Introdução. Apesar dos recentes e importantes avanços no tratamento das Doenças Cardiovasculares, a cirurgia cardíaca ainda pode ser a única opção de tratamento para alguns pacientes. Os pacientes que vivenciam sintomas de ansiedade e de depressão no pré-operatório podem sofrer influência destes na recuperação pós-operatória. Objetivos. Avaliar a relação dos sintomas de ansiedade e depressão pré-operatórios com as características sociodemográficas e clínicas e avaliar a relação desses sintomas com a presença de complicações no pós-operatório (PO), durante a permanência na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI), dos pacientes submetidos às cirurgias cardíacas eletivas. Método. Estudo observacional analítico, de coorte prospectiva, desenvolvido nas unidades de internação de clínica médica e clínica cirúrgica de um hospital universitário do interior paulista. A amostra do estudo foi constituída por pacientes submetidos à primeira cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM) e à primeira cirurgia para correção de valvopatia, entre setembro de 2013 e setembro de 2015. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas individuais e consulta aos prontuários. Para a avaliação dos sintomas de ansiedade e depressão, foi utilizado o instrumento Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), com a avaliação das respostas considerando o valor total de cada subescala (HADS-ansiedade e HADS depressão), variando de 0 - 21 (quanto maior o valor maior o transtorno emocional). Foram investigados complicações pulmonares, cardíacas, neurológicas, endócrinas, infecciosas, digestivas, sensoriais e o óbito. Para investigarmos a relação dos sintomas de ansiedade e depressão com as características sociodemográficas (sexo, idade, estado civil e situação profissional) e com a presença de complicações PO (sim/não), foi utilizado o teste de Mann Whitney. Para investigarmos a correlação dos sintomas com as características clínicas (tempos de internação pré-operatória, de cirurgia e de permanência na UTI), foi utilizado o teste de Correlação de Spearman. O nível de significância adotado foi de 0,05. Resultados. A amostra foi constituída por 145 pacientes, sendo 75 pacientes submetidos à CRM e 70 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia valvar. Entre os pacientes submetidos à CRM, a idade média encontrada foi de 61,8 anos, a maioria do sexo masculino (69,3%), e a principal complicação no PO foi a hiperglicemia (97,3%). As mulheres submetidas à CRM apresentaram maiores médias para os sintomas de ansiedade, quando comparadas com os homens. Pacientes submetidos à CRM, com maiores médias para os sintomas de ansiedade, apresentaram com maior frequência a instabilidade hemodinâmica no PO. Aqueles pacientes que apresentaram maior média para os sintomas de depressão apresentaram com maior frequência a náusea, a agitação, o déficit neurológico e permaneceram mais tempo entubados no PO. Entre os pacientes submetidos à cirurgia valvar, a idade média foi de 54,4 anos, maioria do sexo masculino (61,4%), e a principal complicação no PO foi a hiperglicemia (92,9%). As mulheres apresentaram maiores médias para os sintomas de depressão, quando comparadas com os homens. Pacientes submetidos à cirurgia valvar com maiores médias para os sintomas de depressão apresentaram com maior frequência a agitação no PO. Conclusão. Dos pacientes submetidos à CRM, encontramos relação dos sintomas de ansiedade pré-operatória com o sexo e com a presença de instabilidade hemodinâmica no PO, bem como dos sintomas de depressão com a ocorrência de náusea, agitação, presença de cânula orotraqueal (COT) por mais de 48 horas e déficit neurológico. Entre os pacientes submetidos à cirurgia valvar, encontramos relação dos sintomas de depressão com o sexo e com a agitação no PO / Introduction. Despite the recent and important advances in the treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, cardiac surgery can still be the only treatment option for some patients. The patients who experience symptoms of anxiety and depression in the preoperative phase can be subject to the influence of these symptoms during the postoperative recovery. Objectives. Assess the relation between the preoperative anxiety and depression symptoms and the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and the relation between these symptoms and the presence of postoperative (PO) complications while staying at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of patients submitted to elective cardiac surgeries. Method. Analytical and observational prospective cohort study, developed at the medical and surgical clinical inpatient units of a teaching hospital in the interior of the State of São Paulo. The study sample consisted of patients submitted to the first coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and the first valve correction surgery between September 2013 and September 2015. The data were collected through individual interviews and consultation of patient histories. To assess the anxiety and depression symptoms, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used. In the assessment of the answers, the total value of each subscale was used (HADS-anxiety and HADS-depression), ranging between 0 - 21 (the higher the score, the higher the emotional disorder). Pulmonary, cardiac, neurological, endocrine, infectious, digestive, sensory complications and death were investigated. To investigate the relation between the anxiety and depression symptoms and the sociodemographic characteristics (sex, age, marital status and professional situation) and the presence of postoperative complications (yes/no), the Mann-Whitney test was used. To investigate the correlation between the symptoms and the clinical characteristics (lengths of preoperative hospitalization, surgery and stay at the ICU), Spearman\'s correlation test was used. The significance level adopted was 0.05. Results. The sample consisted of 145 patients, being 75 patients submitted to CABG and 70 patients to valve surgery. Among the patients submitted to CABG, the mean age was 61.8 years; mostly male (69.3%), and the main PO complication was hyperglycemia (97.3%). The women submitted to CABG presented higher means for anxiety symptoms when compared to men. Patients submitted to CABG with higher averages for anxiety symptoms presented PO hemodynamic instability more frequently. Patients with higher mean scores for depressive symptoms most frequently presented nausea, agitation and neurological deficit and spent more time intubated during the PO. Among the patients submitted to valve surgery, the mean age was 54.4 years, mostly male (61.4%) and the main PO complication was hyperglycemia (92.9%). The women presented higher averages for depressive symptoms when compared to the men. Patients submitted to valve surgery with higher means for depressive symptoms most frequently presented PO agitation. Conclusion. Among the patients submitted to CABG, we found a relation between preoperative anxiety symptoms and sex and the presence of hemodynamic instability in the PO period, as well as between depressive symptoms and the occurrence of nausea, agitation, presence of endotracheal tube for more than 48 hours and neurological deficit. Among the patients submitted to valve surgery, we found a relation between depressive symptoms and sex and PO agitation

A obesidade é considerada um problema de saúde pública no Brasil, e à cirurgia bariátrica vem se mostrando uma ferramenta eficaz no tratamento da obesidade mórbida. Devido a esses fatos é de se esperar que tenhamos cada vez mais, em nossa prática esse procedimento cirúrgico, que depende do atendimento de uma equipe multidisciplinar, na qual a enfermagem está inserida. Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar as dificuldades do enfermeiro de Centro Cirúrgico em assistir aos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica no período transoperatório. Os dados foram coletados através de um questionário elaborado a partir de revisão de literatura pertinente ao tema e distribuído no 7.º Congresso Brasileiro de Enfermeiros de Centro Cirúrgico, Recuperação Anestésica e Centro de material e Esterilização. A seleção da amostra fez-se mediante a constatação da experiência do enfermeiro na assistência ao paciente obeso mórbido atendendo a cirurgia bariátrica. A apresentação dos resultados foi dividida em duas partes: a primeira parte caracterizando a amostra demograficamente, e a segunda sintetizando as dificuldades dos enfermeiros de centro cirúrgico em assistir aos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica. Várias são as dificuldades, mencionadas pelos enfermeiros da amostra, porém conclui-se que a maioria relaciona-se á condições técnicas e de materiais que proporcionem condições de segurança ao paciente, principalmente: mesa cirúrgica, maca transfer, afastador específico, perneiras tipo bota e material para anestesia. / Obesity is considered a public health problem in Brazil, and bariatric surgery has shown to be an efficient tool in treating morbid obesity. Because of that it is expected that in our practice we will have more and more of that surgical procedure, which depends on the attendance of a multi-disciplinary team, of which nursing is included. The aim of this paper is to identify the difficulties that nurses of Surgical Centers have when attending patients submitted to bariatric surgery in the perioperative period. The data were collected by a questionnaire prepared after revising literature pertaining to the subject and distributed at the 7th Brazilian Congress on Perioperative Nursing, Anesthetic Recovery and Central Supply and Sterilization. The sample selection was made through the experience verified by nurses while attending morbid obese patients submitted to bariatric surgery. The presentation of the results was divided in two parts: the first part characterizes the sample demographically, and the second part synthesizes the difficulties that perioperative nurses go through when attending patients submitted to bariatric surgery. Several difficulties were mentioned by the nurses from the sample; however, most of them were related to technical and material conditions that would offer a safe environment to the patient, especially: surgical table, transfer stretcher, bariatric surgery retractor, compression boots and anesthesia materials.

