INTRODUÇÃO: Os distúrbios minerais e ósseos da doença renal crônica (DMO-DRC) são influenciados por vários fatores, como idade, etiologia da DRC, toxinas urêmicas e modalidade dialítica. Os DMO-DRC são bem descritos em pacientes tratados com hemodiálise (HD). No entanto, na diálise peritoneal (DP) os estudos são escassos e, na maioria deles, não há dados de histologia óssea. OBJETIVOS: caracterizar os DMO-DRC em uma coorte de pacientes em DP; comparar os resultados com aqueles obtidos da HD; e analisar o desempenho de marcadores séricos para o diagnóstico das doenças de alto e baixo remodelamento ósseo. MÉTODOS: quarenta e um pacientes tratados com DP submeteram-se a avaliação clínica, bioquímica e biópsia óssea. RESULTADOS: a doença óssea adinâmica (DOA) foi o tipo de osteodistrofia renal (OR) predominante, correspondendo a 49% da amostra. Ao se analisar separadamente diabéticos e não diabéticos, a prevalência de DOA foi de 77,7% no primeiro grupo e 26% no segundo (p=0,001). Na comparação entre DP e HD, observou-se que os pacientes do primeiro grupo apresentavam 25(OH) vitamina D mais baixa, mineralização óssea mais comprometida e melhor volume ósseo. A fosfatase alcalina óssea (FAO) apresentou a melhor sensibilidade e especificidade tanto para o diagnóstico de alto, quanto de baixo remodelamento ósseo. CONCLUSÕES: a DOA é o tipo de OR mais prevalente na DP. No entanto, a influência do diabetes como fator de risco parece ser maior do que a própria modalidade dialítica / INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease - mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is a complex syndrome influenced by various factors, such as age, CKD etiology, uremic toxins and dialysis modality. CKD-MBD has been extensively studied in hemodialysis (HD) patients. However, for peritoneal dialysis (PD), only a few, older studies exist, most of which contain no bone biopsy data. The present study sought to: characterize CKD-MBD in a cohort of prevalent PD patients; compare the results with that obtained from HD patients; and analyse performance of bone turnover serum markers to make the diagnosis of high or low bone turnover disease in PD patients. METHODS: Forty-one PD patients underwent to a clinical evaluation, biochemical analysis and bone biopsy. RESULTS: The most prevalent pattern of renal osteodystrophy (ROD) was adynamic bone disease (ABD), comprising 49% of the sample population. When we separately analyzed diabetic and non-diabetic patients, the ABD prevalence was 77.7% in the former group and 26% in the latter group (p=0.001). The comparison between DP and HD patients revealed low 25(OH) vitamin D level, worst bone mineralization and better bone volume parameters in the former group. Bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) demonstrated the best sensitivity and specificity values to detect both high and low turnover disease. CONCLUSION: ABD is the most frequent type of ROD. However, the effect of diabetes on the development of ABD is more important than the dialysis modality itself

La dialyse péritonéale (DP) est une thérapie d’épuration extra-rénale qui peut se réaliser à domicile par l’entremise d’une technologie. Elle exige, du patient certaines aptitudes, (motivation et compétence) et de l’équipe de soins, une organisation particulière pour arriver à une autonomie d’exécution de l’épuration. Dans un contexte de thérapie à domicile, comme celui de la dialyse péritonéale, le niveau d’autonomie des patients ainsi que les facteurs qui y sont associés n’ont pas été examinés auparavant. C’est l’objet de cette thèse. En se fondant sur la théorie de l’autodétermination et sur une revue de la littérature, un cadre conceptuel a été développé et fait l’hypothèse que trois types de facteurs essentiels pourraient influencer l’autonomie. Il s’agit de facteurs individuels, technologiques et organisationnels. Pour tester ces hypothèses, un devis mixte séquentiel, composé de deux volets, a été réalisé. Un premier volet qualitatif - opérationnalisé par des entrevues auprès de 12 patients et de 11 infirmières - a permis, d’une part, d’explorer et de mieux définir les dimensions de l’autonomie pertinente dans le cadre de la DP; d’autre part de bonifier le développement d’un questionnaire. Après validation, ce dernier a servi à la collecte de données lors du deuxième volet quantitatif et alors a permis d’obtenir des résultats auprès d’un échantillon probabiliste (n =98), tiré de la population des dialysés péritonéaux du Québec (N=700). L’objectif de ce deuxième volet était de mesurer le degré d’autonomie des patients, d’examiner les associations entre les facteurs technologiques, organisationnels ainsi qu’individuels et les différentes dimensions de l’autonomie. Des analyses univariées et multivariées ont été réalisées à cet effet. Les résultats obtenus montrent que quatre dimensions d’autonomie sont essentielles à atteindre en dialyse à domicile. Il s’agit de l’autonomie, sur le plan clinique, technique, fonctionnel (liberté journalière) et organisationnel (indépendance par rapport à l’institution de soins). Pour ces quatre types d’autonomie, les patients ont rapporté être hautement autonomes, un résultat qui se reflète dans les scores obtenus sur une