Em um contexto urbano de intensa desigualdade socioterritorial como é o da metrópole de São Paulo, e de tantas outras metrópoles brasileiras, o papel do profissional de arquitetura e urbanismo, deveria ser cada vez mais o de arquiteto urbanista social, reconhecendo as contradições da produção capitalista do espaço urbano e realizando uma leitura urbana associada a uma prática que, além de considerar as condições precárias a que esses territórios estão sujeitos, respeite as relações que se estabelecem entre o espaço e seus moradores. Buscando, então, discutir possibilidades de qualificação do tecido periférico, por meio de ações promovidas pelo poder público que visem a um urbanismo mais includente, foi definido enquanto objeto de pesquisa, a política de implantação dos Centros Educacionais Unificados, que aqui, são entendidos como uma possibilidade desse tipo de política urbana. Nesses termos, o trabalho contempla a proposta elaborada e a implantação dos CEUs, discute seu significado enquanto política urbana, traça um paralelo desse projeto com as propostas urbanísticas contidas nos Planos Diretores para a cidade e, por fim, analisa três casos, em que observa a condição desses equipamentos de correlacionar aspectos sociais e territoriais (uso cotidiano, participação da comunidade e articulação no território nos quais se inserem) para promoção de um urbanismo includente. O CEU é um elemento urbano que através de seu uso cotidiano e oferta de espaços qualificados e atividades diversas cria uma gama de oportunidades para seus usuários, construindo e fortalecendo cidadania e vida urbana. Se é importante a integração física e a infraestruturação desses tecidos urbanos, importa tanto quanto (ou ainda mais) desenvolver elementos que, ao reconhecer as potencialidades que esses territórios oferecem, fomentem cidadania e cidade em tecidos periféricos de grande carência urbana. É nesse sentido que os CEUs contribuem ao se firmarem como equipamento urbano de uso público na periferia. / In an urban context of intense socio-territorial inequality such as observed in the metropolis of São Paulo, and in so many other Brazilian metropolises, the role of architecture and urbanism professionals should increasingly be that of urban social architect, recognizing the contradictions of capitalist production of urban space and performing an urban reading associated with a practice that, in addition to considering the precarious conditions to which these territories are subject, respect the relations that are established between the space and its residents. Aiming at discussing possibilities of qualification of the peripheral fabrics, through actions promoted by the public power that aim at a more inclusive urbanism, was defined as research object, the policy of implantation of the Unified Educational Centers (CEU), which are understood here as a possibility of this type of urban policy. In these terms, the work contemplates the elaborated proposal and the implantation of CEUs, discusses their meaning as urban policy, draws a parallel of this project with the urbanistic proposals contained in the Master Plans for the city of Sao Paulo and, finally, analyzes three cases in which it observes the condition of these equipments to correlate social and territorial aspects (daily use, community participation and articulation in the territory) for the promotion of an inclusive urbanism. CEU is an urban element that through its daily use and offer of qualified spaces and diverse activities creates a range of opportunities for its users, building and strengthening citizenship and urban life. If the physical integration and infrastructure of these urban fabrics is important, it matters as much (or even more so) to develop elements that, by recognizing the potential that these territories offer, foster citizenship and city in peripheral fabrics of great urban need. It is in this sense that CEUs contribute to establishing themselves as urban equipment of public use in the periphery.

Em tempos de globalização, o capital financeiro tornou-se um aspecto essencial no estudo da pobreza urbana brasileira, uma vez que a expansão da disponibilidade e do acesso ao crédito viabilizou a aquisição de bens eletrônicos modernos por parte daqueles que vivem nas periferias metropolitanas. Em São Paulo, a particularidade desse processo reside no fato de que não houve uma mudança significativa na renda familiar tampouco nos índices de desemprego da população. Além disso, apesar das fortes mudanças no padrão de consumo nas periferias, seus habitantes continuam vivendo sob situação precária em bairros marcados pela falta de investimento em infraestruturas e serviços básicos. A partir desses contrastes na vida da população de baixa renda, procuramos entender em que medida o capital financeiro esta transformando a pobreza urbana e o espaço periférico. / In the Globalization Era, the financial capital has become an essential aspect to explain the Brazilian urban poverty, once the increasing availability and access to credit have allowed the acquisition of modern eletronic by those who live in the metropolitan periphery. In São Paulo City, the particularity of this process lies in the fact that there have been no much change in the familial income neither in the unemployment rate. Despite the consumption standard changing in peripheries, people still live under precarious situation at neighborhoods that lack investment in their basics infrastructures and services. Given these contrasts in the lives of low income population, we aim to understand to what extent financial capital is transforming urban poverty and the peripherical space.