A hipotermia perioperatória está associada a diferentes complicações, tais como: aumento da incidência de infecção de sítio cirúrgico, arritmias cardíacas, aumento do sangramento no período intraoperatório e desconforto térmico do paciente na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica, entre outras. Na literatura há evidências de que o pré- aquecimento da superfície corporal do paciente antes da indução anestésica é efetivo para a redução da hipotermia, pela diminuição do gradiente de temperatura entre os compartimentos central e periférico do organismo humano. Assim o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do pré-aquecimento na manutenção da temperatura corporal de pacientes submetidas a cirurgias ginecológicas eletivas. Trata-se de ensaio clínico controlado randomizado, com a participação de 86 pacientes submetidas a cirurgia ginecológica eletiva, aleatorizadas em dois grupos. Na sala de admissão do Centro Cirúrgico, as participantes do grupo experimental (n=43) foram aquecidas durante 20 minutos com o sistema de ar forçado aquecido (manta térmica para o corpo todo), o equipamento foi ligado na temperatura de 38o C, e as participantes do grupo controle (n=43) foram cobertas com lençol de algodão e cobertor, durante o mesmo tempo. No período intraoperatório, todas as pacientes foram aquecidas com o sistema de ar forçado aquecido (manta térmica para a parte superior do corpo). A temperatura timpânica foi mensurada com termômetro timpânico infravermelho nos períodos pré e intraoperatório. A partir da entrada da paciente na sala de operação, a temperatura e umidade do ar da sala cirúrgica foram mensuradas. As médias da temperatura e umidade do ar da sala cirúrgica, entre os grupos experimental e controle, foram analisadas por meio do teste t- Student. As médias da temperatura corporal, entre os grupos experimental e controle, foram analisadas por meio de modelo linear de regressão de efeitos mistos. Na análise descritiva dos dados relativos às características sociodemográficas e clínicas das pacientes e do procedimento anestésico-cirúrgico, evidenciou-se similaridade entre os grupos experimental e controle. Após o pré-aquecimento, a média da temperatura corporal foi de 38o C no grupo experimental e de 37,8o C no grupo controle, com diferença estatisticamente não significante (p=0,27). No T150 (150 minutos após o início da cirurgia), houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos (p=0,01). No final da cirurgia, a temperatura média dos grupos estudados foi igual, ou seja, 36,8o C, com diferença estatisticamente não significante (p=0,66). Os resultados da média da temperatura da sala de operação, nos diferentes períodos mensurados, não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos estudados. Em relação à umidade do ar da sala de operação, somente no período T120 (120 minutos após o início da cirurgia), os resultados evidenciaram diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos (p=0,03). O pré-aquecimento com o sistema de ar forçado aquecido não teve efeito na temperatura corporal de pacientes submetidas a cirurgias ginecológicas eletivas / Perioperative hypothermia is associated with various complications, such as an increased incidence of surgical site infection, cardiac arrhythmias, increased bleeding in the intraoperative period, and thermal discomfort of the patient in the post- anesthetic recovery room, among others. In the literature there is evidence that prewarming the body surface of the patient prior to induction of anesthesia is effective in reducing hypothermia, by lowering the temperature gradient between the central and peripheral compartments of the human organism. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of prewarming on maintaining the body temperature of patients undergoing elective gynecological surgery. This is a randomized controlled clinical trial involving 86 patients undergoing elective gynecological surgery, randomized into two groups. In the admission room of the Surgical Center, participants in the experimental group (n=43) were warmed for 20 minutes using the forced air heating system (thermal blanket over the whole body), the equipment was turned on at a temperature of 38o C, and the control group (n = 43) were covered with a cotton sheet and blanket for the same period. During the intraoperative period, all patients were warmed using the forced air heating system (thermal blanket for the upper body). The tympanic temperature was measured using an infrared tympanic thermometer in the pre- and intraoperative periods. From the moment of each patient\'s entry into the operating room, the temperature and humidity of the air in the room were measured. The mean temperatures and humidity levels of the operating room, between the experimental and control groups, were analyzed using the Student t-test. The mean body temperatures between the experimental and control groups were analyzed using a linear mixed effects regression model. The descriptive analysis of data on the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the patients and the surgical anesthetic procedure demonstrated similarity between the experimental and control groups. After prewarming, the mean body temperature was 38o C in the experimental group and 37.8ºC in the control group, with no statistically significant difference (p = 0.27). At T150 (150 minutes after the start of surgery) there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p = 0.01). At the end of surgery, the mean temperature of the studied groups was the same, i.e., 36.8o C, with no statistically significant difference between the groups (p = 0.66). The results of the mean operating room temperatures, in the different periods measured, presented no statistically significant differences between groups. In relation to the humidity of the operating room, the results demonstrated a statistically significant difference between groups (p = 0.03) only in the period T120 (120 minutes after the start of surgery). Prewarming with the forced air heating system had no effect on body temperature of patients undergoing elective gynecological surgery

