A indústria petroquímica brasileira, assim como outros setores consolidados e maduros, está acostumada a inovar incrementalmente em produtos e processos, mas para manter sua competitividade tem a necessidade de inovar mais e mais radicalmente. Tanto na literatura pesquisada quanto nos resultados dos estudos de caso realizados, há o conceito de que os Projetos Organizacionais para o desenvolvimento de inovações radicais e incrementais deveriam ser diferentes entre si. Mas a literatura não avança nesta questão, não apresentando recomendações ou prescrições assertivas. Por outro lado, sente-se a mesma dificuldade nas empresas, que entendem a necessidade de lidar com as inovações radicais de uma forma distinta das incrementais, mas acabam trabalhando em ambas da mesma forma, com estruturas distintas, porém com semelhante organização, com as mesmas ferramentas e práticas gerenciais. Este trabalho tem por objetivo contribuir com esta discussão, através da proposição de critérios para o Projeto Organizacional adequado ao desenvolvimento de inovações incrementais e radicais de forma sistemática em empresas consolidadas de setores maduros, aprofundando o que já foi proposto pela literatura, partindo do princípio de que não haveria um único modelo a ser prescrito. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada através do estudo de múltiplos casos em três empresas inovadoras do setor petroquímico brasileiro, onde foram avaliados onze projetos de inovação. O modelo aqui proposto oferece um conjunto de diretrizes e critérios para que cada empresa adapte suas estruturas e processos a cada diferente desafio encontrado pelos projetos de inovação em cada etapa de seu desenvolvimento. / The Brazilian Petrochemical Industry, as well as other established and mature sectors, is used to incrementally innovate in products and processes. In order to maintain its competitiveness, it is being challenged to innovate more and more radically. Both in literature and in results of the cases here studied, there is the idea that the Organizational Design for the development of radical and incremental innovations should be different. But literature does not advance in this subject, there is no assertive recommendations or prescriptions. Companies feel the same difficulty, they understand the need to deal with radical innovations in a distinct form of incremental ones, but they end up working in both situations in the same way, with different structures, but with similar organization, management tools and practices. This thesis attempts to contribute to this discussion by proposing criteria for Organizational Design suitable for the development of incremental and radical innovations in a systematic manner in consolidated companies from mature industries, deepening what has been proposed in the literature, assuming that there would be no single model to be prescribed. Field research was conducted through multiple cases study in three innovative companies in the Brazilian petrochemical sector, where eleven innovation projects were studied. The model here proposed offers a set of guidelines and criteria for each company to adapt its structures and processes for each different challenge faced by innovation projects at each stage of their development.

There has been substantial research in recent years on the development dynamics of agglomeration economies - the industrial cluster perspective. However, the industrial cluster literature has tended to neglect the environmental impacts of clustering. Meanwhile, industrial ecology has tackled environmental concerns by promoting a new type of eco-friendly industrial system, eco-industrial park (EIP), that encourage circular flows of materials, energy and by-product exchange between neighbouring firms. Given that these two theories can potentially supplement each other, this doctoral study seeks to build bridges between the industrial cluster literature and the industrial ecology literature in order to address the research question: “how do clustered producers draw on inter-firm collaboration and institutional linkages to undertake holistic environmental upgrading strategies?” This study draws on comparative empirical evidence from the Banwol-Sihwa textiles dyeing cluster and the Yeosu petrochemical cluster in South Korea. Both the industrial clusters show a pattern of gradual environmental upgrading that is termed as ‘collective eco-efficiency’, although specific types of such collective behaviours have become differentiated due to their structural differences. The findings provide three key contributions to industrial ecology: (1) Intra-sectoral inter-firm relationships and regional firm-institutional relationships are much more influential in establishing an EIP than inter-sectoral inter-firm relationships on which industrial ecology has conventionally emphasised. (2) Although industrial ecology has mainly concerned of sectoral heterogeneity within an area, the multiplicity of production stages within an industrial cluster is also an important physical condition in establishing an EIP. (3) The notions of institutional setting and planning that have used in very ambiguous manners in industrial ecology are in essence a type of learning-by-interaction dynamics between local firms and other actors based on regional innovation systems. As for the industrial cluster literature, the findings in this study also suggests three conceptual implications: (1) Most studies addressing environmental issues in the industrial cluster literature have largely ignored the inter-sectoral dimension, the dynamics of collective efficiency is not necessarily limited within a sectoral boundary at least with regard to environmental upgrading. (2) Given that value chains do not necessarily match material flows, anchor tenant’s coordination power over material flows should be highlighted in addition to lead firm’s coordination power over value chains. (3) Regional innovation systems function as institutional ability to balance private benefits and social benefits.

