No description available.

Metals are used as cofactors for enzymes, but are toxic in excess. In order to avoid the deleterious effects posed by metals, the cell must employ strict metal homeostasis systems. One such system is the Cue copper-resistance system in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) which includes the periplasmic copper binding protein CueP. Previous studies have shown CueP to be a major periplasmic copper-sequestering protein that has a role in supplying copper to, and thus activating, the periplasmic Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase enzyme SodCII (Osman et al., 2013). SodCII protects the cell from reactive oxygen species (ROS), due for example to the actions of the respiratory burst oxidase in host macrophages. However, despite its ability to sequester copper and activate SodCII, the precise physiological role of CueP in S. Typhimurium has remained unresolved since cueP mutants of S. Typhimurium strain SL1344 (the wild-type stain used in this study) do not exhibit a phenotype with respect to tolerance to copper or reactive oxygen species. In addition, the copper-binding mechanism of CueP and its interactions with other copper-binding proteins, including SodCII, have not been examined. An aim of this study was to establish a phenotype for a cueP mutant of S. Typhimurium with respect to copper and/or ROS tolerance. It was hypothesised that the possession of KatG (catalase) and multiple superoxide dismutases (SodCI, SodA and SodB), in addition to SodCII, by S. Typhimurium may confer functional redundancy with respect to copper and ROS tolerance. Hence mutants lacking katG (ΔkatG) or the various superoxide dismutase encoding genes (ΔsodA/ΔsodB/ΔsodCI/ΔsodCII) with and without functional cueP were generated. The ΔkatG mutants exhibited reduced catalase activity and reduced tolerance to hydrogen peroxide, consistent with the loss of KatG, however the additional loss of cueP did not reduce tolerance to hydrogen peroxide further. Similarly, tolerance to copper and extracellular superoxide was also unaltered in the ΔkatG/ΔcueP mutant. The tolerance of the various superoxide dismutase mutants to copper and various ROS was also unaffected by the presence or absence of CueP. To examine the role of CueP in SodCII activation in vivo, SodCII was over-expressed in S. Typhimurium (in a ΔsodA/ΔsodB/ΔsodCI/ΔsodCII background) with and without functional cueP and superoxide dismutase activity measured in both whole cells and periplasmic extracts. SodCII-dependent superoxide dismutase activity was successfully identified within the periplasmic extracts. However, surprisingly, the level of activity was unaffected by the presence 16 or absence of CueP and/or the addition of copper. It is possible that SodCII is thus able to scavenge sufficient copper for activity from the reagents used in these assays. Similarly, in an alternative approach to examine the role of CueP in vitro, both SodCII and CueP (WT and potential metal-binding residue mutant forms) were successfully over-expressed in E. coli and methods for their purification optimised (without the use of affinity tags). ICP-MS analysis indicated that a CuePC104S mutant contains > 18-fold less copper than the CueP WT protein. Furthermore, superoxide dismutase activity assays using purified proteins, indicated that the CuePC104S mutant was less able to activate SodCII than the WT CueP. Taken together, these results are consistent with a role for the Cys104 residue in copper-binding by CueP. Bioinformatics results suggest the presence of CueP or homologous genes in the presence of other bacteria, including pathogens such as Klebsiella, Yersinia and Shigella spp. Further understanding of the role of CueP and the systems used by S. Typhimurium to avoid both copper and ROS stress may inform the development of novel treatment strategies for bacterial diseases.

