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Design of Phosphate Ion Sensors and an All-Solid pH Sensor and Construction of an Automatic Nutrient Solution Management System for Hydroponics / リン酸イオンセンサと固体pHセンサの開発及び水耕栽培用養分濃度自動管理システムの構築Xu, Kebin 23 March 2020 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第22508号 / 農博第2412号 / 新制||農||1078(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R2||N5288(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 加納 健司, 教授 三芳 秀人, 教授 宮川 恒 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM
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Fabrication and characterization of a silicon nanowire based Schottky-barrier field effect transistor platform for functional electronics and biosensor applications / Herstellung und Charakterisierung einer Silizium-Nanodraht basierten Schottky-Barrieren-Feld-Effekt-Transistor-Plattform für funktionelle Elektronik und BiosensoranwendungenPregl, Sebastian 18 June 2015 (has links) (PDF)
This work focuses on the evaluation of the feasibility to employ silicon (Si) nanowire based parallel arrays of Schottky-barrier field effect transistors (SB-FETs) as transducers for potentiometric biosensors and their overall performance as building blocks for novel functional electronics. Nanowire parallel arrays of SB-FETs were produced and electrically characterized during this work. Nominally undoped Si nanowires with mean diameter of 20nm were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) driven bottom-up growth and subsequently transferred via a printing process to Si/SiO2 chip substrates. Thereby, dense parallel aligned nanowire arrays are created. After dry oxidation of the nanowires, standard photolithography and deposition methods are employed to contact several hundred nanowires with interdigitated Ni electrodes in parallel. A silicidation step is used to produce axially intruded Ni-silicide (metallic) phases with a very abrupt interface to the Si (semiconducting) segment. Acting as front gate dielectric, the chip surface is entirely covered by an Al2O3 layer. For sensor applications, this layer further serves as electrical isolation of the electrodes and protects them from corrosion in electrolytes.
Fabricated devices are part of the SOI (Si on insulator) transistor family with top (front) and back gate and exhibit ambipolar rectifying behavior. The top gate exhibits omega geometry with a 20nm thin Al2O3 dielectric, the back gate planar geometry with a 400nm thick SiO2 dielectric. The influence of both gates on the charge transport is summarized in the statistical analysis of transfer and output characteristic for 7 different lengths (for each 20 devices) of the Si conduction channel. A nonlinear scaling of on-currents and transconductance with channel length is revealed. Off-currents are influenced from both p- and n-type conduction at the same time. Increasing lateral electric fields (LEF) lead to a decline of suppression capability of both p- and n-currents by a single gate. This is reflected in a deteriorated swing and higher off-current towards decreasing channel lengths (increasing LEF). However, by individual gating of Schottky junction and channel, p- and n-type currents can be controlled individually. Both charge carrier types, p and n, can be suppressed efficiently at the same time leading to low off-currents and high on/off current ratio for all investigated channel lengths. This is achieved by a combined top and back double gate architecture, for which the back gate controls the Schottky junction resistance. It is demonstrated that a fixed high Schottky junction serial resistance, severely impairs the transconductance. However, the transconductance can be significantly increased by lowering this resistance via the back gate, enhancing the transducer performance significantly.
Al2O3 covered SB-FETs were employed as pH sensors to evaluate their performance and signal to noise ratio (SNR). Current modulation per pH was observed to be directly proportional to the transconductance. The transistor related signal to noise ratio (SNR) is thus proportional to the transconductance to current noise ratio. Device noise was characterized and found to limit the SNR already below the peak transconductance regime. Statistical analysis showed that the nanowire SB-FET transconductance and noise both scale proportional with the current. Therefore, the SNR was found to be independent on the nanowire channel lengths under investigation.
The high process yield of nanowire SB-FET parallel array fabrication close to hundred percent enables this platform to be used for simple logic and biosensor elements. Because of the low fabrication temperatures needed, the foundation is laid to produce complementary logic with undoped Si on flexible substrates. For previously reported results, the presence of Schottky junctions severely impaired the transconductance, restricting the applicability of SB-FETs as transducers. This work shows, that an electric decoupling of the Schottky junction can reduce these restrictions, making SB-FETs feasible for sensor applications. / Diese Dissertation ist der Bewertung von Silizium (Si) Nanodraht basierten Parallelschaltungen von Schottky-Barrieren-Feld-Effekt-Transistoren (SB-FETs) als Wandler für potentiometrische Biosensoren und deren generelle Leistungsfähigkeit als Bauelement neuartiger funktioneller Elektronik gewidmet. In dieser Arbeit wurden Parallelschaltungen von Nanodraht SB-FETs hergestellt und elektrisch charakterisiert. Nominell undotierte Si Nanodrähte mit durchschnittlichem Durchmesser von 20nm wurden mittels chemischer Dampfphasenabscheidung (CVD) synthetisiert und anschließend durch einen Druckprozess auf ein Si/SiO2 Chip-Substrat transferiert. Damit wurden dicht gepackte, parallel ausgerichtete Nanodraht Schichten erzeugt. Nach Trockenoxidation der Nanodrähte wurden diese mit Standard Lithographie und Abscheidungsmethoden mit interdigitalen Nickel (Ni) Elektroden als Parallelschaltung kontaktiert. Durch einen Temperprozess bilden sich axial eindiffundierte metallische Ni-Silizid-Phasen, mit einer sehr abrupten Grenzfläche zum halbleitenden Si Segments des Nanodrahts. Die Chipoberfläche wird vollständig mit einer Al2O3-Schicht bedeckt, welche als Frontgate-Dielektrikum oder als elektrische Isolation und Korrosionsschutzschicht für Elektroden in Elektrolytlösungen im Falle der Sensoranwendungen dient.