échelle de 1 à 5 : l’autonomie clinique (4,1), l’autonomie technique (4,8), l’autonomie fonctionnelle (4,1) et l’autonomie organisationnelle (4,5). Chacun de ces types d’autonomie est associé à des degrés variables aux trois facteurs du modèle conceptuel : facteurs individuels (motivation et compétence), technologique (convivialité) et organisationnels (soutien clinique, technique et familial). Plus spécifiquement, la motivation serait associée à l’autonomie fonctionnelle. La convivialité serait associée à l’autonomie clinique, alors que la myopathie pourrait la compromettre. La convivialité de la technologie et la compétence du patient contribueraient à une meilleure autonomie organisationnelle. Quant à l’autonomie sur le plan technique, tous les patients ont rapporté être hautement autonomes en ce qui concerne la manipulation de la technologie. Ce résultat s’expliquerait par une formation adéquate mise à la disposition des patients en prédialyse, par le suivi continu et par la manipulation quotidienne pendant des années d’utilisation. Bien que dans cette thèse la technologie d’application soit la dialyse péritonéale, nous retenons que lorsqu’on transfère la maîtrise d’une technologie thérapeutique à domicile pour traiter une maladie chronique, il est primordial d’organiser ce transfert de telle façon que les trois facteurs techniques (convivialité), individuels (motivation, formation et compétence), et organisationnels (soutien de l’aidant) soient mis en place pour garantir une autonomie aux quatre niveaux, technique, clinique, fonctionnel et organisationnel. / Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a home-based therapy that purifies blood via a peritoneal membrane to treat patients with end-stage renal disease. It requires from the patient some aptitudes (competence and motivation) and from the caregivers a particular organization to foster patient autonomy. However, in the context of a home-based therapy, such as in peritoneal dialysis, autonomy is a poorly conceptualized entity and has not been specifically measured. The objective of this thesis was to identify the dimensions and the levels of the patient’s autonomy and the factors associated in the context of using peritoneal dialysis. On the basis of the Self-determination theory and a literature review, a conceptual framework was developed which assumed that three main factors could influence the autonomy: individual (motivation, competence), technological (user-friendliness), and organizational factors (different types of support). To test the assumptions supported by our framework, a mixed method design composed of two sequential phases was developed. A first qualitative phase - conducted through open-ended interviews with 12 patients and 11 nurses - was performed to explore and better define the dimensions of autonomy of the patients treated by peritoneal dialysis. The data obtained was used to enhance the development of a questionnaire, which was mailed during the second quantitative phase to a random sample of patients. This questionnaire was completed and returned by 98 patients from the population of Québec peritoneal dialysis users (N=700). The objective of this second phase was to assess the patients’ autonomy levels and to examine the relationship between the three factors (individual, technological and organizational) and the four dimensions of autonomy. Data were analysed using univariate statistics and multiple linear regression model. Our results show that four dimensions of autonomy are essential to achieve peritoneal dialysis at home : clinical autonomy (performing basic clinical tasks), technical (technical tasks), functional (daily freedom) and organizational autonomy (independence from the care centre). The patients gave higher rating for organizational autonomy (4,5 mean score on five-point Likert scale); 4,1 for clinical autonomy; 4,1 score for functional autonomy and 4,8 for technical autonomy. Each of these dimensions of autonomy was associated with one or more of three factors from the conceptual model : individual, technology and organizational factors. In some cases, the type of the peritoneal dialysis technology (manual or automated) contributed to some dimension of autonomy. More specifically, the motivation could facilitate functional autonomy. The technology user-friendliness might allow greater clinical autonomy, but a muscular disease could compromise it. The patient competence and the user-friendliness might contribute to the organizational autonomy. Finally, all the patients reported being highly autonomous on manipulating the technology. This result could be explained by adequate training during the predialysis period, continuous support and daily manipulation of the technology. Even though our results were obtained for the peritoneal dialysis application, we retain that when transferring the handling of a home therapy technology to treat a chronic disease, it is essential to coordinate the transfer so that the three factors, the user-friendliness, individual factors such as motivation and competence, and organizational factors (different types of support) are in place to ensure autonomy at the four levels, technical, clinical, functional and organizational.