頁岩氣對台灣化石業的影響與建議 / As America successfully explore shale gas and eagerly discuss its application from gas exporting to petrochemical industry downstream feedstock, shale gas comprehensive influence has made its self a hot topic since 2010. One third of Taiwan gas is from Malaysia and Qatar with importing cost around USD13-15/mmBTU, which are mostly used for power generation and domestic use and few are used for petrochemical industry because gas cost is too high comparing with naphtha. However, shale gas has brought down gas price to below USD4/mmBTU that provides a competitive advantage for America manufacturers and changes production method from naphtha to gas for petrochemical industry crackers. On the contrary, Asian petrochemical industry which are naphtha based crackers will face competition from America makers who has cheaper production cost and over supplied in domestic market and looking for international market. Taiwan petrochemical industry, dominated by two major petrochemical companies, is facing several difficulties including limited space for capacity expansion and furious competition from China and ASEAN. We will explore the possibility for Taiwan to import shale gas and any solutions to improve our situation.

Fornos petroquímicos constituem a parte mais importante da indústria de derivados de petróleo. São nesses fornos que se processam as reações químicas imprescindíveis ao processamento dos produtos que constituem nosso cotidiano, como os fertilizantes, polímeros, produtos farmacêuticos e alimentícios. Devido ao caráter fortemente endotérmico dos processos, associado a reações catalíticas provocada numa mistura reacional de vapor de água com hidrocarbonetos (caso da reforma para obtenção de hidrogênio) ou craqueamento por pirólise (processo de pirólise), estes fornos são continuamente aquecidos. Com o objetivo de aumento de produção e produtividade, os fornos têm sido submetidos a condições de temperatura e pressão cada vez mais extremas. Nos fornos de pirólise, adicionalmente tem-se aumentado consideravelmente a velocidade do fluido e para tanto têm tido as seções transversais dos condutos diminuídas levando a um aumento das tensões de trabalho. Além disso, paradas e partidas desses fornos têm se mostrado um elemento crucial na operação. É comum que durante a parada desses fornos se detecte fragilização desse material após certo tempo de serviço à temperatura de trabalho. Quedas significativas nos valores de alongamento têm sido reportadas sendo que em algumas situações, componentes apresentam valores nulos de alongamento à temperatura ambiente quando ensaios mecânicos são efetuados em corpos de prova retirados dos mesmos. Devido a essa fragilização, com conseqüente diminuição nos valores de alongamento, operações de reparo por soldagem têm se mostrado freqüentemente impraticáveis resultando no sucateamento do componente. Nesse trabalho caracterizou-se a fragilização ocorrida no material 20Cr32Ni+Nb que é usado nos coletores de saída de fornos que embora operem em temperaturas mais baixas, estão sujeitos também aos mesmos requisitos de pressão do forno. Para melhor caracterizar o material em estudo, um tubo centrifugado foi analisado tomando-se o cuidado de extrair corpos de prova em regiões que propiciassem microestrutura reprodutível. Para garantir que os corpos de prova fossem submetidos a temperaturas e tempos similares com boa precisão, estes foram envelhecidos em equipamento de ensaios de fluência, porém sem aplicação de tensão. Os corpos de prova envelhecidos foram então ensaiados com tração à temperatura ambiente e o alongamento da fratura foi registrado, evidenciando a fragilização. A região da cabeça do corpo de prova foi examinada por metalografia óptica e por microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). As fraturas foram igualmente examinadas no microscópio eletrônico de varredura. Os resultados obtidos na microscopia ótica, com e sem ataque, bem como no MEV não evidenciaram quaisquer alterações microestruturais significativas que justificassem a alteração do comportamento mecânico com o envelhecimento. Análises fratográficas também não evidenciaram alteração significativa no mecanismo de fratura que ocorre pela nucleação de micro-cavidades (dimples). Adicionalmente procurou-se comprovar ou rejeitar a hipótese de que a fragilização seria causada ela precipitação de um intermetálico frágil em contorno de grão: a chamada fase G (um silicieto misto de nióbio e níquel com estequiometria Ni16Nb6Si7, estrutura cúbica de faces centradas e parâmetro de rede a0 = 1,13nm). A análise dos resultados não evidencia fase nova, nem uma mudança de modo de fratura de trans para intergranular, que poderiam comprovar uma influência da fase G no processo de fragilização (ao menos até o limite de resolução das técnicas experimentais aqui empregadas). / Petrochemical furnaces play an important