Die hier gezeigten Bauelemente sind Teil der SOI (Si on insulator) Transistoren-Familie mit Top- (Front) und Backgate und zeigen ein ambipolares Schaltverhalten. Die Topgates besitzen eine Omega-Geometrie mit 20nm dickem Al2O3 Dielektrikum, das Backgate eine planare Geometrie mit 400nm dickem SiO2 Dielektrikum. Der Einfluss beider Gates auf den Ladungstransport ist in einer statistischen Analyse der Transfer- und Output-Charaktersitiken für 7 unterschiedliche Si-Leitungskanallängen zusammengefasst. Eine nichtlineare Skalierung von Strom und Transkonduktanz mit Leitungskanallänge wurde aufgedeckt. Die Ströme im Aus-Zustand des Transistors sind durch das Vorhandensein gleichzeitiger p- als auch n-Typ Leitung bestimmt. Die Zunahme lateraler elektrischer Felder (LEF) führt zu einem Verlust des gleichzeitigen Ausschaltvermögens von p- und n-Strömen bei Ansteuerung mit einem einzelnen Gate. Dies äußert sich durch einen graduell verschlechterten Swing und höheren Strom im Aus-Zustand bei verringerter Leitungskanallänge (gleichbedeutend mit erhöhten LEF). Durch eine getrennte Ansteuerung von Schottky-Kontakt und Leitungskanal lassen sich p- and n-Leitung jedoch unabhängig voneinander kontrollieren. Beide Ladungsträgertypen können so simultan effizient unterdrückt werden, was zu einem geringen Strom im Aus-Zustand und einem hohen An/Aus- Stromverhältnis für alle untersuchten Kanallängen führt. Dies wird durch eine Gatearchitektur mit kombiniertem Top- und Backgate erreicht, bei der das Backgate den Ladungstransport durch den Schottky-Kontakt und dessen Serienwiderstand kontrolliert. Es wird gezeigt, dass ein konstant hoher Schottky-Kontakt bedingter Serienwiderstand die Transkonduktanz erheblich vermindert. Jedoch kann die Transkonduktanz im höchsten Maße durch eine Herabsetzung des Serienwiderstandes durch das Backgate gesteigert werden. Dies erhöht die Leistungsfähigkeit des SB-FET als Wandler deutlich.
Al2O3 oberflächenbeschichtete SB-FETs wurden als pH-Sensoren erprobt, um deren Tauglichkeit und Signal-zu-Rausch-Verhältnis (SNR) zu evaluieren. Die Strommodulation pro pH-Wert konnte als direkt proportional zur Transkonduktanz bestätigt werden. Das Transistor bedingte SNR ist daher proportional zum Verhältnis von Transkonduktanz und Stromrauschen. Bei der Analyse des Transistorrauschens wurde festgestellt, dass dieses das SNR bereits bei einer niedrigeren Transkonduktanz als der maximal Möglichen limitiert. Eine statistische Auswertung zeigte, dass sowohl SB-FET Transkonduktanz als auch Stromrauschen proportional zu dem Transistorstrom skalieren. Somit ist deren Verhältnis unabhängig von der Nanodraht-Leitungskanallänge, im hier untersuchten Rahmen.
Die geringe Ausschuss bei der Fabrikation der Nanodraht SB-FET-Parallelschaltungen ermöglicht eine Nutzung dieser Plattform für simple Logik und Biosensorelemente. Durch die geringen Prozesstemperaturen wurde die Grundlage geschaffen, komplementäre Logik mit undotiertem Si auf flexiblen Substraten zu fertigen. Vorangegangene Resultate zeigte eine verminderte Transkonduktanz durch die Präsenz von Schottky-Barrieren, was die Anwendbarkeit von SB-FETs als Wandler einschränkt. Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass eine elekrtische Entkopplung der Schottky-Kontakte zu einer Aufhebung dieser Beschränkung führen kann und somit den Einsatz von SB-FETs als praktikable Wandler für Sensoranwendungen zulässt.