A infecção de sítio cirúrgico (ISC) é uma complicação frequente que pode acometer o paciente submetido ao procedimento anestésico cirúrgico, acarretando o aumento da morbidade, mortalidade e dos custos hospitalares, bem como do sofrimento emocional e físico do paciente. Este estudo teve como objetivos estimar a incidência de ISC em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia abdominal, identificar as taxas de ISC segundo fatores relacionados ao paciente, ao procedimento anestésico cirúrgico e ao ambiente da sala cirúrgica, identificar os fatores de risco e de proteção, e identificar o efeito independente da hipotermia sobre a incidência de ISC. Para o alcance dos objetivos propostos, conduziu-se estudo de coorte com 484 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia abdominal. Para a coleta de dados elaborou-se instrumento, submetido à validação aparente e de conteúdo por cinco juízes. A coleta de dados foi realizada na unidade de internação ou na sala de recepção do centro cirúrgico, no período intraoperatório, no período de internação e reinternação, e no retorno no 30° dia após a cirurgia. A hipotermia foi avaliada a partir de três mensurações distintas, a saber: 1 - temperatura Delta; 2 - número de vezes em que a temperatura do paciente foi <36,0°C; 3 - tempo de exposição, em minutos, em que o paciente esteve submetido a temperaturas <36,0°C. A incidência bruta de ISC foi de 20,25% (98 casos). A incidência de ISC apresentou maior magnitude nos participantes do sexo feminino (22,43%), nos pacientes na faixa etária de 60 anos e mais (27,22%), e com obesidade classe II (25,71%). As médias de duração da anestesia e da cirurgia foram maiores no grupo com ISC, a incidência de ISC apresentou maior magnitude naqueles pacientes submetidos a cirurgias de porte III (85,71%) e anestesia combinada (41,10%). A incidência de ISC apresentou maior magnitude naquele participante que no final da cirurgia estava exposto à temperatura da sala de operação < 20°C (33,33%), e naqueles expostos à umidade do ar entre 45-55 kg/m3 (22,18%). Na mensuração 1 (modelo final), a hipotermia não apresentou relação causal com a ISC, e as variáveis classificação ASA, porte cirúrgico e tipo de anestesia permaneceram independentemente associadas à ISC. Na mensuração 2 (modelo final), identificou-se o efeito causal independente da hipotermia sobre a ISC, os pacientes que estiveram submetidos mais de cinco vezes a temperaturas <36,0°C apresentaram maior probabilidade (89%; RR=1,89) de desenvolverem ISC, as variáveis classificação ASA e tipo de anestesia mantiveram-se independentemente associadas à ISC. Na mensuração 3 (modelo final), também identificou-se o efeito causal independente da hipotermia sobre a ISC, os pacientes que estiveram submetidos a mais de 75 minutos a temperaturas <36,0°C apresentaram maior probabilidade (89%; RR=1,89) de desenvolverem ISC, as variáveis classificação ASA e tipo de anestesia permaneceram independentemente associadas à ISC. A raquianestesia foi fator de proteção independente para ISC, nos três modelos finais. Os resultados evidenciados poderão subsidiar a tomada de decisão dos profissionais de saúde na implementação de ações direcionadas para a prevenção e controle de ISC, com ênfase em medidas para a prevenção da hipotermia perioperatória / Surgical site infection (SSI) is a frequent complication that can affect the patient undergoing surgical anesthetic procedure, leading to increased morbidity, mortality and hospital costs, as well as emotional and physical suffering of the patient. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of SSI in patients undergoing abdominal surgery; to identify SSI rates according to factors related to the patient, to the surgical anesthetic procedure and to the operating room environment; to identify risk and protective factors; and to identify the independent effect of hypothermia on the incidence of SSI. To reach the proposed objectives, a cohort study was conducted with 484 patients undergoing abdominal surgery. An instrument was developed for data collection, and submitted to face and content validation by five judges. Data collection was performed in the inpatient care unit or in the surgical center reception room, during the intraoperative period, the hospitalization and readmission period, and on the 30th postoperative day. Hypothermia was evaluated from three different measurements: 1) delta temperature; 2) number of times the patient temperature was <36.0°C; 3) exposure time, in minutes, in which the patient was submitted to temperatures <36.0°C. The crude incidence of SSI was 20.25% (98 cases). The incidence of SSI presented higher magnitude in female participants (22.43%), in patients aged 60 years and over (27.22%), and with class II obesity (25.71%). The mean duration of anesthesia and surgery were higher in the SSI group, the SSI incidence was higher in patients undergoing surgery III (85.71%) and combined anesthesia (41.10%). The incidence of SSI presented higher magnitude in participants who were exposed, in the end of surgery, to temperature <20°C (33.33%) at the operating room; and in those exposed to air humidity between 45-55 kg/m3 (22, 18%). In the measurement 1 (final model), hypothermia did not present a causal relationship with SSI, and the variables ASA classification, surgical size and type of anesthesia remained independently associated with SSI. In the measurement 2 (final model), the independent causal effect of hypothermia on SSI was identified; patients who were submitted more than five times to temperatures <36.0°C were more likely (89%; RR=1.89) to develop SSI, the variables ASA classification and type of anesthesia remained independently associated with SSI. In the measurement 3 (final model), the independent causal effect of hypothermia on SSI was also identified; patients who were submitted to more than 75 minutes to temperatures <36.0°C were more likely (89%; RR = 1.89) to develop SSI, the variables ASA classification and type of anesthesia remained independently associated with SSI. Spinal anesthesia was an independent protective factor for SSI in the three final models. The found results may support the decision-making of health professionals in the implementation of actions directed to the prevention and control of SSI, with emphasis on measures for the prevention of perioperative hypothermia

