Through a discipline termed “comparative sedimentology”, modern carbonate depositional environments have been used extensively as analogs to aid in the interpretation of equivalent fossil systems. Using field samples, GIS and remote sensing data for three isolated carbonate platforms in the Pacific, this thesis seeks to examine relationships between grain texture and grain type and their environment of deposition. The motivation is to highlight relationships that have the potential to better understand facies relations on carbonate platforms, and thereby reduce uncertainty and increase accuracy of subsurface exploration. The results of this study show that on Raivavae, Tubuai, and Bora Bora: French Polynesia grain texture and type of collected sediment samples could be used to predict water depth and relative distance lagoonward from the reef rim with ≥ 73% and ≥ 67% accuracy, respectively. The predictive relationships; however, were largely site specific. The exception being that the same relationship between water depth and the abundance of mud and coral could be used on both Raivavae (accuracy = 81%) and Tubuai (accuracy = 78%). Additionally, the abundance of coral and Halimeda in sediment samples were able to classify samples as belonging to either the platform margin or platform interior environments on Raivavae, Tubuai, and Bora Bora with 75%, 65%, and 65% accuracy, respectively. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the abundance of coral holds potential to be utilized as a proxy for distance from the reef rim on modern and ancient isolated carbonate platforms dating back to the Miocene geological epoch.

Sediment on Cay Sal Bank (CSB) is characterized by its coarse-grain size, poor sorting, predominance of skeletal fragments, and relatively depleted d18O isotope values. CSB is an incipiently drowned platform in close proximity to the Great Bahama Bank (GBB), a carbonate platform which is not incipiently drowned and characterized by fine-grained, non-skeletal sediment. The GBB has locally well-developed oolitic grainstone facies and coral reef margins, which are both lacking on CSB. Platform-top water depths on the GBB are typically 10 m or less, but CSB depth ranges between 7 and 30 m. CSB is devoid of mud, whereas mud-supported depositional texture on GBB comprises 28% of the dataset. Dominant non-skeletal grains are grapestones and pelletoids, and the latter display evidence of micritization. Non-skeletal types on GBB are primarily grapestones and ooids. Surficial sediments from both platforms are primarily composed of aragonite, but high-magnesium calcite is slightly more prevalent on CSB. Similar to other incipiently drowned platforms in the Caribbean, CSB has been subject to rapid Holocene flooding. Common features between these three platforms are a thin sedimentary cover, a dominance of Halimeda plates, and micritized cryptocrystalline grains. Increased nutrient levels have been shown to be related to platform drowning as well as the reduction of coral and algal growth on Serranilla Bank, but rapid Holocene flooding has been more likely for CSB, and appears to be in the second of a three-stage drowning process, ultimately culminating in carbonate platform “turn off”, preventing further carbonate and reef development at the level of GBB.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-05-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:21:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cabanasnavarro_f_dr_rcla.pdf: 4430700 bytes, checksum: a93015794da4e288862dea20ef0e01d3 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Considerando um conjunto de 21 tipos de rochas utilizadas como revestimento e subdivididas em quatro conjuntos por afinidade da composição mineral (rochas carbonáticas, quartzosas, feldspáticas e quartzo-feldspáticas) foram realizados ensaios tecnológicos para a determinação do coeficiente de dilatação térmica linear e da resistência à compressão uniaxial, bem como a anisotropia dessas propriedades. Os dados tecnológicos obtidos foram correlacionados com informações petrográficas qualitativas e quantitativas referentes à composição mineral, variações texturais e estruturais determinadas em seções ortogonais entre si a partir de um sistema