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Fabrication and characterization of a silicon nanowire based Schottky-barrier field effect transistor platform for functional electronics and biosensor applicationsPregl, Sebastian 30 April 2015 (has links)
This work focuses on the evaluation of the feasibility to employ silicon (Si) nanowire based parallel arrays of Schottky-barrier field effect transistors (SB-FETs) as transducers for potentiometric biosensors and their overall performance as building blocks for novel functional electronics. Nanowire parallel arrays of SB-FETs were produced and electrically characterized during this work. Nominally undoped Si nanowires with mean diameter of 20nm were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) driven bottom-up growth and subsequently transferred via a printing process to Si/SiO2 chip substrates. Thereby, dense parallel aligned nanowire arrays are created. After dry oxidation of the nanowires, standard photolithography and deposition methods are employed to contact several hundred nanowires with interdigitated Ni electrodes in parallel. A silicidation step is used to produce axially intruded Ni-silicide (metallic) phases with a very abrupt interface to the Si (semiconducting) segment. Acting as front gate dielectric, the chip surface is entirely covered by an Al2O3 layer. For sensor applications, this layer further serves as electrical isolation of the electrodes and protects them from corrosion in electrolytes.
Fabricated devices are part of the SOI (Si on insulator) transistor family with top (front) and back gate and exhibit ambipolar rectifying behavior. The top gate exhibits omega geometry with a 20nm thin Al2O3 dielectric, the back gate planar geometry with a 400nm thick SiO2 dielectric. The influence of both gates on the charge transport is summarized in the statistical analysis of transfer and output characteristic for 7 different lengths (for each 20 devices) of the Si conduction channel. A nonlinear scaling of on-currents and transconductance with channel length is revealed. Off-currents are influenced from both p- and n-type conduction at the same time. Increasing lateral electric fields (LEF) lead to a decline of suppression capability of both p- and n-currents by a single gate. This is reflected in a deteriorated swing and higher off-current towards decreasing channel lengths (increasing LEF). However, by individual gating of Schottky junction and channel, p- and n-type currents can be controlled individually. Both charge carrier types, p and n, can be suppressed efficiently at the same time leading to low off-currents and high on/off current ratio for all investigated channel lengths. This is achieved by a combined top and back double gate architecture, for which the back gate controls the Schottky junction resistance. It is demonstrated that a fixed high Schottky junction serial resistance, severely impairs the transconductance. However, the transconductance can be significantly increased by lowering this resistance via the back gate, enhancing the transducer performance significantly.
Al2O3 covered SB-FETs were employed as pH sensors to evaluate their performance and signal to noise ratio (SNR). Current modulation per pH was observed to be directly proportional to the transconductance. The transistor related signal to noise ratio (SNR) is thus proportional to the transconductance to current noise ratio. Device noise was characterized and found to limit the SNR already below the peak transconductance regime. Statistical analysis showed that the nanowire SB-FET transconductance and noise both scale proportional with the current. Therefore, the SNR was found to be independent on the nanowire channel lengths under investigation.
The high process yield of nanowire SB-FET parallel array fabrication close to hundred percent enables this platform to be used for simple logic and biosensor elements. Because of the low fabrication temperatures needed, the foundation is laid to produce complementary logic with undoped Si on flexible substrates. For previously reported results, the presence of Schottky junctions severely impaired the transconductance, restricting the applicability of SB-FETs as transducers. This work shows, that an electric decoupling of the Schottky junction can reduce these restrictions, making SB-FETs feasible for sensor applications.:Table of contents 11
List of figures 14
Abbreviations 15
Introduction 17
1 Fundamentals 23
1.1 Bottom up growth of Si nanowires 23
1.2 MOS and Schottky barrier transistor theory 25
1.2.1 MOSFET: Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor 25
1.2.2 Gate coupling 27
1.2.3 Oxide charges and flatband voltage 29
1.2.4 Charge trapping and charge-voltage hysteresis 30
1.2.5 Schottky barrier 32
1.2.6 SB-FETs 34
1.3 ISFET and BioFET technology 36
1.3.1 ISFET and BioFET working principle 37
1.3.2 Noise in ISFETs 41
2 Fabrication of Schottky barrier FET parallel arrays 43
2.1 Starting point of device fabrication 43
2.2 Parallel array transistor and sensor devices 44
2.2.1 Gold nano particle deposition 45
2.2.2 Bottom-up growth of Si nanowires 46