O transplante de fígado é considerado um dos procedimentos mais complexos da medicina moderna. O ensino do paciente é relevante no contexto da saúde e pode contribuir para o sucesso do tratamento. Dentre as atividades do enfermeiro, ressalta-se o papel de educador. No período pós-operatório de transplante de fígado, este profissional deve implementar intervenções educativas direcionadas para o preparo do paciente no enfrentamento das mudanças no estilo de vida, decorrentes de procedimento cirúrgico complexo. Para tal, o primeiro passo consiste no conhecimento das necessidades de informação indicadas pelos receptores de transplante de fígado. O objetivo geral do estudo foi avaliar as necessidades de informação de receptores de transplante de fígado em atendimento ambulatorial em hospital público. A amostra foi composta por 92 receptores de transplante de fígado atendidos em ambulatório de hospital público do interior do Estado de São Paulo. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período de fevereiro a junho de 2014, por meio da aplicação de instrumento adaptado. Os principais resultados da pesquisa indicaram que a maioria dos receptores de transplante de fígado era do sexo masculino (77,17%) e casada (76,09%). A idade média foi de 54,48 anos, a média de anos de estudo foi de 9,02 anos, sendo 70,65% dos receptores moradores na zona urbana. Dos 92 participantes, 46,74% estavam aposentados e 26,09%, afastados de suas atividades laborais e 36,96%, com renda familiar entre dois e três salários-mínimos. Em relação às características clínicas, observou-se que 47,83% dos receptores eram do grupo sanguíneo tipo O, 72,83% tinham escore MELD entre 20 e 29 pontos, 41,30% estavam com cirrose de etiologia viral (B ou C). Dos 92 pacientes, 45,65% tinham IMC entre 18,50 e 24,99 Kg/m2 (peso normal) e 33,70% estavam acima de 25 Kg/m2 (sobrepeso). A média de dias após o transplante foi de 1.508,85 dias, o tacrolimus era empregado como terapia medicamentosa de imunossupressão principal em 36,96% dos receptores e era associado ao micofenolato sódico em 38,04% dos pacientes. As necessidades de informação que obtiveram as médias maiores foram: sugestão de assunto no 3 (média 5,35) refere- se aos sinais e sintomas de complicações (rejeição, infecção, diabetes, hipertensão arterial, entre outras) agrupada na categoria manejo das potenciais complicações; sugestão no 2 (média 5,29) relativa aos efeitos colaterais e cuidados sobre medicamentos (categoria manejo dos medicamentos) e sugestão no 14, alimentação segura após o transplante (média 4,53), também agrupada na categoria manejo das potenciais complicações. Os resultados evidenciados oferecem subsídios sobre o perfil sociodemográfico e clínico de receptores de transplante de fígado na realidade nacional, bem como das necessidades de informação, as quais podem auxiliar o planejamento de intervenções educativas direcionadas para o processo de transplante de fígado, para principalmente melhorar a qualidade da assistência, a adesão ao tratamento e a prevenção de complicações após o transplante / Liver transplantation is considered one of the most complex procedures in modern medicine. The patient education is relevant in the context of health and may contribute to the success of treatment. Among the activities of nurses, the role of educator is highlighted. In the postoperative period of liver transplantation, this professional must implement educational interventions directed to the preparation of the patient in coping with changes in lifestyle resulting from complex surgical procedure. For this, the first step consists in the identification of information needs indicated by liver transplant recipients. This study aimed to assess the information needs of liver transplant recipients in outpatient treatment at a public hospital. The sample consisted of 92 liver transplant recipients assisted in outpatient clinic at a public hospital in the state of São Paulo. Data collection was performed from February to June 2014, through the application of the adapted instrument. The main results indicated that most liver transplant recipients were male (77.17%) and married (76.09%). The average age was 54.48 years, the average years of schooling was 9.02; and 70.65% of recipients lived in the urban area. Of the 92 participants, 46.74% were retired, 26.09% were on leave from work and 36.96% had incomes between two and three minimum wages. Regarding clinical characteristics, 47.83% of recipients were type O blood group, 72.83% had MELD scores between 20 and 29 score points, and 41.30% had cirrhosis of viral etiology (B or C). Of the 92 patients, 45.65% had a BMI between 18.50 to 24.99 Kg/m2 (normal weight) and 33.70% greater than 25 Kg/m2 (overweight). Average days after the transplantation was 1508.85 days, the tacrolimus was used as the primary immunosuppression drug therapy in 36.96% of the recipients, and associated with mycophenolate sodium in 38.04% of the patients. Information needs with the highest averages were: suggestion of topic no 3 (5.35) which refers to the signs and symptoms of complications (rejection, infection, diabetes, hypertension, etc.), grouped in the category management of potential complications; suggestion no 2 (5.29) related to the side effects and care of medicines (category management of medicines); and suggestion no 14, safe food after transplantation (4.53), also grouped in the category management of potential complications. The results show subsidies on the sociodemographic and clinical profile of liver transplant recipients in the national reality and the information needs which may assist the planning of educational interventions directed to the process of liver transplantation, mainly aiming to improve quality of care, adherence to treatment and prevention of complications after transplantation