La communication intercellulaire se produit non seulement chez les eucaryotes, mais aussi chez certaines bactéries. Un tel exemple est la cyanobactérie filamenteuse Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, capable de former des hétérocystes suite à une carence en azote combiné. Un filament d'Anabaena est coordonné comme une unité multicellulaire; comment les cellules communiquent-elles le long de chaque filament et comment échangent-elles des ressources nutritionnelles demeurent des mécanismes encore mal élucidés. Des études récentes ont démontré que des molécules de petites tailles peuvent être échangées entre les cytoplasmes à travers des jonctions intercellulaires. De plus, le périplasme semble être continu le long de chaque filament, avec une membrane extérieure commune pour toutes les cellules. Toutefois, il n’est pas déterminé si le "périplasme continu" peut servir comme une route alternative pour les échanges moléculaires le long des filaments.Dans cette étude, la propriété du périplasme chez Anabaena a été évaluée par le suivi du mouvement de protéines fluorescentes (GFP ou iLOV) en utilisant des techniques microscopiques. Les protéines fluorescentes ont été exportées vers l'espace périplasmique, soit d'un hétérocyste soit d’une cellule végétative. Nous avons pu montrer que ces protéines fluorescentes restent dans le périplasme de la cellule d’origine, et que la GFP peut diffuser librement, mais seulement dans le périplasme d'un hétérocyste ou d’une cellule végétative. Ainsi, bien que le périplasme semble être continu le long du filament, une barrière intercellulaire semble exister pour empêcher la libre diffusion des protéines à la taille de ~27 kDa (GFP) ou ~13 kDa (iLOV). La couche de peptidoglycane pourrait constituer cette barrière et nous estimons que la limite pour la diffusion à travers cette barrière se situe entre 0.53 et 13 kDa.En parallèle, les voies métaboliques des cellules végétatives et des hétérocystes ont été comparées en utilisant une approche transcriptomique. L'expression différentielle des gènes impliqués dans le métabolisme nous permet d’appréhender la nature des métabolites pouvant être échangées entres ces deux types cellulaires. / Cell-cell communication occurs not only in eukaryotes but also in bacteria. One such example is the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, which is able to differentiate a specialized cell type named heterocyst upon nitrogen deprivation. A filament of Anabaena is coordinated as a multicellular unity; how the cells along each filament communicate and exchange resources are not yet fully understood. Recent studies demonstrated that small molecules can be rapidly exchanged from cytoplasm to cytoplasm through intercellular junctions. In addition, the periplasm appears to be continuous along each filament, with a shared outer membrane for all cells. However, whether the ‘continuous periplasm’ serves as an alternative route for molecular exchanges along the filament remains unknown. In this study, the property of periplasm in Anabaena was assessed by monitoring the movement of fluorescent proteins (GFP or iLOV) using microscopic techniques. Fluorescent proteins were exported to the periplasmic space of either a heterocyst or a vegetative cell and their diffusion was tested. We found that both GFP and iLOV remains in the producing cells, and at least GFP could diffuse freely in the periplasm of a heterocyst or a vegetative cell but failed to cross cell borders. Thus although periplasm appears to be continuous along the filament, barriers exist to prevent free diffusion of proteins up to the size of ~27 kDa (GFP) or ~13 kDa (iLOV). One candidate as diffusion barrier in the periplasm may be the peptidoglycan and we estimate the limit for diffusion of the barrier in the range between 0.53 to 13 kDa. In parallel, the biosynthetic pathways operating in vegetative cells and heterocysts were compared using oligonucleotide microarray. Differential expression of the genes involved in amino acids metabolism give clues as to which nitrogen-containing compounds might serve as the transfer vehicle in cell-cell exchanges.

No description available.

No / Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains the predominant bacterial scourge of mankind. Understanding of its biology and pathogenicity has been greatly advanced by the determination of whole genome sequences for this organism. Bacterial lipoproteins are a functionally diverse class of membrane-anchored proteins. The signal peptides of these proteins direct their export and post-translational lipid modification. These signal peptides are amenable to bioinformatic analysis, allowing the lipoproteins encoded in whole genomes to be catalogued. This review applies bioinformatic methods to the identification and functional characterisation of the lipoproteins encoded in the M. tuberculosis genomes. Ninety nine putative lipoproteins were identified and so this family of proteins represents ca. 2.5% of the M. tuberculosis predicted proteome. Thus, lipoproteins represent an important class of cell envelope proteins that may contribute to the virulence of this major pathogen.