2.2.3 Nanowire deposition methods 48
Langmuir-Blodgett 48
Adhesion tape transfer 49
Contact printing/ smearing transfer 49
2.2.4 Nanowire oxidation 50
2.2.5 Chip design 51
2.2.6 UV lithography 53
2.2.7 Oxide removal and metal deposition 54
2.2.8 Nanowire silicidation 54
2.2.9 Ionsensitive, top gate dielectric and contact passivation 56
2.2.10 On chip reference electrode 57
3 Electrical characterization 59
3.1 Electrical characterization methods 59
3.2 Transfer characteristics 60
3.2.1 Silicidation: intruded silicide contacts 62
3.2.2 Scaling of the conduction channel length 63
3.2.3 Flatband voltage, built-in potentials, fixed and trapped oxide charge 71
3.2.4 Surface effects on the channel potential of back gated SB-FETs 72
3.3 Charge traps, hysteresis and Vth drifts 73
3.3.1 Screening of back gate fields by water molecules 74
3.3.2 Native oxides: unipolarity by water promoted charge trapping 76
3.3.3 Hysteresis for thermally grown oxide back and top gate devices 78
3.3.4 Hysteresis reduction by post anneal 79
3.4 Output characteristics 80
3.4.1 Unipolar output characteristics of nanowires with native oxide shell 80
3.4.2 Ambipolar output characteristics of nanowires with dry oxidized shell 82
3.5 Temperature dependence 84
3.6 Transistor noise 86
4 pH measurements 91
4.1 Experimental setup and data analysis method 91
4.2 Transfer function in electrolyte with liquid gate 92
4.3 Sensor response on pH 92
4.4 Sensor signal drifts 96
5 Schottky junction impact on sensitivity 97
5.1 Schottky junction electrostatic decoupling in solution 97
5.1.1 Experimental setup in solution 98
5.1.2 SU8/Al2O3 passivated junctions in electrolyte 98
5.2 Meander shaped gates without Schottky junction overlap 101
5.2.1 Separated gating of Schottky junctions and channel 102
5.2.2 Enhanced transducer performance by reduced Schottky junction resistance 104
6 Summary and Outlook 107
List of publications 111
Bibliography 126
Acknowledgements 127 / Diese Dissertation ist der Bewertung von Silizium (Si) Nanodraht basierten Parallelschaltungen von Schottky-Barrieren-Feld-Effekt-Transistoren (SB-FETs) als Wandler für potentiometrische Biosensoren und deren generelle Leistungsfähigkeit als Bauelement neuartiger funktioneller Elektronik gewidmet. In dieser Arbeit wurden Parallelschaltungen von Nanodraht SB-FETs hergestellt und elektrisch charakterisiert. Nominell undotierte Si Nanodrähte mit durchschnittlichem Durchmesser von 20nm wurden mittels chemischer Dampfphasenabscheidung (CVD) synthetisiert und anschließend durch einen Druckprozess auf ein Si/SiO2 Chip-Substrat transferiert. Damit wurden dicht gepackte, parallel ausgerichtete Nanodraht Schichten erzeugt. Nach Trockenoxidation der Nanodrähte wurden diese mit Standard Lithographie und Abscheidungsmethoden mit interdigitalen Nickel (Ni) Elektroden als Parallelschaltung kontaktiert. Durch einen Temperprozess bilden sich axial eindiffundierte metallische Ni-Silizid-Phasen, mit einer sehr abrupten Grenzfläche zum halbleitenden Si Segments des Nanodrahts. Die Chipoberfläche wird vollständig mit einer Al2O3-Schicht bedeckt, welche als Frontgate-Dielektrikum oder als elektrische Isolation und Korrosionsschutzschicht für Elektroden in Elektrolytlösungen im Falle der Sensoranwendungen dient.
Die hier gezeigten Bauelemente sind Teil der SOI (Si on insulator) Transistoren-Familie mit Top- (Front) und Backgate und zeigen ein ambipolares Schaltverhalten. Die Topgates besitzen eine Omega-Geometrie mit 20nm dickem Al2O3 Dielektrikum, das Backgate eine planare Geometrie mit 400nm dickem SiO2 Dielektrikum. Der Einfluss beider Gates auf den Ladungstransport ist in einer statistischen Analyse der Transfer- und Output-Charaktersitiken für 7 unterschiedliche Si-Leitungskanallängen zusammengefasst. Eine nichtlineare Skalierung von Strom und Transkonduktanz mit Leitungskanallänge wurde aufgedeckt. Die Ströme im Aus-Zustand des Transistors sind durch das Vorhandensein gleichzeitiger p- als auch n-Typ Leitung bestimmt. Die Zunahme lateraler elektrischer Felder (LEF) führt zu einem Verlust des gleichzeitigen Ausschaltvermögens von p- und n-Strömen bei Ansteuerung mit einem einzelnen Gate. Dies äußert sich durch einen graduell verschlechterten Swing und höheren Strom im Aus-Zustand bei verringerter Leitungskanallänge (gleichbedeutend mit erhöhten LEF). Durch eine getrennte Ansteuerung von Schottky-Kontakt und Leitungskanal lassen sich p- and n-Leitung jedoch unabhängig voneinander kontrollieren. Beide Ladungsträgertypen können so simultan effizient unterdrückt werden, was zu einem geringen Strom im Aus-Zustand und einem hohen An/Aus- Stromverhältnis für alle untersuchten Kanallängen führt. Dies wird durch eine Gatearchitektur mit kombiniertem Top- und Backgate erreicht, bei der das Backgate den Ladungstransport durch den Schottky-Kontakt und dessen Serienwiderstand kontrolliert. Es wird gezeigt, dass ein konstant hoher Schottky-Kontakt bedingter Serienwiderstand die Transkonduktanz erheblich vermindert. Jedoch kann die Transkonduktanz im höchsten Maße durch eine Herabsetzung des Serienwiderstandes durch das Backgate gesteigert werden. Dies erhöht die Leistungsfähigkeit des SB-FET als Wandler deutlich.
