Die vorliegende Arbeit beinhaltet drei Beiträge, die sich den Aufkommens- und Verteilungsfragen diskutierter Tarifreformvorschläge in den Jahren 2009-2013 widmen. Der erste Beitrag kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass durch die Abschaffung des Mittelstandsbauchs weder das Phänomen der kalten Progression beseitigt werden kann noch untere Einkommensbezieher überdurchschnittlich entlastet werden können. Der zweite Beitrag zeigt, dass durch Einkommensteuersenkungen im Vergleich zur Senkung des Solidaritätszuschlags Geringverdiener sowie Steuerpflichtige mit Kindern überdurchschnittlich entlastet werden können. Der letzte Beitrag kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass deutsche Ehepaare eine Erwerbs- und Verbrauchsgemeinschaft bilden und damit das Ehegattensplitting die sachgerechte Besteuerungsform von Ehepaaren ist. / This cumulative PhD-thesis consists of three papers. The first contribution comes to the conclusion that by flattening of the income tax rate neither the phenomenon of “cold progression” could be eliminated nor could lower earnings be relieved on average. The second paper shows that above average low earners are relieved by income tax reduction compared to the reduction of the solidarity surcharge. The last contribution comes to the conclusion that German marriage couples make a purchase and consumption Community and thus the splitting taxation is justified.

Antanas NESTECKIS Gyventojų pajamų mokesčio įtaka savivaldybių biudžetų pajamoms Magistrantūros studijų baigiamasis darbas, 53 puslapių, 8 paveikslai, 13 lentelių, literatūros šaltinių, priedai. RAKTINIAI ŽODŽIAI: gyventojų pajamų mokestis, savivaldybės biudžetas, mokesčio tarifas, gyventojų pajamų apmokestinimas. Tyrimo objektas - gyventojų pajamų mokesčio pajamos Kauno apskrities savivaldybėse. Tyrimo dalykas - gyventojų pajamų mokestis. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti gyventojų pajamų mokesčio įtaką savivaldybių biudžetų pajamoms. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti gyventojų pajamų mokesčio reikšmę savivaldybių pajamoms; 2. Identifikuoti pajamų mokesčio politikos tendencijos Europos šalyse; 3. Nustatyti pagrindines gyventojų pajamų apmokestinimo principų ir uždavinių taikymo problemas. 4. Parengti gyventojų pajamų mokesčio įvertinimo formuojant savivaldybių biudžetų pajamas metodiką; 5. Atlikti pajamų surinkimo iš gyventojų pajamų mokesčio įvertinimą; 6. Pateikti pasiūlymus pajamų surinkimui iš gyventojų pajamų mokesčio tobulinti. Tyrimo metodai: • tiriant teorinius gyventojų pajamų apmokestinimo pagrindus bei mokesčių politikos ES tendencijas naudoti bendramoksliniai tyrimo metodai – mokslinės literatūros bei teisinių dokumentų analizė ir sintezė. • vertinant gyventojų pajamų mokesčio įtaką savivaldybių biudžetų pajamoms – statistiniai duomenų rinkimo bei analizės metodai, teisinių gyventojų pajamų mokesčio Lietuvos dokumentų analizė ir sintezė, loginė analizė ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Antanas Nesteckis The influence of Personal Income Tax on Municipal Budget Revenue Final work Master of Science diploma comprises of 53 pages, 8 pictures, 7 tables, literature sources and appendixes. Keywords: Personal Income Tax, Municipal Budget, tax rate, Personal Income taxation. Research object – revenue of Personal Income Tax in Kaunas district. Research subject - Personal Income Tax. Research aim – to estimate the influence of Personal Income Tax on municipal revenue. Research tasks: 1. To determine the influence of Personal Income Tax on Municipal Revenue; 2. To identify Income Tax policy trends in European countries. 3. To determine the main problems of Personal Income Tax taxation principles and aims use. 4. To prepare a methodology of Personal Income Tax assessment setting Municipal Revenue. 5. To estimate Personal Income Tax collection. 6. To make a suggestions for the improvement of Personal Income Tax collection. Research methods: • Analysing the main reasons of theoretical Personal Income Tax taxation and Tax policy trends there were used scientific research methods - scientific literature, legal document analysis and synthesis. • Evaluating influence of Personal Income Tax on Municipal Revenue there were used statistical data collection and analysis methods, legal Lithuanian documents about Personal Income Tax analysis and synthesis, logical analysis and synthesis. • Processing and systematization statistic information there were used aggregation... [to full text]