Os venenos de serpentes contém uma mistura complexa de toxinas (proteínas e enzimas) que destroem os processos bioquímicos ou fisiológicos da presa. A crotamina é um dos principais componentes do veneno da cascavel Sul Americana Crotalus durissus terrificus. Essa proteína pertence à família dos polipeptídeos miotóxicos de baixo peso molecular (SBMPs). Uma importante atividade da crotamina é a habilidade de penetrar rapidamente em células proliferamente ativas, podendo ser usada como nanocarreadora, levando DNA plasmidial e drogas para dentro de células tumorais. Outra atividade interessante desta toxina é a indução de morte celular dose dependente em células cancerígenas proliferamente ativas sem prejudicar células normais, demonstrando promissora atividade anticâncer. A crotamina apresenta forte atividade antifúngica e moderada atividade contra procariotos, age bloqueando canais de potássio dependente de voltagem, sendo seletiva para os canais Kv1.1, Kv1.2 e Kv1.3, e induz paralisia dos membros posteriores de camundongo. Dada a importância das atividades da crotamina, a toxina foi usada para produzir na forma recombinante. De forma geral, as toxinas animais são peptídeos secretados para o lúmen da glândula de veneno e são ricos em pontes dissulfeto, comumente expressas em sistemas procarióticos na forma de corpúsculos de inclusão ou em sistemas de expressão periplasmática. Foram construídos três genes sintéticos, um para a expressão em citoplasma e dois para a expressão em periplasma bacteriano utilizando o vetor pRSET-A (Invitrogen ®). Para a expressão de crotamina em citoplasma bacteriano, a região do DNA que codifica a região do peptídeo maduro foi clonada em fusão com uma cauda simples de 6 x His separada por uma seqüência codificante do sítio de clivagem de enterokinase em substituição à proteína de fusão do vetor comercial pRSETA. Para a expressão em periplasma a região codificante da crotamina madura foi clonada sob o controle da seqüência sinal da OmpA de E. coli. Todos os códons raros da crotamina madura foram otimizados de acordo com os códons preferenciais de E. coli. Em uma das construções para a expressão em periplasma, além da crotamina madura, o peptídeo sinal de OmpA também teve seus códons raros otimizados. Os plasmídeos desenhados para a expressão da crotamina madura em citoplasma e periplasma foram transformados em bactéria competente BL21(DE3) e BL21-AI e a indução da proteína foi feita por IPTG e arabinose, respectivamente. A expressão foi analisada por SDS-PAGE e Western Blotting, mostrando que foi possível expressar as três construções em BL21-AI. / Snake venoms contain a complex cocktail of toxins (proteins and enzymes) which disrupt physiological or biochemical processes of the pray. Crotamine is one of the major components present in the venom of the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus. It belongs to the small basic myotoxins peptide SBMPs. An important activity of crotamine is the ability to rapidly penetrate proliferative cells, acting as a nanocarrier, carrying plasmid DNA and drugs into tumor cells. Another interesting activity of this toxin is the ability to promote cell death of actively proliferating cancer cells in a dose dependent manner. Crotamine shows strong antifungical activity and modest activities against prokaryotes, it acts by blocking voltage-dependent potassium channels being selective for channels Kv1.1, Kv1.2 e Kv1.3 and inducing paralysis of the hind limbs of mice. Given the importance of the activities of crotamine, the toxin was chosen for production in the recombinant form. Generally, animal toxins are peptides secreted into the lumen of the venom gland and are rich in disulfide bridges. When expressed in prokaryotic system, animal toxins are commonly found in the form of inclusion bodies. They can also be expressed in periplasmic sytem. Three synthetic genes were constructed, one for expression in the cytoplasm and two for expression in the bacterial periplasm using pRSET-A (Invitrogen ®) system. For cytoplasm expression, the DNA region encoding the mature peptide was cloned in fusion with a 6 x His tag separated by a site. For expression in the periplasm, the mature crotamine coding region was cloned in fusion with E. coli OmpA signal sequence. All crotamine and OmpA signal peptide rare codons were optimized according to E. coli preferred codon usage. The plasmids designed for crotamine expression in periplasm and cytoplasm have been transformed in strains BL21(DE3) and BL21-AI were used as hosts, and the induction of recombinant protein was done by IPTG and arabinose, respectively. The induced culture products were analyzed by SDSPAGE and Western Blot, showing that it was possible to express the three constructs in BL21-AI.

Campylobacter est responsable de la majorité des gastro-entérites bactériennes dans le monde. Sa membrane externe contient des porines qui permettent les échanges entre la bactérie et le milieu extérieur. Elles sont une des voies principales d’entrée pour les antibiotiques et les nutriments. Le premier objectif de mon travail était de participer à la caractérisation des porines MOMP et Omp50. Nous avons purifié ces protéines dans le cadre de collaborations pour l’étude des propriétés biophysiques de ces porines (M. Wintherhalter, Université Jacob, Allemagne) et la détermination de leur structure par cristallisation (J. Naismith, Université St Andrews, Écosse). La deuxième partie de ma thèse a été consacrée à l’étude et la caractérisation du produit du gène Cj1169c qui est en opéron avec le gène codant Omp50. Nous avons cloné et exprimé le gène Cj1169c chez Escherichia coli, ce qui a permis de purifier la protéine et de produire des anticorps spécifiques. Ces anticorps ont été utilisés pour étudier la prévalence de Cj1169c chez les espèces les plus fréquentes. Nous avons montré qu’elle était présente uniquement chez C. jejuni et C. lari et absente chez C. coli. En deuxième lieu, nous avons caractérisé sa production en fonction de conditions de culture et montré qu’elle dépendait du pH et de la température. Nous avons ensuite démontré que cette protéine est située dans le périplasme de Campylobacter. Puis, en raison de la présence de deux résidus de cystéines dans sa séquence, nous avons étudié son comportement en présence et en absence d’agents réducteurs de ponts disulfures. De plus, des résultats préliminaires suggèrent que cette protéine interagit avec Omp50. / Campylobacter is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Its outer membrane contains porins which are pore forming protein that transport hydrophilic compounds like nutrients and antibiotics into the bacteria. My first objective was to purify the two porins MOMP and Omp50 from C. jejuni, in order to allow the study of the biophysical properties of porins (Collaboration with Mr. Wintherhalter, Jacob University, Germany), and to determine the structure of these porins by crystallization (Collaboration with J. Naismith, St Andrews University, Scotland).The second part of my thesis was devoted to the study of the product of the gene Cj1169c which is operonic with the Omp50 coding gene. We cloned and expressed the gene Cj1169c in Escherichia coli, purified the protein and produced Cj1169c-specific antibodies. We studied the prevalence of this protein in the most frequent species of Campylobacter and found the protein only in C. jejuni and C. lari never in C. coli. Then, we also studied the Cj1169c production in the function of several growing conditions, and we found that it depended on the pH and temperature. Besides, we demonstrated by several methods that this protein is located in the periplasmic compartment of the bacteria. Furthermore, because it contains two cysteins residues in its primary sequence, we studied the Cj1169c behavior in the presence and absence of disulfide bond reducing agents. In addition, preliminary results suggest that this protein interacts with Omp50.