A infecção de sítio cirúrgico (ISC) é uma complicação frequente que pode acometer o paciente submetido ao procedimento anestésico cirúrgico, acarretando o aumento da morbidade, mortalidade e dos custos hospitalares, bem como do sofrimento emocional e físico do paciente. Este estudo teve como objetivos estimar a incidência de ISC em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia abdominal, identificar as taxas de ISC segundo fatores relacionados ao paciente, ao procedimento anestésico cirúrgico e ao ambiente da sala cirúrgica, identificar os fatores de risco e de proteção, e identificar o efeito independente da hipotermia sobre a incidência de ISC. Para o alcance dos objetivos propostos, conduziu-se estudo de coorte com 484 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia abdominal. Para a coleta de dados elaborou-se instrumento, submetido à validação aparente e de conteúdo por cinco juízes. A coleta de dados foi realizada na unidade de internação ou na sala de recepção do centro cirúrgico, no período intraoperatório, no período de internação e reinternação, e no retorno no 30° dia após a cirurgia. A hipotermia foi avaliada a partir de três mensurações distintas, a saber: 1 - temperatura Delta; 2 - número de vezes em que a temperatura do paciente foi <36,0°C; 3 - tempo de exposição, em minutos, em que o paciente esteve submetido a temperaturas <36,0°C. A incidência bruta de ISC foi de 20,25% (98 casos). A incidência de ISC apresentou maior magnitude nos participantes do sexo feminino (22,43%), nos pacientes na faixa etária de 60 anos e mais (27,22%), e com obesidade classe II (25,71%). As médias de duração da anestesia e da cirurgia foram maiores no grupo com ISC, a incidência de ISC apresentou maior magnitude naqueles pacientes submetidos a cirurgias de porte III (85,71%) e anestesia combinada (41,10%). A incidência de ISC apresentou maior magnitude naquele participante que no final da cirurgia estava exposto à temperatura da sala de operação < 20°C (33,33%), e naqueles expostos à umidade do ar entre 45-55 kg/m3 (22,18%). Na mensuração 1 (modelo final), a hipotermia não apresentou relação causal com a ISC, e as variáveis classificação ASA, porte cirúrgico e tipo de anestesia permaneceram independentemente associadas à ISC. Na mensuração 2 (modelo final), identificou-se o efeito causal independente da hipotermia sobre a ISC, os pacientes que estiveram submetidos mais de cinco vezes a temperaturas <36,0°C apresentaram maior probabilidade (89%; RR=1,89) de desenvolverem ISC, as variáveis classificação ASA e tipo de anestesia mantiveram-se independentemente associadas à ISC. Na mensuração 3 (modelo final), também identificou-se o efeito causal independente da hipotermia sobre a ISC, os pacientes que estiveram submetidos a mais de 75 minutos a temperaturas <36,0°C apresentaram maior probabilidade (89%; RR=1,89) de desenvolverem ISC, as variáveis classificação ASA e tipo de anestesia permaneceram independentemente associadas à ISC. A raquianestesia foi fator de proteção independente para ISC, nos três modelos finais. Os resultados evidenciados poderão subsidiar a tomada de decisão dos profissionais de saúde na implementação de ações direcionadas para a prevenção e controle de ISC, com ênfase em medidas para a prevenção da hipotermia perioperatória / Surgical site infection (SSI) is a frequent complication that can affect the patient undergoing surgical anesthetic procedure, leading to increased morbidity, mortality and hospital costs, as well as emotional and physical suffering of the patient. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of SSI in patients undergoing abdominal surgery; to identify SSI rates according to factors related to the patient, to the surgical anesthetic procedure and to the operating room environment; to identify risk and protective factors; and to identify the independent effect of hypothermia on the incidence of SSI. To reach the proposed objectives, a cohort study was conducted with 484 patients undergoing abdominal surgery. An instrument was developed for data collection, and submitted to face and content validation by five judges. Data collection was performed in the inpatient care unit or in the surgical center reception room, during the intraoperative period, the hospitalization and readmission period, and on the 30th postoperative day. Hypothermia was evaluated from three different measurements: 1) delta temperature; 2) number of times the patient temperature was <36.0°C; 3) exposure time, in minutes, in which the patient was submitted to temperatures <36.0°C. The crude incidence of SSI was 20.25% (98 cases). The incidence of SSI presented higher magnitude in female participants (22.43%), in patients aged 60 years and over (27.22%), and with class II obesity (25.71%). The mean duration of anesthesia and surgery were higher in the SSI group, the SSI incidence was higher in patients undergoing surgery III (85.71%) and combined anesthesia (41.10%). The incidence of SSI presented higher magnitude in participants who were exposed, in the end of surgery, to temperature <20°C (33.33%) at the operating room; and in those exposed to air humidity between 45-55 kg/m3 (22, 18%). In the measurement 1 (final model), hypothermia