Al2O3 oberflächenbeschichtete SB-FETs wurden als pH-Sensoren erprobt, um deren Tauglichkeit und Signal-zu-Rausch-Verhältnis (SNR) zu evaluieren. Die Strommodulation pro pH-Wert konnte als direkt proportional zur Transkonduktanz bestätigt werden. Das Transistor bedingte SNR ist daher proportional zum Verhältnis von Transkonduktanz und Stromrauschen. Bei der Analyse des Transistorrauschens wurde festgestellt, dass dieses das SNR bereits bei einer niedrigeren Transkonduktanz als der maximal Möglichen limitiert. Eine statistische Auswertung zeigte, dass sowohl SB-FET Transkonduktanz als auch Stromrauschen proportional zu dem Transistorstrom skalieren. Somit ist deren Verhältnis unabhängig von der Nanodraht-Leitungskanallänge, im hier untersuchten Rahmen.
Die geringe Ausschuss bei der Fabrikation der Nanodraht SB-FET-Parallelschaltungen ermöglicht eine Nutzung dieser Plattform für simple Logik und Biosensorelemente. Durch die geringen Prozesstemperaturen wurde die Grundlage geschaffen, komplementäre Logik mit undotiertem Si auf flexiblen Substraten zu fertigen. Vorangegangene Resultate zeigte eine verminderte Transkonduktanz durch die Präsenz von Schottky-Barrieren, was die Anwendbarkeit von SB-FETs als Wandler einschränkt. Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass eine elekrtische Entkopplung der Schottky-Kontakte zu einer Aufhebung dieser Beschränkung führen kann und somit den Einsatz von SB-FETs als praktikable Wandler für Sensoranwendungen zulässt.:Table of contents 11
List of figures 14
Abbreviations 15
Introduction 17
1 Fundamentals 23
1.1 Bottom up growth of Si nanowires 23
1.2 MOS and Schottky barrier transistor theory 25
1.2.1 MOSFET: Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor 25
1.2.2 Gate coupling 27
1.2.3 Oxide charges and flatband voltage 29
1.2.4 Charge trapping and charge-voltage hysteresis 30
1.2.5 Schottky barrier 32
1.2.6 SB-FETs 34
1.3 ISFET and BioFET technology 36
1.3.1 ISFET and BioFET working principle 37
1.3.2 Noise in ISFETs 41
2 Fabrication of Schottky barrier FET parallel arrays 43
2.1 Starting point of device fabrication 43
2.2 Parallel array transistor and sensor devices 44
2.2.1 Gold nano particle deposition 45
2.2.2 Bottom-up growth of Si nanowires 46
2.2.3 Nanowire deposition methods 48
Langmuir-Blodgett 48
Adhesion tape transfer 49
Contact printing/ smearing transfer 49
2.2.4 Nanowire oxidation 50
2.2.5 Chip design 51
2.2.6 UV lithography 53
2.2.7 Oxide removal and metal deposition 54
2.2.8 Nanowire silicidation 54
2.2.9 Ionsensitive, top gate dielectric and contact passivation 56
2.2.10 On chip reference electrode 57
3 Electrical characterization 59
3.1 Electrical characterization methods 59
3.2 Transfer characteristics 60
3.2.1 Silicidation: intruded silicide contacts 62
3.2.2 Scaling of the conduction channel length 63
3.2.3 Flatband voltage, built-in potentials, fixed and trapped oxide charge 71
3.2.4 Surface effects on the channel potential of back gated SB-FETs 72
3.3 Charge traps, hysteresis and Vth drifts 73
3.3.1 Screening of back gate fields by water molecules 74
3.3.2 Native oxides: unipolarity by water promoted charge trapping 76
3.3.3 Hysteresis for thermally grown oxide back and top gate devices 78
3.3.4 Hysteresis reduction by post anneal 79
3.4 Output characteristics 80
3.4.1 Unipolar output characteristics of nanowires with native oxide shell 80
3.4.2 Ambipolar output characteristics of nanowires with dry oxidized shell 82
3.5 Temperature dependence 84
3.6 Transistor noise 86
4 pH measurements 91
4.1 Experimental setup and data analysis method 91
4.2 Transfer function in electrolyte with liquid gate 92
4.3 Sensor response on pH 92
4.4 Sensor signal drifts 96
5 Schottky junction impact on sensitivity 97
5.1 Schottky junction electrostatic decoupling in solution 97
5.1.1 Experimental setup in solution 98
5.1.2 SU8/Al2O3 passivated junctions in electrolyte 98
5.2 Meander shaped gates without Schottky junction overlap 101
5.2.1 Separated gating of Schottky junctions and channel 102
5.2.2 Enhanced transducer performance by reduced Schottky junction resistance 104
6 Summary and Outlook 107
List of publications 111
Bibliography 126
Acknowledgements 127
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Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Metal Oxide NanostructuresHussain, Mushtaque January 2014 (has links)
The main objective of nanotechnology is to build self-powered nanosystems that are ultrasmall in size, exhibit super sensitivity, extraordinary multi functionality, and extremely low power consumption. As we all know that 21st century has brought two most important challenges for us. One is energy shortage and the other is global warming. Now to overcome these challenges, it is highly desirable to develop nanotechnology that harvests energy from the environment to fabricate self-power and low-carbon nanodevices. Therefore a self-power nanosystem that harvests its operating energy from the environment is an attractive proposition. This is also feasible for nanodevices owing to their extremely low power consumption. One advantageous approach towards harvesting energy from the environment is the utilization of semiconducting piezoelectric materials, which facilitate the conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy. Among many piezoelectric materials ZnO has the rare attribute of possessing both piezoelectric and semiconducting properties. But most applications of ZnO utilize either the semiconducting or piezoelectric