Os venenos de serpentes contém uma mistura complexa de toxinas (proteínas e enzimas) que destroem os processos bioquímicos ou fisiológicos da presa. A crotamina é um dos principais componentes do veneno da cascavel Sul Americana Crotalus durissus terrificus. Essa proteína pertence à família dos polipeptídeos miotóxicos de baixo peso molecular (SBMPs). Uma importante atividade da crotamina é a habilidade de penetrar rapidamente em células proliferamente ativas, podendo ser usada como nanocarreadora, levando DNA plasmidial e drogas para dentro de células tumorais. Outra atividade interessante desta toxina é a indução de morte celular dose dependente em células cancerígenas proliferamente ativas sem prejudicar células normais, demonstrando promissora atividade anticâncer. A crotamina apresenta forte atividade antifúngica e moderada atividade contra procariotos, age bloqueando canais de potássio dependente de voltagem, sendo seletiva para os canais Kv1.1, Kv1.2 e Kv1.3, e induz paralisia dos membros posteriores de camundongo. Dada a importância das atividades da crotamina, a toxina foi usada para produzir na forma recombinante. De forma geral, as toxinas animais são peptídeos secretados para o lúmen da glândula de veneno e são ricos em pontes dissulfeto, comumente expressas em sistemas procarióticos na forma de corpúsculos de inclusão ou em sistemas de expressão periplasmática. Foram construídos três genes sintéticos, um para a expressão em citoplasma e dois para a expressão em periplasma bacteriano utilizando o vetor pRSET-A (Invitrogen ®). Para a expressão de crotamina em citoplasma bacteriano, a região do DNA que codifica a região do peptídeo maduro foi clonada em fusão com uma cauda simples de 6 x His separada por uma seqüência codificante do sítio de clivagem de enterokinase em substituição à proteína de fusão do vetor comercial pRSETA. Para a expressão em periplasma a região codificante da crotamina madura foi clonada sob o controle da seqüência sinal da OmpA de E. coli. Todos os códons raros da crotamina madura foram otimizados de acordo com os códons preferenciais de E. coli. Em uma das construções para a expressão em periplasma, além da crotamina madura, o peptídeo sinal de OmpA também teve seus códons raros otimizados. Os plasmídeos desenhados para a expressão da crotamina madura em citoplasma e periplasma foram transformados em bactéria competente BL21(DE3) e BL21-AI e a indução da proteína foi feita por IPTG e arabinose, respectivamente. A expressão foi analisada por SDS-PAGE e Western Blotting, mostrando que foi possível expressar as três construções em BL21-AI. / Snake venoms contain a complex cocktail of toxins (proteins and enzymes) which disrupt physiological or biochemical processes of the pray. Crotamine is one of the major components present in the venom of the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus. It belongs to the small basic myotoxins peptide SBMPs. An important activity of crotamine is the ability to rapidly penetrate proliferative cells, acting as a nanocarrier, carrying plasmid DNA and drugs into tumor cells. Another interesting activity of this toxin is the ability to promote cell death of actively proliferating cancer cells in a dose dependent manner. Crotamine shows strong antifungical activity and modest activities against prokaryotes, it acts by blocking voltage-dependent potassium channels being selective for channels Kv1.1, Kv1.2 e Kv1.3 and inducing paralysis of the hind limbs of mice. Given the importance of the activities of crotamine, the toxin was chosen for production in the recombinant form. Generally, animal toxins are peptides secreted into the lumen of the venom gland and are rich in disulfide bridges. When expressed in prokaryotic system, animal toxins are commonly found in the form of inclusion bodies. They can also be expressed in periplasmic sytem. Three synthetic genes were constructed, one for expression in the cytoplasm and two for expression in the bacterial periplasm using pRSET-A (Invitrogen ®) system. For cytoplasm expression, the DNA region encoding the mature peptide was cloned in fusion with a 6 x His tag separated by a site. For expression in the periplasm, the mature crotamine coding region was cloned in fusion with E. coli OmpA signal sequence. All crotamine and OmpA signal peptide rare codons were optimized according to E. coli preferred codon usage. The plasmids designed for crotamine expression in periplasm and cytoplasm have been transformed in strains BL21(DE3) and BL21-AI were used as hosts, and the induction of recombinant protein was done by IPTG and arabinose, respectively. The induced culture products were analyzed by SDSPAGE and Western Blot, showing that it was possible to express the three constructs in BL21-AI.