did not present a causal relationship with SSI, and the variables ASA classification, surgical size and type of anesthesia remained independently associated with SSI. In the measurement 2 (final model), the independent causal effect of hypothermia on SSI was identified; patients who were submitted more than five times to temperatures <36.0°C were more likely (89%; RR=1.89) to develop SSI, the variables ASA classification and type of anesthesia remained independently associated with SSI. In the measurement 3 (final model), the independent causal effect of hypothermia on SSI was also identified; patients who were submitted to more than 75 minutes to temperatures <36.0°C were more likely (89%; RR = 1.89) to develop SSI, the variables ASA classification and type of anesthesia remained independently associated with SSI. Spinal anesthesia was an independent protective factor for SSI in the three final models. The found results may support the decision-making of health professionals in the implementation of actions directed to the prevention and control of SSI, with emphasis on measures for the prevention of perioperative hypothermia

There are many terms used to describe pressure ulcers: pressure sores, decubitus ulcers, bedsores, and pressure necrosis or ischaemic ulcers. Essentially they all describe damage to the patient's skin and underlying tissue. The nursing literature abounds with information about the risk, grading, prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers. These ulcers are a problem in hospital and long term care facilities, and are a major cause of morbidity. In the hospital setting they contribute to an extended length of stay and by doing so 'block' the bed for use by another patient. The ulcers are difficult to treat, are an ongoing cause for pain and discomfort for the patient and can be a strain on hospital finances. Pressure ulcers are not unique to modern times, as they have been discovered on the remains of an Egyptian mummified body (Armstrong & Bortz 2001). This would suggest that the problem dates back to the Pharoahs, and has continued to be a challenging problem throughout the centuries (Bridel 1992). The escalating costs of treating these ulcers today, has brought about an emphasis on the risk factors, prevention and the appropriate interventions, rather than an acceptance of these ulcers as a tolerable ondition (Bridel 1992). In the operating room, nurses are faced with unique challenges when caring for their patients. This is due to difficulty in caring for patients under the influence of the anaesthesia required for surgery, long periods of forced immobility and the inability of the patient to perceive pain and discomfort from the pressure of the hard surface of the operating room table. These problems are increased by nurses' inability to gain access to the patient because of the sterile drapes required to cover the patient for surgery. Armstrong and Bortz (2001) present information from one study in which it is stated that surgical patients have 90% greater chance of developing pressure ulcers than medical patients. One reason for this may be due to the limited information available in regard to the most effective support surface to place on top of the operating room table. This gap in information is problematic for operating room nurses as it limits their ability to select the most effective item of equipment, and determine if the chosen equipment reduces pressure on tissue intra- operatively. The most effective operating room table mattress used and the skills and knowledge of the operating room nurse about the aetiology and prevention of pressure ulcer prevention, are important aspects of nursing care and can influence patient outcomes. The potential for complications to occur may be dependent on single or combined factors such as the patient's age, disease processes, nutritional status and mobility. Preparatory and supportive nursing interventions for surgical procedures based on best available evidence, nursing experience and patient preference, can reduce the incidence of pressure ulcer development in the perioperative environment. This doctoral portfolio contains four separate sections related and linked together by a common theme - pressure ulcer prevention in the perioperative environment. This first section of the portfolio situates the topic and provides a brief overview of the portfolio. The second section is a critical review of the literature pertaining to the most commonly used operating room table mattresses, and the effectiveness of these mattresses in the prevention of pressure ulcer development. This review highlighted a lack of quality research in this area, and while many evaluations have been undertaken to determine the effectiveness of perating room table mattresses, the results are contradictory concerning the patients, exposures and interventions. Because of issues related to the methodological quality of published research in this area a systematic review using meta- analysis was not possible rather a critical review of the research literature is used. The third section of the portfolio reports on a hermeneutic ethnography of the perceived skills and knowledge of nurses in the prevention of pressure ulcer development in the perioperative environment. This study was designed to determine if pressure ulcer prevention forms an aspect of the everyday practice of perioperative nurses. This review has highlighted the need for operating room nurses to review practices when caring for patients in the perioperative environment particularly in respect of pressure ulcer prevention. The fourth and final section of the portfolio summarises the research and provides recommendations for nursing practice and further research in the area of pressure ulcer prevention in the perioperative environment. / Thesis (D.Nurs.)--Department of Clinical Nursing, 2004.