O tema do presente trabalho de pesquisa se refere à crítica de cultura da América Latina e ao conceito de periferia à luz das obras Jorge Luis Borges, um escritor na periferia, de Beatriz Sarlo; e Um mestre na periferia do capitalismo, de Roberto Schwarz. O problema da pesquisa consiste em verificar se o uso do conceito de periferia por Sarlo e Schwarz não se torna uma abordagem generalista para pensar a crítica de cultura latino-americana na exata medida em que sinaliza os escritores Jorge Luis Borges e Machado de Assis como exceção ao lugar-comum periférico. A hipótese de pesquisa que norteia este trabalho é: apesar de Beatriz Sarlo e Roberto Schwarz investigarem escritores diferentes (e de épocas distintas), é o conceito de periferia que dá novo significado às obras de Jorge Luis Borges e de Machado de Assis, forjando, assim, um novo pressuposto para a crítica de cultura no Brasil e na Argentina. Como consequência dessa leitura, estaria concebida uma proposta para a crítica de cultura da América Latina como território periférico por excelência: de um lado, hostil para os princípios do liberalismo; de outro, complexo para a acomodação da estética do modernismo. Nesse sentido, o objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar como a leitura das obras de Jorge Luis Borges e de Machado de Assis, quando entendidas a partir da dinâmica centro-periferia, tem sido utilizada não somente para reafirmar essa posição subalterna da América Latina no âmbito da crítica de cultura, mas também para apontar Jorge Luis Borges e Machado de Assis como contrapontos dessa condição periférica exatamente porque eles conseguiram reagir a essa conjuntura assim como se pretendeu observar a trajetória intelectual de Sarlo e Schwarz como autores que desempenham um papel fundamental na crítica de cultura da América Latina. Como aporte metodológico, foi adotada a pesquisa bibliográfica interdisciplinar, buscando investigar, assim, não apenas o conceito de periferia, como também o papel dos intelectuais à luz de literatura especializada. Beatriz Sarlo e Roberto Schwarz são autores cuja influência ultrapassa a dinâmica dos estudos literários, haja vista que suas análises ocupam espaços importantes no contexto do debate político e no âmbito das vanguardas estéticas. / The main theme of this work refers to the critique of Latin American culture and to the concept of periphery in the light of works Jorge Luis Borges, a writer on the Edge, by Beatriz Sarlo, and A master on the periphery of capitalism: Machado de Assis, by Roberto Schwarz. The problem of the research consists in verifying if the use of the concept of periphery by Sarlo and Schwarz does not become a generalist approach to think the critique of Latin American culture to the exact extent that it signals writers Jorge Luis Borges and Machado de Assis as an exception to the peripheral common place. The hypothesis of research that guides this work is: although Beatriz Sarlo and Roberto Schwarz investigate different writers (and from different times), it is the concept of periphery that gives new meaning to the works of Jorge Luis Borges and Machado de Assis. Thus, a new assumption for the culture critique in Brazil and Argentina is organized. As a consequence of this reading, a proposal would be conceived for the critique of Latin American culture as peripheral territory par excellence: on the one hand, hostile to the principles of liberalism, on the other, too complex for the accommodation of the aesthetics of modernism. In this sense, the main purpose of this research was to evaluate how the reading of the works of Jorge Luis Borges and Machado de Assis, when understood from the center-periphery dynamics, has been used not only to reaffirm this subaltern position of Latin America in the cultural criticism, but also to point out Jorge Luis Borges and Machado de Assis as counterpoints to this peripheral condition - precisely because they have managed to react to this status quo - just as it was intended to observe the intellectual trajectory of Sarlo and Schwarz as authors who play a fundamental role in critical thinking of Latin American culture. As a methodological contribution, the interdisciplinary bibliographical research was adopted, seeking to investigate, not only the concept of the periphery, but also the role of the intellectuals in the light of specialized literature. Beatriz Sarlo and Roberto Schwarz are authors whose influence goes beyond the dynamics of literary studies, given that their analyzes occupy important spaces in the context of political debate and within the framework of aesthetic vanguards.

acase@tulane.edu

<p>Participation in the European Parliament Election has steadily declined since the start in 1979. In 2004 less than half (47.8%) of the voting-age population of the European Union used their right to vote. This has actualized questions asking if the European Parliament is a good representation of the European citizens. The paradigm when it comes to explaining the electoral turnout in the European Parliament Election is the second-order theory. Though the theory explains the low voter participation, it does not explain why the European Parliament Election has become a second-order election. Thus, in this thesis will search for the underlying variable explaining why the European Parliament Election is a second-order election. Through our research we find that distances are important in the European Union, and they create centres and peripheries within the European Union. By looking at Rokkan and Urwin‟s horizontal and vertical types of peripheries, where the vertical type consists of Rokkan and Urwin‟s three domain of social life, our research concludes that centre-periphery structures within the European Union are the underlying variable, explaining why the European Parliament Election is a second-order election.</p>

This paper deals with Kiezdeutsch, a way of speaking that emerged among adolescents in multiethnic urban neighbourhoods of Germany. We show that, in Kiezdeutsch, we find evidence for both grammatical reduction and new developments in the domain of information structure, and hypothesise that this points to a systematic interaction between grammar and information structure, between weakened grammatical constraints and a more liberal realisation of information-structural preferences. We show that Kiezdeutsch can serve as an interesting test case for such an interaction, that this youth language is a multiethnolect, that is, a new variety that is spoken by speakers from a multitude of ethnic backgrounds, including German, and forms a dynamic linguistic system of its own, thus allowing for systematic developments on grammatical levels and their interfaces with extragrammatical domains.

