimentos messiânicos e resistência à ordem social e moral imposta pelas elites locais, também é apresentada. Os principais resultados deste trabalho identificam o uso de discursos científicos e cientificistas em notícias, reportagens e artigos publicados na imprensa, que contribuíram para a construção da opinião pública que se posicionou, de modo geral, em favor do governo republicano e contra os sertanejos / The Canudos War that happened on the hinterlands of Bahia between november 1896 and october 1897 figures as one of the bloodiest episodes of Brazilian history. While the tragedy was unfolding, the country was going through processes of urbanization, industrialization, and, in a certain sense, modernization. Elites were interested in the earliest possible take up of what they saw as the march of progress, with Brazil refashioning itself as a modern nation, with an identity grounded upon Western values. The community of Canudos was perceived as being the exact opposite of these values, and represented a threat to local and republican powers. The citadel was organized according to a social division of labor that was not based on exploitation. Also, its dwellers (the sertanejos) practiced a reinterpreted form of Christianity; they conceived of Antonio Conselheiro as a savior that gave them hopes of a better life on this earth and in heaven. The way of life of Canudos was portrayed, in contemporary newspapers, as shameful to civilization and a threat to the Brazilian nation, amplifying rumors that pointed the village as a monarchist stronghold. The reaction against Conselheiro and his followers was at once material and discursive: four military campaigns annihilated the community, and the periodical press and public spaces were filled with discourses calumnious to the sertanejos, picturing them as bandits, uncivilized, backwards and archaic. Our aim, in this dissertation, is to present discourses that possessed a scientistic nature, and which, from evolutionist and positivist standpoints, contributed to a portrait of Conselheiros followers as elements of disorder and regress, representing the republic as the cornerstone of Brazil as a modern nation, grounded on order and progress, and, above all, a civilized country. To this end, we analyze texts that circulated in the newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo, presenting the scientific and scientistic discourses that aimed at representing and interpreting the Canudos War. We highlight the pieces by Euclides da Cunha, published under the title Journal of an Expedition. We also offer cursory reports on the periodical press in the late 19th century, on the main sources of scientistic discursiveness (positivism and evolutionisms) and on the role of science in the context of Brazilian modernization. The situation of the hinterlands, with devastating droughts, messianic movements and resistance to the social and moral orders imposed by local elites is discussed as well. The main results of this research identify the use of scientific and scientistic discourses in news and articles published by the periodical press, which contributed to the consolidation of a public opinion that was generally favorable to the government and against the sertanejos

A Guerra de Canudos ocorreu no sertão baiano, entre novembro de 1896 e outubro de 1897, figurando como um dos episódios mais sangrentos da história do Brasil. Ao mesmo tempo em que se desenrolava a tragédia, o País estava se urbanizando, industrializando-se, e, em certo sentido, modernizando-se. Interessava às elites que o Brasil adentrasse o quanto antes no que viam como a marcha do progresso e se configurasse como nação moderna, com uma identidade assentada em valores ocidentais. A comunidade de Canudos, percebida na contramão desses valores, significava uma ameaça ao poder local e ao poder republicano. Essa cidadela se organizava a partir de uma divisão social do trabalho que não se baseava na exploração. Também, esses sertanejos praticavam a religião cristã reinterpretada; concebiam Antônio Conselheiro como um salvador que lhes dava esperanças de uma vida melhor na terra e nos céus. O modo de vida canudense era apresentado, nos jornais da época, como uma vergonha para a civilização e uma ameaça â nação brasileira, amplificando boatos que acusavam Canudos de ser um reduto monarquista. A reação a o Conselheiro e a seus seguidores foi tanto material quanto discursiva: foram organizadas quatro campanhas que destruíram o arraial de Canudos, e circularam na imprensa e nos espaços públicos discursos que caluniavam os sertanejos e os tratavam como bandidos, incivilizados, atrasados e retrógrados. Nossa intenção, nesta dissertação, é apresentar os discursos que possuíam uma natureza cientificista que, a partir de conceitos evolucionistas e positivistas, contribuíram para a campanha que apresentava os conselheiristas como elementos de desordem e de retrocesso e representavam a instituição republicana como o fundamento da constituição do Brasil em uma nação moderna, promotora da ordem e do progresso e, sobretudo, civilizada. Para isso, analisamos textos que circularam no jornal O Estado de S. Paulo, apresentando os discursos científicos e cientificistas os quais visavam representar e interpretar a Guerra de Canudos. Há um destaque para os artigos de Euclides da Cunha, publicados sob o título de Diario de uma expedição. Oferecemos, também, um breve estudo da imprensa de fins do século XIX, das principais fontes dos discursos cientificistas (positivismo e evolucionismos) e do papel da ciência no contexto de modernização do Brasil. A situação do sertão, onde houve secas devastadoras, movimentos messiânicos e resistência à ordem social e moral imposta pelas elites locais, também é apresentada. Os principais resultados deste trabalho identificam o uso de discursos científicos e cientificistas em notícias, reportagens e artigos publicados na imprensa, que contribuíram para a construção da opinião pública que se posicionou, de modo geral, em favor do governo republicano e contra os sertanejos / The Canudos War that happened on the hinterlands of Bahia between november 1896 and october 1897 figures as one of the bloodiest episodes of Brazilian history. While the tragedy was unfolding, the country was going through processes of urbanization, industrialization, and, in a certain sense, modernization. Elites were interested in the earliest possible take up of what they saw as the march of progress, with Brazil refashioning itself as a modern nation, with an identity grounded upon Western values. The community of Canudos was perceived as being the exact opposite of these values, and represented a threat to local and republican powers. The citadel was organized according to a social division of labor that was not based on exploitation. Also, its dwellers (the sertanejos) practiced a reinterpreted form of Christianity; they conceived of Antonio Conselheiro as a savior that gave them hopes of a better life on this earth and in heaven. The way of life of Canudos was portrayed, in contemporary newspapers, as shameful to civilization and a threat to the Brazilian nation, amplifying rumors that pointed the village as a monarchist stronghold. The reaction against Conselheiro and his followers was at once material and discursive: four military campaigns annihilated the community, and the periodical press and public spaces were filled with discourses calumnious to the sertanejos, picturing them as bandits, uncivilized, backwards and archaic. Our aim, in this dissertation, is to present discourses that possessed a scientistic nature, and which, from evolutionist and positivist standpoints, contributed to a portrait of Conselheiros followers as elements of disorder and regress, representing the republic as the cornerstone of Brazil as a modern nation, grounded on order and progress, and, above all, a civilized country. To this end, we analyze texts that circulated in the newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo, presenting the scientific and scientistic discourses that aimed at representing and interpreting the Canudos War. We highlight the pieces by Euclides da Cunha, published under the title Journal of an Expedition. We also offer cursory reports on the periodical press in the late 19th century, on the main sources of scientistic discursiveness (positivism and evolutionisms) and on the role of science in the context of Brazilian modernization. The situation of the hinterlands, with devastating droughts, messianic movements and resistance to the social and moral orders imposed by local elites is discussed as well. The main results of this research identify the use of scientific and scientistic discourses in news and articles published by the periodical press, which contributed to the consolidation of a public opinion that was generally favorable to the government and against the sertanejos

This paper is a content analysis of the "American Archivist," the journal of the "Society of American Archivists." Eight volumes of the journal were analyzed to review the decade by decade thematic and structural evolution of the journal from its foundation in 1938 to the present. Analysis was conducted to determine if the journal had fulfilled its initial requirement “to be as useful as possible to all members of the profession.”