Living cells accumulate compensatory solutes for protection against the harmful effects of extreme environmental conditions such as high salinity, temperature and desiccation. Even at high concentrations these solutes do not disrupt the normal cellular functions and at times counteract by stabilizing the cellular components. These properties of compensatory solutes have been exploited for stabilizing proteins and cells in vitro. Betaines are widespread natural compensatory solutes that have also been used in other applications such as therapeutic agents and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) enhancers. Some biomedical applications of novel synthetic analogues of natural betaines were investigated. Natural compensatory solutes are either dipolar zwitterionic compounds or polyhydroxyl compounds, and the physical basis of compensation may differ between these, so one focus was on synthetic betaines with hydroxyl substituents. The majority of the synthetic solutes stabilized different model proteins against stress factors such as high and low temperatures. The presence of hydroxyl groups improved protection against desiccation. The observed stabilization effect is not just on the catalytic activity of the enzyme, but also on its structural conformation. Synthetic compensatory solutes have a potential application as protein stabilizers. Dimethylthetin was evaluated as a therapeutic agent and found to be harmful in a sheep model. However, from the study we were able to generate a large-animal continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) model and showed that glycine betaine could be added to the dialysis fluid in chronic renal failure. Some synthetic compensatory solutes reduce the melting temperatures of DNA better than most natural solutes. Synthetic solutes were identified that have potential to enhance PCR and could replace some reagents marketed by commercial suppliers. Density, viscosity and molecular model data on the solutes showed correlations with the biochemical effects of the solutes, but no physical measurements were found that reliably predicted their potential for biotechnological applications.

Η εργασία αυτή αποτελεί μία από τις πρώτες που ασχολήθηκαν με τη διερεύνηση του τρόπου ζωής των ασθενών με χρόνια νεφρική ανεπάρκεια τελικού σταδίου, οι οποίοι υποβάλλονται σε μέθοδο υποκατάστασης της νεφρικής λειτουργίας με αιμοκάθαρση ή περιτοναϊκή κάθαρση ή έχουν υποβληθεί σε επιτυχή μεταμόσχευση νεφρού στον Ελλαδικό χώρο και συγκρίνει τα αποτελέσματα με τα υπάρχοντα από ανάλογες εργασίες που έχουν επιτελεστεί στην Ευρώπη και στη Βόρειο Αμερική. Στο πρώτο μέρος της διατριβής έγινε αναφορά: α) στους νεφρούς και στη λειτουργία τους και β) στη διαχρονική εξέλιξη των μεθόδων υποκατάστασης της νεφρικής λειτουργίας. Στο δεύτερο μέρος αναφέρθηκαν τα γενικά χαρακτηριστικά των ασθενών σε υποκατάσταση και στη συνέχεια τα ιδιαίτερα χαρακτηριστικά ανάλογα με την μέθοδο υποκατάστασης της νεφρικής λειτουργίας, αιμοκάθαρση ,περιτοναϊκή κάθαρση ή μεταμόσχευση Στη συνέχεια για κάθε ομάδα ασθενών προσδιορίστηκαν: α) δημογραφικά χαρακτηριστικά (ηλικία, οικογενειακή κατάσταση, τόπος κατοικίας, γραμματικές γνώσεις, χρονικό διάστημα σε υποκατάσταση) β) επαγγελματική κατάσταση γ) δραστηριότητες και φυσική κατάσταση δ) κοινωνική κατάσταση (σεξουαλική ζωή, συμμετοχή στις κοινωνικές εκδηλώσεις, ικανοποίηση από τη ζωή, τις κοινωνικές παροχές, την ιατρική και νοσηλευτική φροντίδα, σχέσεις με οικογενειακό και φιλικό περιβάλλον ) ε) ψυχολογική κατάσταση ως προς το άγχος και την κατάθλιψη και ζ) έγινε σύγκριση των αποτελεσμάτων με αυτά από ανάλογες εργασίες που έχουν επιτελεστεί στον Ευρωπαϊκό και στον βόρειο-αμερικανικό χώρο. Από τα αποτελέσματα της διατριβής προκύπτει ότι από τις διάφορες μεθόδους αντιμετώπισης της ΧΝΝ τελικού σταδίου, η νεφρική μεταμόσχευση φαίνεται να υπερέχει, συμβάλλοντας σε καλύτερο βαθμό συνολικής αποκατάστασης, αφού εξασφαλίζει βελτιωμένη φυσική κατάσταση, καλύτερη επαγγελματική αποκατάσταση και κοινωνική ευεξία. Ακολουθούν οι ασθενείς υπό ΣΦΠΚ οι οποίοι φαίνεται