Magistro darbe nagrinėjami teoriniai mokesčių sistemos formavimo pagrindai, t.y. mokesčių reikšmė ir būtinumas, vykdant valstybės funkcijas, apmokestinimo principai ir riba, mokesčių našta, pateikiama Lietuvos Respublikos mokesčių sistema. Analizuota Lietuvos mokesčių sistema, atkreipiant dėmesį į pagrindinius mokesčius, t.y. gyventojų pajamų, pelno, pridėtinės vertės bei akcizų mokesčius. Išanalizuotos šių mokesčių pajamų į nacionalinį biudžetą kitimo tendencijos 2004 – 2008 m. laikotarpiu, identifikuojant pagrindinius teigiamus ir neigiamus veiksnius, turėjusius įtakos mokestinių pajamų surinkimui. Kadangi mokesčių sistema kardinaliai keitėsi nuo 2009 metų, išanalizuota kaip keitėsi tų metų pirmo ketvirčio pajamų surinkimas iš pagrindinių mokesčių. Rašant darbą atlikta mokslinės, statistinės, normatyvinės ir kt. literatūros analizė, naudoti loginės analizės ir sintezės, palyginamosios analizės tyrimo metodai, santykiniai dydžiai, grafinis būdas ir kt. / Master‘s thesis covered theoretical elements of forming tax system, i.e. significance and importance of taxes prosecuting functions of government, principals of taxation and its limit, the tax burden, finally, tax system of the Lithuanian Republic is provided. Lithuanian tax system is analyzed, with attention to the basic taxes, i.e., personal income tax, profits tax, value-added tax, and excise duty tax. The study analyzed the tax revenue to the national budget for the 2004 - 2008 m. period, identifying the positive and negative factors bearing on the collection of tax revenues. Since the tax system has changed radically since 2009, analyzed the changes of the year the first quarter of the revenue collection of the main taxes. The analysis of scientific, statistical, normative and other kind of literature is carried out; research methods such as logic analysis and synthesis, comparative analysis, relative values, graphical presentations are applied in the study.

Resumé The name of the thesis: Taxation of income from employment This diploma thesis deals with the system of taxation of income tax. The diploma thesis is based mainly on Act No. 586/1992 Coll., On Income Taxes, also reflects the case-law, which helps to explain the disputed issues. It is an area that interferes with everyone's lives, but in which it is difficult to orientate. The main goal of the thesis is to analyse the personal income tax, to give a comprehensive picture of this issue and to try to analyse the individual components of this tax. In the first part of my thesis, I define the basic concepts that will help us to better understand the related issues. The second chapter deals with the general characteristics of the income tax and its position within the state budget revenues. The third chapter presents the core of the diploma thesis, which describes in detail the construction elements of the tax and explains the deficiencies that permeate it. Attention is placed on the subject, tax base and tax rate, but also on the explanation of the term dependent activity. The aim of this chapter is to give a comprehensive overview of the area of the personal income tax and to think about the imperfections and reflecting on the deficiencies of the adjustment and propose their solution. The fourth part of...

The aim of this thesis is tax optimisation of legal income tax. Several options are suggested about how to diminish tax liability of an enterpreneurial subject. Out of many options, the most advantageous way was shown to be providing a grant for public utility purposes and acquisition of long-term tangible property. If the company decides for donation of money for public utility purposes or another suggested option of tax optimalisation, the amount of money paid into the state budget of the Czech Republic will decrease.

The objects of diploma thesis is resolved tax implication of personal income, it includes also changes of social and health insurance approved on 1th January 2008. Most important changes in personal income tax by employee were within year 2007 and year 2008: {$\bullet$} change of basic wage of personal income tax, {$\bullet$} change of tax rate, {$\bullet$} cancellation of community taxation of spouses, {$\bullet$} cancellation of tax effect for insurance, {$\bullet$} implementation of maximal base of assessment. All tax payers of personal income tax got better salary in year 2008 than in year 2007 depending upon modification of salary calculation. People with highest personal incomes had best salary because they saved money for social and health insurance and also reduction of tax rate. Taxpayers with minimum incomes paid increased personal tax in year 2008, but they got higher tax bonuses. Taxpayers with gross salary CZK 20 000 {--} 30 000 had worst position in research. Their net salary was increased only for 4 {--} 5 %.

This thesis deals with the tax assignment in the Czech Republic. The main aim of the thesis is to evaluate the causes and effects of Act No. 391/215 Coll., which changes the Act on Tax Assignment. The first chapter refers to fiscal federalism and fiscal decentralization, the second chapter is focused on municipalities as territorial self-governing units and the third chapter describes the tax system in the Czech Republic and the development of the tax assignment since 2001. The first part of the practical section of the thesis concerns with an analysis of the development of municipal revenues from personal income tax, which comes from personal income tax returns. The second part of the practical section contains an analysis of the impacts of Act No. 391/215 Coll., which changes the Act on Tax Assignment. The main cause, which led to the amendment, was a gradual reduction of municipal revenues from personal income tax. This reduction happened due to legislative changes. The amendment should have a positive impact on the majority of municipalities.

The thesis deals with the accounting and tax legislation with focus on professional sport not only from the perspective of sport clubs but also of individual sportsmen. The aim of the thesis is to identify accounting and tax specificities of professional sport, including the definition of differences in keeping accounts of non-profit organisations and business entities, and to analyse the current state of the income taxation of professional sportsmen in selected countries of the EU and in the Czech Republic. Significant differences were found not only in the keeping accounts of non-profit organisations and business entities but also in the area of the income taxation of professional sportsmen. In the Czech Republic professional sportsmen are considered to be an independent profession while in the other selected countries of the European Union they are classic employees. The thesis is based on legislation valid on 1st January 2016.

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This diploma thesis is focused on employee benefits. At the beginning of the work there is shortly described history and importance of employee benefits. After that the work continues with motivation, rewarding and basic concepts of labour relations. There is also described difference between profit and non-profit sector. At the end of theoretical part of the work are described employee benefits and ways of dividing in detail. Emphasised is mainly tax advantages for employees and employers. In practical part of the work are evaluated results of own survey. The survey deals with employee benefits and its importance for them as well as with comparison of profit and not-profit sector in terms of employee benefits and how much are they provided. The survey confirms hypothesis, that in no-profit sector are provided less benefits than in profit sector and that the most important part of rewarding are considered wages by employees.