role in the oil industry. In these furnaces, the essential chemical reactions take place in order to get everyday products like fertilizers, polymers, products for pharmaceutic and food industry. Due to the highly endothermic characteristics of these processes, these furnaces are heated up. It is common during shutdowns and startups of these furnaces, to have fragilization of this material after an aging time at working temperatures. This fragilization impairs repair when needed. In order to have an increase in production and productivity, the furnaces are continuously submitted to higher temperature and pressure working conditions. Pyrolisis furnaces have been also subjected to an increase in fluid speed and in order to reach this, the transverse area of tubes has been significantly decreased resulting in an increase in working stresses. Besides, shutdowns and startups have been a crucial part of operation. Fragilization in this material in service at high temperatures is frequently detected during shutdowns. Significant losses in elongation have been reported and sometimes components show no elongation at room temperature when samples are subjected to tensile testing. Due to this fragilization and low elongation values, repair by welding is sometimes useless resulting in scrapping the component. In this work the characterization of the fragilization that occurs in a 20Cr32Ni+Nb centrifugally cast tube, whose application is the outlet collectors that, though operate in lower temperature, are subjected to the pressure requirements of the furnace. In order to better characterize the material, one centrifugally cast tube was analysed taking care of having the test samples from regions that could provide similar microstructures. In order to assure that the samples were submitted to temperature and time with good accuracy, they were aged in a creep testing machine, but without application of load. The aged samples were then tensile tested at room temperature and the fracture elongation was calculated, evidencing the fragilization. The head of the test sample was examined by optical metalography and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The fractured areas were also examined by SEM. The results from optical microscopy, with or without etching, as well as SEM did not show any microstructural changes that could explain the changes in mechanical behavior with during aging. Additionally one aims to confirm or reject the hypothesis of the fragilization being caused by the precipitation of an fragile intermetallics in the grain boundary: the socalled G-phase (a silicide of Niobium and Nickel with stoichiometry Ni16Nb6Si7 , face centered cubic and lattice parameter of a0 = 1,13nm). The results did not either evidence this new phase nor a change in the fracture mode from trans to intergranular which could confirm the influence of this phase in the fragilization process (at least in the resolution limits of the experimental procedures here employed).

A Teoria dos Jogos é amplamente utilizada no estudo de fenômenos de interação estratégica, em especial na análise de mercados de commodities. Esse trabalho faz uma análise preliminar do mercado brasileiro de eteno e propeno sob a ótica de um modelo baseado na Teoria dos Jogos, representado matematicamente através de um problema de complementaridade mista. Neste modelo, as empresas atuam em uma competição de Cournot e os custos de produção são parâmetros incertos, representados através de cenários, sendo que, no equilíbrio, três decisões devem ser tomadas: i) o portifólio de tecnologias para produção, ii) a capacidade de produção de cada tecnologia e iii) o nível de produção de cada tecnologia em cada cenário. Considerando as diversas limitações do estudo, as simulações realizadas com o modelo proposto mostram que o comportamento dos agentes da indústria petroquímica brasileira está mais próximo de tomadores de preços, sem possibilidade de regulação de preços através das quantidades produzidas. / Game Theory is widely used in the study of strategic interaction, especially in the analysis of commodity markets. This work makes a preliminary analysis of the Brazilian ethylene and propylene market from the perspective of a model based on game theory, represented mathematically by a mixed complementarity problem. In this model, firms behave as Cournot players and production costs are uncertain parameters, represented by scenarios, and in equilibrium three decisions must be made: i) the portfolio of technologies for production, ii) technologies capacity and iii) the level of production for each technology in each scenario. Considering the limitations of the study, the simulations carried out with the proposed model show that the behavior of the Brazilian petrochemical industry agents is closer to price takers, without possibility of price regulation by the quantities produced.