Grassland bird populations in North America are in steady decline. Despite declining faster and more consistently than any other group of birds, grassland songbird populations are relatively understudied and little is known about factors driving breeding-site philopatry and dispersal. Landscape and habitat composition may influence fidelity of grassland songbirds to a breeding area. As predicted by the theory of the <i>Ideal Free Distribution</i>, high-quality sites are likely to have a higher percentage of return breeders than low-quality sites because higher quality sites should have more or better-quality resources birds need for improved fitness. Using stable hydrogen isotope (äD) analysis, I approximated minimum fidelity rates of two grassland songbirds to two landscape (grass- vs crop-dominated landscapes) and two habitat (native grass vs planted grass) types. I hypothesized that grassland songbirds would return more readily to higher quality sites. For Spragues Pipit (<i>Anthus spragueii</i>), a habitat specialist, this would mean returning more readily to native grass habitat in grass dominated landscapes. I expected no difference in return rate of Savannah Sparrow (<i>Passerculus sandwichensis</i>), a habitat generalist, to either habitat or landscape. However, I found that the proportion of non-returning breeders was not influenced by landscape or habitat for either species. Furthermore, I examined attributes (distance from capture point to nearest crop and to the nearest road, as well as the percentage of native grass, planted grass, water and woody vegetation within landscape and territory buffers around the capture point) of the landscape and territory of each individual to determine if specific landscape or territory characteristics influenced their return rate to a breeding area. Neither species showed an affinity or aversion to any of the landscape or territory characteristics considered.<p> At a larger scale, geographical position within the breeding range may influence dispersal rates of migratory songbirds. Given that environmental factors often change in a clinal manner, central populations presumably experience the most favorable environmental conditions and peripheral populations the least favorable. Therefore, geographically peripheral locations likely occur in ecologically marginal or stressful conditions, resulting in higher dispersal rates of migratory birds. I examined the differences in dispersal rates of two grassland songbirds at two geographically distinct locations; one centrally located in the Spragues Pipit breeding range (Last Mountain Lake area, SK, Canada) and one at the periphery (Bowdoin National Wildlife Refuge, MT, USA). As expected, Spragues Pipits at the Bowdoin National Wildlife Refuge had a significantly larger dispersal rate than at the Last Mountain Lake area. Savannah Sparrow dispersal rates did not differ between locations at the more conservative outlier classification. These results provide some limited evidence that geographical position within the breeding range can influence dispersal rates.<p> Using äD analysis, I found that local amount-weighted growing-season deuterium in precipitation (äDp) at locations within grassland ecosystems differed from those long-term (45+ year) models described by stable hydrogen isotope ratio basemaps, illustrated in Hobson and Wassenaar (1997), Meehan et al. (2004) and Bowen et al. (2005). Therefore, I describe how äDp values were corrected from the long-term isoscape value predicted by Bowen et al. (2005). This method of determining year-specific local weighted growing-season äDp is an improvement upon the currently used Bowen et al. (2005) isoscape that is based on long-term precipitation patterns. To improve assignment of individuals to origins based on their äDf values, future research should incorporate year-to-year variation by applying year-specific corrections to the Bowen et al. (2005) isoscape.<p> More research is needed to determine the factors affecting the philopatry and dispersal of grassland songbirds in order to conserve them.

My dissertation addresses the debate on the impact of foreign direct investment on physical integrity rights. I evaluate competing theories from the neoliberal and historical structuralist schools of thought. According to the former, FDI generally leads to better human rights practices. The latter, in contrast, is characterized as postulating a direct link between FDI and repression. By and large, the literature seems to support the neoliberal view (and, by extension, disconfirm the historical structuralist view). Yet in spite of the scholarly consensus, I argue that it is premature to conclude the debate. Scholars appear to have misunderstood the causal mechanism that historical structuralists believe link FDI to repression of physical integrity rights. They ignore a crucial variable that, as historical structuralists imply, mediates the effects of FDI on the level of repression: domestic unrest. We should only expect repression to increase when high levels of FDI coincide with domestic unrest. In order to safeguard their investments, MNCs lend support to friendly host governments (either directly or through their home government), which paves the way for further repression. In this paper, I will attempt to redress this problem by offering a more refined version of the historical structuralist model, and by assessing – both quantitatively and qualitatively - its effects on human rights. Probit regression models will be used to test both the neoliberal and historical structuralist propositions on a sample of low- and lower-middle-income countries from the years 1981-2004. I then conduct two case studies on Algeria and Lesotho. To briefly summarize this study’s main findings, the quantitative data largely disconfirms the neoliberal theory that FDI reduces the repression of physical integrity rights over time. In contrast, there is stronger evidence for the structuralist theory that countries with large flows of FDI are more repressive in times of domestic unrest. Case study analysis largely supports these statistical findings and, in the case of Algeria, suggests ways to modify structuralism. Specifically, the Algerian case illustrates how repression is more likely in industries that are more labor-intensive and are concentrated in densely-populated regions.