να έχουν καλύτερη ψυχολογική προσαρμογή με λιγότερο stress, άγχος και κατάθλιψη, μεγαλύτερη αυτονομία και ανεξαρτησία. Αυτό τους διευκολύνει για καλύτερη κοινωνική προσαρμογή με μεγαλύτερες δυνατότητες και ευκαιρίες απασχόλησης και κοινωνικής δραστηριοποίησης. Αντίστοιχα η ζωή των ασθενών υπό ΑΚ επηρεάζεται ιδιαίτερα, ο τρόπος ζωής αλλάζει δραματικά σε όλους τους παραπάνω τομείς, αν και δείχνουν να προσαρμόζονται καλύτερα στις αντίξοες συνθήκες που βιώνουν έναντι των ασθενών άλλων χωρών. Πιο αναλυτικά τα αποτελέσματα της διατριβής ήταν τα παρακάτω: - Οι ασθενείς των ομάδων ΑΚ και ΣΦΠΚ είναι κυρίως ηλικιωμένα άτομα, ενώ οι μεταμοσχευμένοι ασθενείς είναι άτομα νεαρής ηλικίας. Ως προς την οικογενειακή κατάσταση και τον τόπο κατοικίας και οι τρεις ομάδες ακολουθούν την κατανομή του γενικού πληθυσμού. Οι γραμματικές γνώσεις των ασθενών των ομάδων ΑΚ και ΣΦΠΚ είναι κυρίως επιπέδου δημοτικού σχολείου, ενώ των μεταμοσχευμένων ασθενών επιπέδου γυμνασίου. Μεγαλύτερο χρονικό διάστημα σε θεραπεία υποκατάστασης παρουσιάζουν οι μεταμοσχευμένοι ασθενείς. - Οι μεταμοσχευμένοι ασθενείς παρουσιάζουν καλύτερη επαγγελματική αποκατάσταση και ακολουθούν οι ασθενείς υπό ΣΦΠΚ, ενώ το ποσοστό των ασθενών υπό Α/Κ που εργάζεται είναι πολύ μικρό. - Προβάδισμα στις δραστηριότητες, φυσική κατάσταση έχουν και πάλι οι μεταμοσχευμένοι ασθενείς έναντι των άλλων ομάδων και ακολουθούν οι ασθενείς υπό ΣΦΠΚ. - Οι μεταμοσχευμένοι ασθενείς παρουσιάζουν καλύτερο επίπεδο κοινωνικής κατάστασης. - Σε καλύτερη ψυχολογική κατάσταση βρίσκονται οι ασθενείς υπό ΣΦΠΚ και ακολουθούν με μικρή διαφορά οι μεταμοσχευμένοι. - Αντίστοιχα αποτελέσματα δίνουν έρευνες που έχουν γίνει σε ασθενείς σε άλλες Ευρωπαϊκές και Βόρειο-Αμερικανικές χώρες αν και οι ασθενείς της παρούσας έρευνας και των τριών ομάδων δείχνουν να έχουν καλύτερους δείκτες αναφορικά με τις παραπάνω παραμέτρους και να προσαρμόζονται καλύτερα στις αντίξοες συνθήκες που βιώνουν, έναντι των ασθενών άλλων χωρών. / The present work is one of the first dealing with the study of the lifestyle of patients with end stage renal failure, under renal function substitution with haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis or successful kidney transplantation, in Greece, and compares this data with existing results from Europe and North America. In the first part of the thesis there is a presentation of: a) the kidneys and their function and b) the evolution of renal function substitution methods through time. In the second part, the general characteristics of the included patients are reported, followed by the specific characteristics due to the renal substitution methods, haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis or transplantation. In every group of patients the following parameters were determined: α) demographic data (age, family status, place of living, education, time in renal substitution) β) job status γ) activities and physical status δ) social status (sex life, participation in social events, satisfaction due to life, social benefits, medical and nursery care, relations with friends and relatives) ε) psychology due to stress and depression ζ) comparison of these results with other from Europe and North America. The results of this work reveal that renal transplantation preponderates all other substitution methods for renal function, since it guarantees improved physical status, better job rehabilitation and social welfare. Patients in peritoneal dialysis come next in adaptation, with lesser stress anxiety and depression, bigger autonomy and independence. They have more possibilities and opportunities to work and participate in social activities. On the contrary, the lifestyle of renal patients under dialysis is more negatively affected and their lives changes dramatically in all of the above sections; even though they seem to adapt better in the adverse conditions they are dealing with. In detail, the results of this work are: - Patients under haemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (PD) are older people, while transplanted patients are