property, and now it’s time to fully employ the coupled semiconducting-piezoelectric properties to form the basis for electromechanically coupled nanodevices. Since wurtzite zinc oxide (ZnO) is structurally noncentral symmetric and has the highest piezoelectric tensor among tetrahedrally bonded semiconductors, therefore it becomes a promising candidate for energy harvesting applications. ZnO is relatively biosafe and biocompatible as well, so it can be used at large scale without any harm to the living environment. The synthesis of another transition metal oxide known as Co3O4 is also important due to its potential usage in the material science, physics and chemistry fields. Co3O4 has been studied extensively due to low cost, low toxicity, the most naturally abundant, high surface area, good redox, easily tunable surface and structural properties. These significant properties enable Co3O4 fruitful for developing variety of nanodevices. Co3O4 nanostructures have been focused considerably in the past decade due to their high electro-chemical performance, which is essential for developing highly sensitive sensor devices. I started my work with the synthesis of ZnO nanostructures with a focus to improve the amount of harvested energy by utilizing oxygen plasma treatment. Then I grow ZnO nanorods on different flexible substrates, in order to observe the effect of substrate on the amount of harvested energy. After that I worked on understanding the mechanism and causes of variation in the resulting output potential generated from ZnO nanorods. My next target belongs to an innovative approach in which AFM tip decorated with ZnO nanorods was utilized to improve the output energy. Then I investigated Co3O4 nanostructures though the effect of anions and utilized one of the nanostructure to develop a fast and reliable pH sensor. Finally to take the advantage of higher degree of redox chemistry of NiCo0O4 compared to the single phase of nickel oxide and cobalt oxide, a sensitive glucose sensor is developed by immobilizing glucose oxidase. However, there were problems with the mechanical robustness, lifetime, output stability and environmental adaptability of such devices, therefore more work is going on to find out new ways and means in order to improve the performance of fabricated nanogenerators and sensors.
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Developing ultrasensitive and CMOS compatible ISFETs in the BEOL of industrial UTBB FDSOI transistors / Développement d'ISFET ultrasensibles et compatibles CMOS dans le BEOL des transistors industriels UTBB FDSOIAyele, Getenet Tesega 11 April 2019 (has links)
En exploitant la fonction d’amplification intrinsèque fournie par les transistors UTBB FDSOI, nous avons présenté des ISFET ultra sensibles. L'intégration de la fonctionnalité de détection a été réalisée en back end of line (BEOL), ce qui offre les avantages d'une fiabilité et d'une durée de vie accrues du capteur, d'une compatibilité avec le processus CMOS standard et d'une possibilité d'intégration d'un circuit diviseur capacitif. Le fonctionnement des MOSFETs, sans une polarisation appropriée de la grille avant, les rend vulnérables aux effets de grilles flottantes indésirables. Le circuit diviseur capacitif résout ce problème en polarisant la grille avant tout en maintenant la fonctionnalité de détection sur la même grille par un couplage capacitif au métal commun du BEOL. Par conséquent, le potentiel au niveau du métal BEOL est une somme pondérée du potentiel de surface au niveau de la grille de détection et de la polarisation appliquée au niveau de la grille de contrôle. Le capteur proposé est modélisé et simulé à l'aide de TCAD-Sentaurus. Un modèle mathématique complet a été développé. Il fournit la réponse du capteur en fonction du pH de la solution (entrée du capteur) et des paramètres de conception du circuit diviseur capacitif et du transistor UTBB FDSOI. Dans ce cas, des résultats cohérents ont été obtenus des travaux de modélisation et de simulation, avec une sensibilité attendue de 780 mV / pH correspondant à un film de détection ayant une réponse de Nernst. La modélisation et la simulation du capteur proposé ont également été validées par une fabrication et une caractérisation du capteur de pH à grille étendue avec validation de son concept. Ces capteurs ont été développés par un traitement séparé du composant de détection de pH, qui est connecté électriquement au transistor uniquement lors de la caractérisation du capteur. Ceci permet une réalisation plus rapide et plus simple du capteur sans avoir besoin de masques et de motifs par lithographie. Les capteurs à grille étendue ont présenté une sensibilité de 475 mV/pH, ce qui est supérieur aux ISFET de faible puissance de l'état de l’art. Enfin, l’intégration de la fonctionnalité de détection directement dans le BEOL des dispositifs FDSOI UTBB a été poursuivie. Une sensibilité expérimentale de 730 mV/pH a été obtenue, ce qui confirme le modèle mathématique et la réponse simulée. Cette valeur est 12 fois supérieure à la limite de Nernst et supérieure aux capteurs de l'état de l’art. Les capteurs sont également évalués pour la stabilité, la résolution, l'hystérésis et la dérive dans lesquels d'excellentes performances sont démontrées. / Exploiting the intrinsic amplification feature provided by UTBB FDSOI transistors, we demonstrated ultrahigh sensitive ISFETs. Integration of the sensing functionality was made in the BEOL which gives the benefits of