Na presente dissertação, o setor petroquímico é utilizado como mote para um estudo sobre os contornos do direito antitruste nacional, sua interpretação e aplicação à luz das especificidades da economia brasileira. O pano de fundo deste trabalho é o debate, levantado durante os anos 1990, sobre a disciplina da concorrência nos países em desenvolvimento dever ou não seguir as tendências mais contemporâneas das instituições de países de economia mais avançada e com tradição na matéria antitruste. Além da revisão dos conceitos e práticas da regulação da concorrência nos países centrais (e de alguns dos desafios apontados pela literatura acerca da sua aplicação em economias em desenvolvimento), são descritos os traços gerais atribuídos a esse ramo do direito, no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, focalizando as disposições referentes ao controle das estruturas de mercado. Para contextualizar a pesquisa empírica sobre os atos de concentração apreciados pela autoridade de defesa da concorrência (Conselho Administrativo de Defesa da Concorrência - CADE) envolvendo a petroquímica, abordam-se as características do setor e a trajetória da atuação estatal nesse ramo. Os resultados encontrados apontam que o direito da concorrência complementa, mas não substitui outros instrumentos de política pública necessários à coordenação dos mercados e à promoção de sua competitividade, os quais são especialmente relevantes para as economias em desenvolvimento. / In this study, petrochemical industry plays the framework for the research about the boundaries of Brazilian competition law, its interpretation and application in the light of the singularities of Brazilian economy. This subject is concerned with the debate raised during the 1990\'s about the adequacy of the model of competition law and policy advocated by advanced economies for developing countries. In addition of revising the leading concepts and practices on competition law, the main features of Brazilian antitrust law are also described, focusing on the provisions for the control of mergers and acquisitions. With the aim of contextualizing the empirical research about the cases entailing petrochemical firms submitted to the Brazilian Competition Law Council, the characteristics of this industry and the role of public regulation in this field are approached. The results obtained indicate that competition law complements, but does not substitute other instruments of public policy, which are necessary to market coordination and industrial competitiveness. These policies are especially important for the economies of developing countries.

The aim of this thesis is to explore the diversification of a major oil company into the. petrochemical business and then through thorough analysis to recommend the appropriate corporate strategies to be followed by the petrochemical subsidiary of such a company in the 1980's and the 1990's. The petrochemical industry has undergone great changes during the last decade. In the early 1970's it entered a new era of maturity, however due to the misplannings of the late 1960's extending to the early 1970's the industry was suddenly faced with significant overcapacity which has persisted to the present date and is expected to last well into the 1980's. The 1974 oil crisis caused a further decline in the growth of demand, hence exacerbating the situation. During the seventies the industry has had to operate under increasing material prices, unlike the past, which when coupled with the problem of overcapacity and the resulting deterioration of prices, has caused considerable decline in the financial ability of the companies to finance their capital expenditure programmes through internal cash generation (which was the case in the industry's 'golden era'). This situation is threatening the long term viability and survival of the petrochemical businesses. A System Dynamics model for a hypothetical petrochemical subsidiary of a major oil company has been constructed which embodies all the policies inherent in such a system. The dynamic behaviour of the model closely resembles that expected from the real system such as the declining financial ability, which is mostly due to the inflationary conditions. Through thorough analysis, the impact of varying inflation level on the performance of the system was explored, and the need for adopting suitable accounting policies which would take account of the replacement costs of assets, during periods of high inflation, was proposed. The adoption of a number of policies led to a certain degree of improvement in the financial performance of the system, and these are recommended concerning the corporate strategy of the company for the next two decades. Finally it was discovered that due to the low level of growth of demand (compared to the past), the large economic sizes of the petrochemical plants and the market share consensus, the companies will have to go into joint ventures in the future.