younger. All patients follow the general population distribution, as for family status and place of living. The education level of the HD and PD patients is mostly elementary, while, most transplanted patients have a high school degree. These patients have spent longer periods under renal substitution. - Transplanted patients present better job rehabilitation, followed by patients in PD, while the percentage of working patients in HD is too small. - Transplanted patients have a better physical condition, followed by PD patents. - Transplanted patients are in a better level of social status compared with other renal patients. - Patients in PD seem to have a better psychological profile slightly higher than transplanted patients. - Similar results are presented in other studies from Europe and North America, although patients of all groups, in the present work, show better indices as for the above parameters and adapt better in adverse living conditions, compared with patients of other countries.

INTRODUÇÃO: Os distúrbios minerais e ósseos da doença renal crônica (DMO-DRC) são influenciados por vários fatores, como idade, etiologia da DRC, toxinas urêmicas e modalidade dialítica. Os DMO-DRC são bem descritos em pacientes tratados com hemodiálise (HD). No entanto, na diálise peritoneal (DP) os estudos são escassos e, na maioria deles, não há dados de histologia óssea. OBJETIVOS: caracterizar os DMO-DRC em uma coorte de pacientes em DP; comparar os resultados com aqueles obtidos da HD; e analisar o desempenho de marcadores séricos para o diagnóstico das doenças de alto e baixo remodelamento ósseo. MÉTODOS: quarenta e um pacientes tratados com DP submeteram-se a avaliação clínica, bioquímica e biópsia óssea. RESULTADOS: a doença óssea adinâmica (DOA) foi o tipo de osteodistrofia renal (OR) predominante, correspondendo a 49% da amostra. Ao se analisar separadamente diabéticos e não diabéticos, a prevalência de DOA foi de 77,7% no primeiro grupo e 26% no segundo (p=0,001). Na comparação entre DP e HD, observou-se que os pacientes do primeiro grupo apresentavam 25(OH) vitamina D mais baixa, mineralização óssea mais comprometida e melhor volume ósseo. A fosfatase alcalina óssea (FAO) apresentou a melhor sensibilidade e especificidade tanto para o diagnóstico de alto, quanto de baixo remodelamento ósseo. CONCLUSÕES: a DOA é o tipo de OR mais prevalente na DP. No entanto, a influência do diabetes como fator de risco parece ser maior do que a própria modalidade dialítica / INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease - mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is a complex syndrome influenced by various factors, such as age, CKD etiology, uremic toxins and dialysis modality. CKD-MBD has been extensively studied in hemodialysis (HD) patients. However, for peritoneal dialysis (PD), only a few, older studies exist, most of which contain no bone biopsy data. The present study sought to: characterize CKD-MBD in a cohort of prevalent PD patients; compare the results with that obtained from HD patients; and analyse performance of bone turnover serum markers to make the diagnosis of high or low bone turnover disease in PD patients. METHODS: Forty-one PD patients underwent to a clinical evaluation, biochemical analysis and bone biopsy. RESULTS: The most prevalent pattern of renal osteodystrophy (ROD) was adynamic bone disease (ABD), comprising 49% of the sample population. When we separately analyzed diabetic and non-diabetic patients, the ABD prevalence was 77.7% in the former group and 26% in the latter group (p=0.001). The comparison between DP and HD patients revealed low 25(OH) vitamin D level, worst bone mineralization and better bone volume parameters in the former group. Bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) demonstrated the best sensitivity and specificity values to detect both high and low turnover disease. CONCLUSION: ABD is the most frequent type of ROD. However, the effect of diabetes on the development of ABD is more important than the dialysis modality itself