Grassland bird populations in North America are in steady decline. Despite declining faster and more consistently than any other group of birds, grassland songbird populations are relatively understudied and little is known about factors driving breeding-site philopatry and dispersal. Landscape and habitat composition may influence fidelity of grassland songbirds to a breeding area. As predicted by the theory of the <i>Ideal Free Distribution</i>, high-quality sites are likely to have a higher percentage of return breeders than low-quality sites because higher quality sites should have more or better-quality resources birds need for improved fitness. Using stable hydrogen isotope (äD) analysis, I approximated minimum fidelity rates of two grassland songbirds to two landscape (grass- vs crop-dominated landscapes) and two habitat (native grass vs planted grass) types. I hypothesized that grassland songbirds would return more readily to higher quality sites. For Spragues Pipit (<i>Anthus spragueii</i>), a habitat specialist, this would mean returning more readily to native grass habitat in grass dominated landscapes. I expected no difference in return rate of Savannah Sparrow (<i>Passerculus sandwichensis</i>), a habitat generalist, to either habitat or landscape. However, I found that the proportion of non-returning breeders was not influenced by landscape or habitat for either species. Furthermore, I examined attributes (distance from capture point to nearest crop and to the nearest road, as well as the percentage of native grass, planted grass, water and woody vegetation within landscape and territory buffers around the capture point) of the landscape and territory of each individual to determine if specific landscape or territory characteristics influenced their return rate to a breeding area. Neither species showed an affinity or aversion to any of the landscape or territory characteristics considered.<p> At a larger scale, geographical position within the breeding range may influence dispersal rates of migratory songbirds. Given that environmental factors often change in a clinal manner, central populations presumably experience the most favorable environmental conditions and peripheral populations the least favorable. Therefore, geographically peripheral locations likely occur in ecologically marginal or stressful conditions, resulting in higher dispersal rates of migratory birds. I examined the differences in dispersal rates of two grassland songbirds at two geographically distinct locations; one centrally located in the Spragues Pipit breeding range (Last Mountain Lake area, SK, Canada) and one at the periphery (Bowdoin National Wildlife Refuge, MT, USA). As expected, Spragues Pipits at the Bowdoin National Wildlife Refuge had a significantly larger dispersal rate than at the Last Mountain Lake area. Savannah Sparrow dispersal rates did not differ between locations at the more conservative outlier classification. These results provide some limited evidence that geographical position within the breeding range can influence dispersal rates.<p> Using äD analysis, I found that local amount-weighted growing-season deuterium in precipitation (äDp) at locations within grassland ecosystems differed from those long-term (45+ year) models described by stable hydrogen isotope ratio basemaps, illustrated in Hobson and Wassenaar (1997), Meehan et al. (2004) and Bowen et al. (2005). Therefore, I describe how äDp values were corrected from the long-term isoscape value predicted by Bowen et al. (2005). This method of determining year-specific local weighted growing-season äDp is an improvement upon the currently used Bowen et al. (2005) isoscape that is based on long-term precipitation patterns. To improve assignment of individuals to origins based on their äDf values, future research should incorporate year-to-year variation by applying year-specific corrections to the Bowen et al. (2005) isoscape.<p> More research is needed to determine the factors affecting the philopatry and dispersal of grassland songbirds in order to conserve them.

This dissertation studies the impact of a nation-state oriented modernization project on the socio-political and economic structure of the Kurdish speaking areas in Turkey with specific reference to center-periphery relations. The primary objective of this study is to document and analyze strategies and practices that have been introduced by the center to transform the Kurdish speaking periphery and integrate it with the Turkish nation-state. It also analyses the impacts of this process on the periphery alongside the latter&rsquo / s responses to them. The analysis focuses on the application of the modernization project in three different fields: namely the economic, political and educational spheres. For this purpose the history of modern Turkey is divided into three periods. The first period covers the years from the foundation of the Turkish Republic until transition to the multi-party political system, that is, from 1923 to 1950. The second period is between 1950 and 1980. The post 1980 period is the third period.