de referência (xyz) baseado na foliação e lineação macroscopicamente visíveis. A análise integrada dos dados utilizando estatística convencional e multivariada procurou apontar as variáveis petrográficas mais relevantes para as duas propriedades tecnológicas enfocadas e suas respectivas anisotropias. A dilatação térmica e sua anisotropia são influenciadas principalmente pela composição mineral e pela orientação preferencial dos minerais embora as microfissuras desempenhem papel importante em alguns casos. A tensão de compressão mostra sua variabilidade e anisotropia influenciadas pela granulação média, tipos de contatos minerais predominantes e padrões de microfissuras mais ou menos definidos por influência da foliação presente. Constatou-se que no conjunto analisado a presença da foliação não implica necessariamente em anisotropia das duas propriedades estudadas. / The anisotropy of thermal expansion coefficient and compressive tensile strength were determined for 21 commercially used stones gathered in four set according the main mineral composition named carbonatic, quartz-rich, feldspar-rich and quartz-feldspar-rich rocks. Using a coordinate reference system (xyz) based on the macroscopic visible foliation and lineation the samples were submitted to normalized laboratorial analyses for determination of the both technological properties and the petrographical features such as mineral composition, texture and fabric. Additionally was carried out measurements of weathered area and microcrack quantification by image analysis and texture quantification by U-stage methods. In order to understand the relationship between the anisotropy measured and petrographical data it was applied traditional and multivariate statistical analysis. The results pointed to the great significance of mineral composition and the crystallographic preferred orientation for thermal expansion and respective anisotropy, especially to monomineralic and/or foliated rocks, in spite of some cases microcracks play this role. The compressive strength is mainly controlled by a complex interaction between grain size distribution, grain boundary and microcrack patterns related or not to foliation.

Ce mémoire traite de l’utilisation des matières premières lithiques telle que représentée sur les sites préhistoriques de la Moyenne-Côte-Nord du Golfe du Saint-Laurent, au Québec. Cette étude régionale se base sur la réanalyse d’un nombre important de collections archéologiques et accorde une grande importance à l’identification et à la description des matières premières utilisées. Un matériau d’origine locale, le Chert de la Minganie, y occupe une place particulière. L’importance de ce matériau pour la préhistoire régionale était jusqu’ici virtuellement inconnue. Suite à nos analyses, un inventaire complet des matières premières utilisées est mis sur pied. Ces données mettent en évidence un certain nombre de comportements. Principalement, nous identifions deux ensembles qui illustrent la présence de territoires attribuables à la répartition de groupes amérindiens subrégionaux (bandes). Finalement, à travers l’utilisation des ressources lithiques, les liens qui rattachent les groupes de notre région d’étude à ceux de la péninsule du Québec-Labrador sont illustrés. / This thesis deals with lithic raw material use as evidenced on prehistoric sites from the middle North Shore of the Saint Lawrence River, Quebec. This regional study is based on the reanalysis of a large number of archaeological collections and places central importance on the identification and description of the varieties of lithics that were used. A specific material of local origin, Mingan chert, occupies a special place in this study. The importance of this material for regional prehistory has remained, until now, poorly understood. As a result of our analyses, a full inventory of the lithic varieties used on these sites is presented and permits us to illustrate certain prehistoric behaviours. Principally, we identify two sets of sites which correspond to the presence of subregional aboriginal groups (bands). Finally, raw material use demonstrates social and exchange ties that link the groups of our study area to those of the broader region of the Quebec-Labrador peninsula.

