This thesis analyses the process of social construction of women's citizenship rights in Peru under the regime of Alberto Fujimori (1990--2000). It builds on an existing body of literature on democratization and women's movements in Latin America, to develop an understanding of the forms of women's mobilization under new democratic regimes and the impact of the pattern of state-society relations on the advancements and losses in women's citizenship rights. More specifically, it shows that the 1990s witnessed a significant range of advances in women's civil and political rights, while social and economic rights suffered serious reversals. It is argued that the strategies and opportunities of different sectors of the women's movement in Peru, as well as the objectives pursued by the state under Fujimori's rule, combined to generate this evolution of women's citizenship. The forms of mobilization of these different sectors followed the course of their own constraints and choices, while they were also importantly shaped by the broader political framework: a neopopulist model of political rule together with the implementation of a neoliberal program of structural adjustment and liberalization. The influence of a set of international factors also contributed to structuring the political incentives and resources of the different actors involved in the social construction of women's citizenship in Peru. The thesis concludes that the democratic or authoritarian nature of the political regime as such cannot explain the pattern of construction of women's citizenship rights, as witnessed by an increased space of women in the public sphere and advances in civil and political rights under the restricted version of political democracy which characterized most of Fujimori's rule. Contrary to the literature on other Latin American women's movements, which detected a marginalization of women's movements in the political sphere following the transitions to d

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This thesis provides the first comprehensive account of the Peruvian expropriation of the Tarapaca nitrate industry from its origins in 1870-1875 to its conclusion in 1879. The data on sellers of nitrate plants, holders of production contracts, and quotations of the nitrate bonds furnished in payment for the plants included in this work had been missing from prior, sketchy accounts of the expropriation. The sharp and protracted domestic debate in Peru over the scheme, both prior to and during the operation, presented here in detail, has never been noted or analyzed before. The parallel history of the Antofagasta Company, a Chilean-British nitrate company competing with Tarapaca at the time, is described here based on the previously unavailable correspondence of the local manager in Antofagasta. / The main contribution of this thesis is its reinterpretation of the origins of the expropriation, as well as its impact on the Antofagasta Company in particular and Chilean interests in general. The ostensible justification of the Peruvian Government for launching the operation was to curtail nitrate exports in order to allow larger guano sales at higher prices, a goal viewed as both commendable and feasible by virtually all authors dealing with the issue. This account shows that it was demonstrably impossible for Peru to control the world supply of sodium nitrate at the time because it had ceased to be the sole exporter of the product after the Antofagasta Company started operating in 1872. It is also documented here for the first time that the local opposition repeatedly cautioned that any attempt at restricting Tarapaca nitrate exports would only end up increasing the share of the market held by the rival Antofagasta Company. The conclusion of this work is that the Peruvian Government had a second, thinly veiled, agenda in proposing the purchase of the Tarapaca nitrate industry, namely to secure a new overseas loan to pursue railroad construction, imperiled by the 1876 default of the country on its foreign debt. It also demonstrates that the Antofagasta Company, as well as other emerging Chilean nitrate regions, viewed the operation as extremely favourable for them. The latter conclusion refutes the notion that the expropriation was a nationalistic measure negatively affecting Chilean interests.