Pathogenesis of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and Shigella flexneri relies predominantly on members of the AraC/XylS family of transcriptional regulators, Rns (or its homolog, CfaD) and MxiE, respectively. Rns/CfaD regulate the expression of pili, which allow the bacteria to attach to the intestinal epithelium. Better understanding of the role Rns plays in virulence was attained by expanding our knowledge of the Rns regulon, revealing that it functions as an activator of cexE, a previously uncharacterized gene. By in vitro DNase I footprinting two Rns-binding sites were identified upstream of cexEp, both of which are required for full activation of cexE. The amino terminus of CexE also contains a secretory signal peptide that is removed during translocation to the periplasm. Though the function of CexE remains unknown, these studies suggest that CexE is a novel ETEC virulence factor since it is regulated by Rns/CfaD. In Shigella flexneri, the expression of a subset of virulence genes (including, ipaH9.8 and ospE2) is dependent upon the activator MxiE and a cytoplasmic chaperone IpgC. To define the molecular mechanism of transcriptional activation by this chaperone-activator pair, an in vitro pull down assay was performed revealing that MxiE specifically interacts with IpgC in a complex. Additionally, IpgC recognizes three polypeptide regions in MxiE: within MxiE(1-46), MxiE(46-110) and MxiE(196-216). Furthermore, it seems that MxiE and IpgC regulate transcription of ipaH9.8 and ospE2 promoters differently. In the bacterium, the formation of the MxiE-IpgC complex is initially prevented because IpgC is sequestered in individual complexes with effector proteins, IpaB and IpaC. Upon contact with an eukaryotic host cell the effector proteins are secreted, thereby freeing IpgC to form a complex with MxiE and activate the expression of virulence genes. This new characterization of the role of Rns and MxiE in virulence gene regulation in ETEC and S. flexneri, respectively will give new insights into the pathogenesis of the regulators.

<p>Denitrification is an anaerobic process performed by several soil bacteria as an alternative to aerobic respiration. A key-step in denitrification (the N-N-bond is made) is catalyzed by nitric oxide reductase (NOR); 2NO + 2e^- + 2H⁺ → N₂O + H₂O. NOR from <i>Paracoccus denitrificans</i> is a member of the heme copper oxidase superfamily (HCuOs), where the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase is the classical example. NOR is situated in the cytoplasmic membrane and can, as a side reaction, catalyze the reduction of oxygen to water.</p><p>NORs have properties that make them divergent members of the HCuOs; the reactions they catalyze are not electrogenic and they do not pump protons. They also have five strictly conserved glutamates in their catalytic subunit (NorB) that are not conserved in the ‘classical’ HCuOs. It has been asked whether the protons used in the reaction really come from the periplasm and if so how do the protons proceed through the protein into the catalytic site?</p><p>In order to find out whether the protons are taken from the periplasm or the cytoplasm and in order to pinpoint the proton-route in NorB, we studied electron- and proton transfer during a single- as well as multiple turnovers, using time resolved optical spectroscopy. Wild type NOR and several variants of the five conserved glutamates were investigated in their solubilised form or/and reconstituted into vesicles.</p><p>The results demonstrate that protons needed for the reaction indeed are taken from the periplasm and that all but one of the conserved glutamates are crucial for the oxidative phase of the reaction that is limited by proton uptake to the active site.</p><p>In this thesis it is proposed, using a model of NorB, that two of the glutamates are located at the entrance of the proton pathway which also contains two of the other glutamates close to the active site.</p>