Introduktion: Den perioperativa omvårdnaden där operationssjuksköterskan ingår innefattar faserna före, under och efter operation och kan ses som ett arbetssätt. Perioperativ omvårdnad har utarbetats under 1990-talet. Arbetssättet har inte efterlevts i någon stor grad trots positiva effekter för patienter och personal. Operationssjuksköterskans arbete är fortfarande övervägande traditionellt, med fokus på tiden då patienten är sövd och opereras. Vårdenhetschefers och sektionsledares uppfattningar om den perioperativa omvårdnaden har betydelse för hur arbetet bedrivs på operationsavdelningar. Syfte: Att beskriva vårdenhetschefers och sektionsledares uppfattningar om operationssjuksköterskans perioperativa omvårdnadsarbete samt om införandet av perioperativ omvårdnad. Metod:Datainsamling skedde genom öppna intervjuer med fyra vårdenhetschefer och fyra sektionsledare inom operationssjukvården på två länssjukhus och två universitetssjukhus i Sverige. Insamlad data har analyserats kvalitativt med manifest innehållsanalys. Huvudresultat: Perioperativ omvårdnad som arbetssätt hade enligt vårdenhetschefer och sektionsledare inom operationssjukvård ett värde genom att förnya operationssjuksköterskans arbetssätt vilket anses förbättra patientens omvårdnad. För att införa perioperativ omvårdnad krävdes att olika behov tillgodoses, som tydliggörande av patientnyttan, stöd som skapar rätt förutsättningar, samt att det behövs motivation hos operationssjuksköterskor. Slutsats: Perioperativt omvårdnadsarbete är, trots dess värde, inte möjligt att genomföra utan långtgående förändringar i synsätt och organisation. / Introduction: Perioperative care in which the operating room nurse takes part includes the phases before, during and after operation and can be seen as a way of working in parallel with the care process. This approach has however not been applied to any great extent in pratice despite several studies having shown the positive effects for both patients and staff. The common view of the operating room nurse’s role is still a traditional one with the focus on the time when the patient is anaesthetized and during the actual surgery. Unit managers and section leaders perceptions of perioperative care are important since it affects how the approach is applied in practice. Aim: To describe the unit managers and section leaders perceptions of the operating nurse’s perioperative care work together with how the process is applied in practice. Method: Data were collected by semi-structured interviews with four unit managers and four section leaders within the operating room unit of two provincial hospitals and two university hospitals in Sweden. Data have been analysed with a qualitative content analysis. Main results: Perioperative care as an approach has, according to the unit managers and section leaders in the operating room unit, a value as it revitalises the operating room nurse’s method of working which in turn is thought to improve patient care. It is maintained that in order to introduce perioperative care certain requirements need to be fulfilled, such as clarification of the benefit to patients, support in order to create the right conditions, as well as the need for motivated operating room nurses. Conclusion: Perioperative nursing care is, despite its value, not possible to implement without farreaching changes to how operating room nursing is approached as well as organisational changes.

Introduktion: Patienter kan drabbas av vårdskador i samband med positionering med operation. Det är operationssjuksköterskan som tillsammans med operationsteamet ansvarar för patientens positionering. Syftet med studien var att beskriva operationssjuksköterskor uppfattningar av vårdåtgärder som utförs i samband med positionering av patient i benstöd. Metod: Studien har genomförts med kvalitativ metod och datainsamlingsmetod var enskilda intervjuer. Databearbetning har genomförts med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i två kategorier med tillhörande sex subkategorier. Den första kategorin visar att vårdåtgärder som operationssjuksköterskor utför i samband med positionering är anpassade efter patientens kroppsliga förutsättningar och behov. Den andra kategorin visar att operationssjuksköterskor tar ansvar för och kontrollerar att positioneringen utförs med bästa möjliga avlastning att tryck och sträckning undviks. Det framkommer vidare att riktlinjer fyller en viktig funktion för att tiden i benstöden inte skall överskridas. Det är viktigt att operationsteamet samarbetar för att söka lösningar som passar patienten. Slutsats: Denna studie visar att för en lyckad positionering i benstöd behöver hänsyn tas till patientens kroppsbyggnad och behov. Ett pre- och intraoperativt samtal ger kunskap om behov som patienten har inför positioneringen. Studien visar att operationssjuksköterskor tar ansvar för och kontrollerar att positioneringen utförs på riktigt sätt och bevakar att tiden i begränsas genom att följa riktlinjer. De kontrollerar positioneringen innan drapering sker och har en handlingsberedskap under hela operationen för att skydda patienten. Vid begränsningar att ligga i benstöd provas läget ut tillsammans med patienten innan spinalbedövningen ges för att förhindra att skador uppstår. Studien visar vidare att patientens delaktighet är viktig för att uppnå bästa möjliga avlastning i samband med positioneringen samt att hela operationsteamet samarbetar och bidrar med nya flexibla lösningar på problem som uppstår. / Introduction: Patients may suffer from medical injuries associated with surgery positioning. There is the theatre nurse together with the operating team who is responsible for the patients positioning. The aim of the study was to describe theatre nurses perceptions of nursing interventions conjunction with the positioning of the patient in leg bearer. Method: The study was conducted using qualitative methodology and data collection method was individual interviews. Data processing was carried out with qualitative content analysis. Results: The analysis resulted in two categories with the associated six subcategories. The first category shows that health interventions performed by the theatre nurses is adopted for the patients’ physical conditions and needs. The second category shows that theatre nurses take responsibility for and control the positioning that it is carried with the best possible relief of pressure and tension are avoided. It proves that guidelines serves an important function to prevent the time in leg bearer from being exceeded. It is important that the operating team working together to find solutions. Conclusion: This study shows that for a successful positioning in the leg bearer need to take account of patient's body conditions and needs. A pre- and intraoperative dialogue provides knowledge about the patients’ needs prior to positioning. The study shows that theatre nurses take responsibility for and make sure that positioning is carried out properly and monitor the time in restricted following the guidelines. They control the positioning before draping is done and has a readiness to act throughout the surgery to protect the patient. When limitations to lie in the leg bearer the position are tried out together with the patient before spinal anesthesia is given to prevent damage. The study further shows that the patient's participation is important for achieving the best possible relief in connection with the positioning and that the whole operating team collaborates and contributes with new flexible solutions to problems.

No description available.