Bakgrund: Undernäring definieras som en näringsrubbning i form av brist på näringsämnen som kan leda till sjukdom eller försämring av kroppssammansättning. Undernäring är ett internationellt problem, som ger ökad belastning på vården, förlängda vårdtider samt ett lidande för patienten. Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka orsaker till undernäring hos äldre personer ur både ett patientperspektiv samt ett sjuksköterskeperspektiv.  Metod: Examensarbetet är en litteraturöversikt där 10 kvalitativa artiklar inkluderats för att i resultatet svara på arbetets syfte. Resultat: Resultatet genererade tre huvudkategorier: Psykiska och psykosociala barriärer, fysiska barriärer samt brister inom vården. Äldre saknar ofta sjukdomsinsikt, upplever ensamhet och minskad aptit.  Konklusion: De äldres egna psykiska och psykosociala förutsättningar och övertygelser utgör en stor del av undernäringsproblematiken. Fysiska besvär bidrar till att undernäring uppstår eller att befintlig problematik förvärras. Brister inom vården motverkar att den drabbade ska få adekvat och personcentrerad behandling med god kontinuitet. / Background: Undernourishment, also called malnutrition, is defined as a nutritional disorder in the form of a lack of nutrients which can lead to disease or deterioration of body composition. Undernourishment is an international problem, which puts increased strain on healthcare, causes longer hospital stays and increases patient suffering. Aim: The aim is to investigate the causes of undernourishment in older individuals fromboth a patient perspective and a nurse perspective. Method: The degree project is a literature review including ten qualitative articles to answer the purpose of the essay in the results. Findings: The result generated three main categories: Mental and psychosocial barriers, physical barriers and deficiencies in healthcare. Older people often lack insight into the disease, experience loneliness and reduced appetite. Conclusion: The elderly's own mental and psychosocial conditions and beliefs form a large part of the undernourishment problem. Physical problems contribute to undernourishment or to exacerbating existing problems. Deficiencies in healthcare prevent the victim from receiving adequate and person-centered treatment with good continuity.

The research has worked towards the general aim of generating a synthesis of burnout in the nursing profession, and also towards coming to a synthesis of burnout in nursing from the perspective of the salutogenic paradigm. Existing knowledge from the literature has been consolidated and integrated, and 'new knowledge' of the phenomenological experience of the causes and symptoms of burnout and how nurses stay healthy, were presented. Firstly was discovered that burnout, over time is caused by various factors that are individual and personal and therefore not easily discovered by other than the phenomenological method, where the life world of each individual is described. Secondly, the study ofthe strengths that nurses exhibit in order to manage the tension and stress in their lives and not to succumb to illness, proved to be a sound and descriptive paradigm with great utilisation possibilities. Three answers to the salutogenic question, namely sense of coherence, hardiness and learned resourcefulness were presented in great detail. Thirdly, it was stated that the individual nurses and the nursing practice in general be made aware of: (1) the existence of burnout, (2) the contributing factors to burnout, (3) the various manifestations ofburnout at work and in the organisation, and (4) the coping strategies available to counter this problem in a positive and salutogenic manner. The phenomenological results of this research revealed a number of issues that have implications for both the prevention and treatment of burnout in nurses. The results especially established how nurses can operationalise their inherent salutogenic qualities. Specific salutogenic coping strategies emerged via the respondents. The research took a broad view of personality in health research. It studied the psychological processes underlying the observed connections between psychological variables and health outcomes. In order to study the operationalisation of these processes, a phenomenological, person-based approach was followed. They study focussed on health phenomena and the individual nurse was retained as the unit of analysis. This approach represented a movement away from a fragmented science, infatuated with technology and linked to a singular epistemology, towards a focus on the process and dynamics of personal experience. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

The research has worked towards the general aim of generating a synthesis of burnout in the nursing profession, and also towards coming to a synthesis of burnout in nursing from the perspective of the salutogenic paradigm. Existing knowledge from the literature has been consolidated and integrated, and 'new knowledge' of the phenomenological experience of the causes and symptoms of burnout and how nurses stay healthy, were presented. Firstly was discovered that burnout, over time is caused by various factors that are individual and personal and therefore not easily discovered by other than the phenomenological method, where the life world of each individual is described. Secondly, the study ofthe strengths that nurses exhibit in order to manage the tension and stress in their lives and not to succumb to illness, proved to be a sound and descriptive paradigm with great utilisation possibilities. Three answers to the salutogenic question, namely sense of coherence, hardiness and learned resourcefulness were presented in great detail. Thirdly, it was stated that the individual nurses and the nursing practice in general be made aware of: (1) the existence of burnout, (2) the contributing factors to burnout, (3) the various manifestations ofburnout at work and in the organisation, and (4) the coping strategies available to counter this problem in a positive and salutogenic manner. The phenomenological results of this research revealed a number of issues that have implications for both the prevention and treatment of burnout in nurses. The results especially established how nurses can operationalise their inherent salutogenic qualities. Specific salutogenic coping strategies emerged via the respondents. The research took a broad view of personality in health research. It studied the psychological processes underlying the observed connections between psychological variables and health outcomes. In order to study the operationalisation of these processes, a phenomenological, person-based approach was followed. They study focussed on health phenomena and the individual nurse was retained as the unit of analysis. This approach represented a movement away from a fragmented science, infatuated with technology and linked to a singular epistemology, towards a focus on the process and dynamics of personal experience. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)