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Orientadores: Sérgio Eduardo Montes Castanho, Terezinha Oliveira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T06:59:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Galter_MariaInalva_D.pdf: 2065275 bytes, checksum: d514da8de8dcc24dd5a4960c59561e21 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O objeto da tese foi a proposta de José de Acosta (1540-1600) sistematizada em De procuranda indorum salute (1588), cuja análise deve-se ao interesse em compreender o papel das autoridades civil e missionária no governo e na formação dos indígenas no vice-reinado do Peru. Partindo do pressuposto de que a obra desse jesuíta revela em termos teóricos as questões sociais da época, examinei as razões históricas da sua formulação e os compromissos do autor com a manutenção da relação Estado/Igreja, procurando distinguir os atributos e as atribuições do governante e do missionário na sociedade. Concluo que sua finalidade era a de contribuir para a pacificação e a regulação das relações sociais na colônia, considerando os novos interesses que passavam a mover os homens naquele período da história. / Abstract: The thesis object was the José de Acosta proposal (1540-1600) systematized in De procuranda indorum salute (1588), whose analysis is due to the interest in understanding the role of the civilian and missionary authorities in the government and in the indigenous education in the Peru¿s vice reign. Assuming that the work of this Jesuit reveals theoretically the social issues of that time, we examined the historical reasons of its formulation and the author commitments with the maintenance of the Estate/Church relation, seeking to distinguish the attributes and the functions of the governor an the missionary in the society. We conclude that their purpose was to contribute to the pacification and the regulation of the social relations in the colony, considering the new interests that started moving the mankind in that period of the history. / Resumen: El objeto de la tesis fue la propuesta de José de Acosta (1540-1600) sistematizada De procuranda indorum salute (1588), cuyo análisis se debe al interés en comprender el rol de las autoridades civiles y misioneras en el gobierno y en la formación de los indígenas en el Virreinato de Perú. Partiéndose de los presupuestos de que la obra de ese jesuita revela en términos teóricos las cuestiones sociales de la época, examiné las razones históricas de su formulación y los compromisos del autor con la manutención de la relación Estado/Iglesia, buscando distinguir los atributos y atribuciones del gobernante y del misionero en la sociedad. Concluyo que su finalidad era la de contribuir para la pacificación y la regulación de las relaciones sociales en la Colonia, considerándose los nuevos intereses que pasaban a mover a los hombres en aquel período de la historia. / Doutorado / Historia, Filosofia e Educação / Doutor em Educação

Orientador: Leandro Karnal / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T04:02:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RuzTorres_EduardoAndres_M.pdf: 2490271 bytes, checksum: d2941fc5c3094cb33dca8f7cbcda4d58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Nos séculos que antecederam a Idade Moderna, normatizar a figura do demônio foi um processo essencial para os trabalhos evangelizadores de uma Europa heterogênea e que se repetiram nos Andes peruanos do século XVI. Se bem entendemos (dentro do discurso proposto pelos conquistadores) que evangelizar, na perspectiva dos religiosos, tratava-se em resgatar da ignorância e aproximar à população nativa ao único caminho tolerado pelos europeus (a verdadeira religião). Para conseguir este objetivo, se valeram do mal, num movimento aparentemente contraditório, mas que havendo sido uma estratégia longamente usada no Velho Mundo teve resultados excepcionais. O deslocamento de um satanismo comprovadamente utilitário foi parte da construção de um discurso de dominação e aculturação, mas que também permitiu concentrar os esforços políticos e sociais europeus numa guerra cósmica infatigável, permitindo a constante renovação de religiosos e laicos nas terras falsamente edênicas. Neste contexto, agostinianos e jesuítas escutaram o chamado evangelizador procedente do Novo Mundo e empreenderam sistemáticas campanhas em procura deste objetivo, cada ordem evidenciando diferentes mecanismos, mas tendo uma visão bastante aproximada do que era necessário fazer: os primeiros, através, da doutrina; os segundos por meio da missão. Mas tanto os ermitões como os da companhia, sempre esperaram deparar-se com o mal em pessoa, o próprio diabo, mas, ao não poder ter esta batalha real, passou-se à demonização da cultura local / Abstract: In the centuries preceding the Modern Age, regulate the devil¿s figure was an essential process for the evangelizer work in a heterogeneous Europe. This work was replicated in the Peruvian Andes, in the XVIth century. Comprehending (according to the discourse proposed by the conquistadores) that evangelize, in the religious¿ perspective, meant to rescue the native population from ignorance and to introduce it to the only way tolerated by the Europeans (the true religion). To achieve this goal, they took advantage of evil, in a movement apparently contradictory, but already utilized in the Old World, had exceptional results. The displacement of a Satanism proved useful was part of the construction of a domination and acculturation discourse, which also permitted the concentration of European political and social efforts in an indefatigable cosmic war, permitting the constant renovation of religious and laic in the falsely Edenic lands. In this context, augustinians and jesuits heard the evangelizer call coming from the New World and undertook systematic campaigns searching for this objective, each order showing different mechanisms, but possessing a very similar vision concerning what was necessary to do: the former, through the doctrine; the later, through the mission. Although, both the hermits and the society members continually hope to face the evil in person, the devil himself; but, not being able to have this real battle, they moved to the demonization of local culture / Mestrado / Historia Cultural / Mestre em História