The general aim of the study was to determine the effect of employee engagement on performance in a form of quality in the petrochemical industry. This type of study has never been conducted within this particular environment and as such a valuable contribution could be made to more effective performance management within this context. Two questionnaires were administered, namely the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) and Total Quality Management. A response rate of 83% was obtained from a sample of 200 employees. The data showed a statistically significant positive relationship between employee engagement and TQM dimensions. The data also showed that there were some significant differences for various demographic groups and their level of engagement. Managers need to enable an organisation to attract, develop and retain highly engaged employees to ensure a sustainable competitive advantage. Limitations within the study were identified and recommendations for future research were made. / Thesis (MBA)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

The general aim of the study was to determine the effect of employee engagement on performance in a form of quality in the petrochemical industry. This type of study has never been conducted within this particular environment and as such a valuable contribution could be made to more effective performance management within this context. Two questionnaires were administered, namely the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) and Total Quality Management. A response rate of 83% was obtained from a sample of 200 employees. The data showed a statistically significant positive relationship between employee engagement and TQM dimensions. The data also showed that there were some significant differences for various demographic groups and their level of engagement. Managers need to enable an organisation to attract, develop and retain highly engaged employees to ensure a sustainable competitive advantage. Limitations within the study were identified and recommendations for future research were made. / Thesis (MBA)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

188 p. / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2012-12-17T20:37:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 5959595959.pdf: 2368108 bytes, checksum: 065c98849d77e300640299f7665acccc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-12-17T20:37:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5959595959.pdf: 2368108 bytes, checksum: 065c98849d77e300640299f7665acccc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / A petroquímica é um dos segmentos mais expressivos de qualquer economia industrial, produzindo insumos para diversos bens de consumo. A partir da década de 1970, com os dois choques do petróleo, essa indústria passou por intensa reestruturação em todo o mundo, aprofundada na década de 1990. A racionalização dos negócios petroquímicos promoveu uma intensa onda de fusões, aquisições, joint ventures e spin-offs, refletindo as estratégias adotadas pelas empresas líderes, de integração vertical e focalização em core business. As grandes petrolíferas moveram-se downstream, beneficiando-se de vantagens de custo e acesso a matérias-primas. Os anos 2000 foram marcados pela emergência da Ásia como centro produtor, adicionando-se novas capacidades no Oriente Médio, e consumidor, com destaque para a China, apontando que o acesso às matérias-primas e aos mercados com elevado potencial de crescimento são as variáveis com maior capacidade de desencadear movimentos de reestruturação nessa indústria. No Brasil, a petroquímica foi implantada seguindo um modelo tripartite, com importante participação do Estado, via Petroquisa, que acabou por resultar em uma estrutura industrial fragmentada, de empresas monoprodutoras, diversa do padrão mundial do setor. Na década de 1990, a abertura da economia e a privatização, com redução expressiva da participação da Petroquisa, tornou manifesta a vulnerabilidade das empresas nacionais e a necessidade de reestruturação. A formação da Braskem e o retorno da Petrobras deram início ao processo de reorganização da petroquímica nacional. O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar se o processo ocorrido no Brasil guarda semelhança com aqueles ocorridos em nível mundial, bem como identificar, utilizando-se de modelo das decisões de investimento nessa indústria baseado em determinadas driving forces, as principais estratégias da Braskem, maior player nacional, e da Petrobras, além dos desafios competitivos enfrentados pela petroquímica brasileira, associados à disponibilidade de matérias-primas, escoamento da oferta, mudanças tecnológicas, crescimento da demanda e políticas governamentais. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que a reestruturação ocorrida, além de fortalecer a petroquímica brasileira, equacionou parte de suas fragilidades competitivas, adequando-a ao padrão mundial do setor. Seu crescimento está bastante vinculado ao mercado interno brasileiro e uma maior inserção no âmbito internacional demonstra hoje boas perspectivas de se concretizar, especialmente no continente americano, tanto pela via das exportações, quanto pela internacionalização das empresas nacionais, in casu, a Braskem. Apesar dos desafios que se apresentam, majorados pela crise financeira de 2008, essa indústria conseguiu alcançar melhores condições competitivas para seguir uma trajetória sustentada de crescimento. / Salvador