Ce mémoire traite de l’utilisation des matières premières lithiques telle que représentée sur les sites préhistoriques de la Moyenne-Côte-Nord du Golfe du Saint-Laurent, au Québec. Cette étude régionale se base sur la réanalyse d’un nombre important de collections archéologiques et accorde une grande importance à l’identification et à la description des matières premières utilisées. Un matériau d’origine locale, le Chert de la Minganie, y occupe une place particulière. L’importance de ce matériau pour la préhistoire régionale était jusqu’ici virtuellement inconnue. Suite à nos analyses, un inventaire complet des matières premières utilisées est mis sur pied. Ces données mettent en évidence un certain nombre de comportements. Principalement, nous identifions deux ensembles qui illustrent la présence de territoires attribuables à la répartition de groupes amérindiens subrégionaux (bandes). Finalement, à travers l’utilisation des ressources lithiques, les liens qui rattachent les groupes de notre région d’étude à ceux de la péninsule du Québec-Labrador sont illustrés. / This thesis deals with lithic raw material use as evidenced on prehistoric sites from the middle North Shore of the Saint Lawrence River, Quebec. This regional study is based on the reanalysis of a large number of archaeological collections and places central importance on the identification and description of the varieties of lithics that were used. A specific material of local origin, Mingan chert, occupies a special place in this study. The importance of this material for regional prehistory has remained, until now, poorly understood. As a result of our analyses, a full inventory of the lithic varieties used on these sites is presented and permits us to illustrate certain prehistoric behaviours. Principally, we identify two sets of sites which correspond to the presence of subregional aboriginal groups (bands). Finally, raw material use demonstrates social and exchange ties that link the groups of our study area to those of the broader region of the Quebec-Labrador peninsula.

Para la presente investigación de tesis desarrollada entre los distritos de Imperial y Pampas, provincia de Tayacaja, en el departamento de Huancavelica, se tiene como unidad de análisis a 60 muros de contención, donde se aplicó criterios muestréales de 23 muros f´c 210 kg/cm2. Como resultados alcanzados se logró elaborar concreto hidráulico de calidad usando agregado fino marginal con el cual se pudo satisfacer los parámetros de resistencia y durabilidad. Para demostrar la durabilidad se realizaron distintos ensayos; los que no cumplieron con las especificaciones de la norma EG-2000 fueron el de Equivalente de arena MTC E 114, Material que pasa el Tamiz N°200 MTC E 202 y Análisis granulométrico por tamizado ASTM C 136, por lo cual se efectuaron análisis más rigurosos como: el ensayo de Valor de azul de metileno y el ensayo de Análisis petrográfico macroscópico y microscópico en agregados para concreto ASTM C 295, donde se obtuvo como resultado que la arena no presenta elementos activos en su composición, lo que quiere decir que ante las condiciones ambientales de la zona estos elementos no se expanden ni se contraen y adicionalmente como medida de control se diseñó la mezcla de concreto hidráulico con aditivo incorporador de aire AirMix-200. Del mismo informe petrográfico se concluyó que la composición principal del agregado es la caliza, la cual es materia prima para la elaboración del cemento, que de alguna manera adicional ayuda a cumplir satisfactoriamente el parámetro de resistencia. Así mismo quedó demostrado que a través de ensayos a compresión no confinada de testigos de concreto, se alcanzó resistencias superiores a lo requerido en la norma EG-2000. Research for this thesis developed between the districts of Imperial and Pampas, Tayacaja province, in the department of Huancavelica, it has the analysis unit 60 retaining walls, where 23 sample criteria applied walls f´c 210 kg/cm2. Results obtained are as elaborate hydraulic concrete achievement of marginal quality using fine aggregate with which it was able to satisfy the parameters of strength and durability. To demonstrate the durability various tests were performed; those who do not comply with the specifications of the EG-2000 were rule the sand equivalent MTC E 114, passes what material the sieve No. 200 MTC E 202 and sieve analysis ASTM C 136, here by which they were made Analysis More rigorous like: The test value of methylene blue and testing of macroscopic and microscopic petrographic analysis in paragraph aggregate concrete ASTM C 295, where it resulted the sand without presents elements active in their composition, which means they say to the area Environmental Conditions These elements do not expand or contract and additionally as a control measure of self-design hydraulic concrete mix with entraining admixture AirMix-200 air. Same petrographic report concluded that the composition of the director of aggregate is limestone, which is a raw material for the production of cement, which in some additionally helps one perform satisfactorily resistance parameter. Also it demonstrated that one through essays of unconfined compressive concrete witness, higher strengths than required was reached in the EG-2000 standard.