increased reliability and life time of the sensor, compatibility with the standard CMOS process, and possibility for embedding a capacitive divider circuit. Operation of the MOSFETs without a proper front gate bias makes them vulnerable for undesired floating body effects. The capacitive divider circuit addresses these issues by biasing the front gate simultaneously with the sensing functionality at the same gate through capacitive coupling to a common BEOL metal. Therefore, the potential at the BEOL metal would be a weighted sum of the surface potential at the sensing gate and the applied bias at the control gate. The proposed sensor is modeled and simulated using TCAD-Sentaurus. A complete mathematical model is developed which provides the output of the sensor as a function of the solution pH (input to the sensor), and the design parameters of the capacitive divider circuit and the UTBB FDSOI transistor. In that case, consistent results have been obtained from the modeling and simulation works, with an expected sensitivity of 780 mV/pH corresponding to a sensing film having Nernst response. The modeling and simulation of the proposed sensor was further validated by a proof of concept extended gate pH sensor fabrication and characterization. These sensors were developed by a separated processing of just the pH sensing component, which is electrically connected to the transistor only during characterization of the sensor. This provides faster and simpler realization of the sensor without the need for masks and patterning by lithography. The extended gate sensors showed 475 mV/pH sensitivity which is superior to state of the art low power ISFETs. Finally, integration of the sensing functionality directly in the BEOL of the UTBB FDSOI devices was pursued. An experimental sensitivity of 730 mV/pH is obtained which is consistent with the mathematical model and the simulated response. This is more than 12-times higher than the Nernst limit, and superior to state of the art sensors. Sensors are also evaluated for stability, resolution, hysteresis, and drift in which excellent performances are demonstrated.
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Single Molecule Fluorescence and Force Measurements on Non-Canonical DNA StructuresMustafa, Golam 17 March 2022 (has links)
No description available.
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Optical pH sensor based on carbon nanomaterials and metal redox chemistryShoghi, Fatemeh(Natasha) 06 1900 (has links)
Most pH sensors operate under potentiometric conditions using a simple two-electrode scheme. More generally, a conventional meter measures the electrical potential of the solution using a glass electrode (pH) against another electrode (reference), whose electrochemical potential is known and insensitive to pH. Modern pH sensors are robust, accurate and low cost, but they are limited by the macroscopic electrode size. They also require electrical contacts and they are often affected by errors associated with the contamination of the small electrode liquid junctions. This thesis targets pH measurements at nanoscale interfaces and explores the miniaturization of the pH sensor for local and remote (optical) measurements. By taking advantage of a non-destructive optical technique based on Raman spectroscopy and of the redox chemistry of metals, this work aims to develop a remote pH sensor based on carbon nanomaterials, namely the single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and the graphene in the form of a single layer.
By making use of the highly sensitive Raman response of metallic SWCNTs, we devised a pH responsive optical probe consisting of a SWCNT in direct contact with a platinum redox couple. When placed in a buffer solution, the Pt-SWCNT probe shows strong Raman shifts of the nanotube G-band as a function of pH, which is ascribed to charge transfer doping of the SWCNT reference electrode. Referenced potential measurements are demonstrated using a nanoscale version of the Pt-SWCNT electrode, along with the accurate monitoring of pH in solutions of different ionic strengths. Controlled experiments at a constant ionic strength show pH measurement across the full range between 1 to 12 with a best accuracy of ±500 mpH unit. This study also explores the influence of different transition metals (Pt, Ru and Pd), of semiconducting vs. metallic SWCNTs, and supporting substrates on pH sensing. A model based on electron transfer between the redox metal system and the SWCNT is proposed and tested using electrical conductance measurements.
Due to the outstanding properties of graphene, such as a semi metallic behavior and its relatively inert surface, graphene was selected as a second nanomaterial to further investigate the Raman-pH sensing. From the study with SWCNTs, which determines optimal response with the Pt/PtO redox couple, we explore the Raman response of graphene coated with a thin layer of Pt in different buffer solutions of pH between 1 and 12. The spectra show clear evidence of charge transfer and doping of graphene in contact with the platinum redox couple. Significant Raman shift with pH is noted in the region of the G-band and also in D-band, which are consistent with the behavior found with the metallic Pt-SWCNT system. An analysis of the Raman shift provides a better understanding of the doping behavior observed for different pH. The analysis provides an estimate of the potential and confirms the Nernstian behavior of the pH sensor.
Redox pH sensing at the nanoscale using carbon nanomaterials solves the main limitations highlighted above, namely coverage of the full pH range and a clear miniaturization of the sensor down to the nanometer scale. Although the accuracy requires further improvement, this work demonstrates for the first time an optical pH sensing scheme that is analogous to a conventional pH sensor equipped with a built-in internal reference. / La plupart des capteurs de pH fonctionnent dans des conditions potentiométriques en utilisant un
schéma simple à deux électrodes. Plus généralement, un pH mètre classique mesure le potentiel
électrique de la solution à l'aide d'une électrode en verre (pH) contre une autre électrode
(référence), dont le potentiel électrochimique est connu et insensible au pH. Les capteurs de pH
modernes sont robustes, précis et peu coûteux, mais ils sont limités par les tailles macroscopiques
des électrodes. Ils nécessitent également des contacts électriques et sont souvent affectés par des
erreurs liées à la contamination des petites jonctions liquides des électrodes. Cette thèse concerne
l'amélioration des mesures de pH aux interfaces nanométriques et explore la miniaturisation du
capteur de pH pour des mesures (optiques) locales et à distance. En tirant parti d'une technique
optique non destructive basée sur la spectroscopie Raman et de la chimie redox des métaux, ce
travail vise à développer un capteur de pH à distance à base de nanomatériaux de carbone, à savoir
le nanotube de carbone à simple paroi (SWCNT) et le graphène monofeuillet.
En utilisant la réponse Raman très sensible des SWCNT métalliques, nous avons conçu une sonde
optique sensible au pH constituée d'un SWCNT en contact direct avec un couple redox platine.
Lorsqu'elle est placée dans une solution tampon, la sonde Pt-SWCNT montre un fort décalage
Raman de la bande G du nanotube en fonction du pH, qui est attribué au dopage par transfert de
charge de l'électrode de référence SWCNT. La mesure du potentiel référencé est démontrée à l'aide
d'une version nanométrique de l'électrode Pt-SWCNT, ainsi que par la surveillance précise du pH
dans des solutions de différentes forces ioniques. Des expériences contrôlées à force ionique
constante montrent des mesures de pH sur toute la gamme entre 1 et 12 avec une précision allant
jusqu'à ± 500 mpH. Cette étude explore également l'influence de différents métaux de transition
(Pt, Ru et Pd), du caractère électronique des SWCNTs et des substrats de soutien sur les détection
de pH. Un modèle basé sur le transfert d'électrons entre le système métallique redox et le SWCNT
est proposé et testé à l'aide de mesures de conductance électrique.
En raison des propriétés exceptionnelles du graphène, telles qu'un comportement semi-métallique
et une surface relativement inerte, le graphène a été sélectionné comme deuxième nanomatériau
pour approfondir la détection Raman-pH. À partir de l'étude avec les SWCNT, qui détermine
qu'une réponse optimale est obtenue avec le couple redox Pt / PtO, nous explorons la réponse
Raman du graphène recouvert d'une fine couche de Pt dans différentes solutions tampons avec pH
iv
entre 1 et 12. Les spectres montrent des preuves claires de transfert de charge et dopage du
graphène en contact avec le couple redox platine. Un décalage Raman significatif avec le pH est
noté dans la région de la bande G et également dans la bande D, ce qui est cohérent avec le
comportement trouvé avec le système Pt-SWCNT métallique. Une analyse du décalage Raman
permet de mieux comprendre le comportement de dopage observé à différents pH. L'analyse
fournit une estimation du potentiel et confirme le comportement Nerstien du capteur de pH.
La détection de pH redox à l'échelle nanométrique avec des nanomatériaux de carbone permet de
résoudre les principales limitations mises en évidence ci-dessus, à savoir la couverture de toute la
gamme de pH et une miniaturisation claire du capteur jusqu'à l'échelle nanométrique. Bien que la
précision nécessite une amélioration supplémentaire, ce travail démontre pour la première fois un
schéma de détection optique du pH qui est analogue à un capteur de pH conventionnel équipé
d'une référence interne intégrée.
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Towards an Integrated Water Quality Monitoring System Using Low Cost Electrochemical SensorsAlam, Arif Ul January 2019 (has links)
The monitoring of pharmaceuticals, heavy metal, pH and free chlorine concentration in drinking water is important for public health and the environment. However, conventional laboratory-based analytical methods are labor-intensive, expensive, and time consuming. This thesis focuses on developing an integrated, highly sensitive, easy-to-use, and low-cost pharmaceuticals, heavy metal, pH and free chlorine sensing system for drinking water quality monitoring.
A low-temperature, solution-processed modification of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with β-cyclodextrin (βCD) on glassy carbon electrode is developed for detecting low levels of acetaminophen. The adsorption properties of βCD are combined with the high surface area of carbon nanotubes towards enhanced electrochemical sensing of acetaminophen with a limit of detection of 11 nM and linear range from 0.05-300 μM. Also, a systematic investigation is carried out using four types of modified MWCNT-βCD. A novel, one-step approach called Steglich esterification modified MWCNT-βCD results in large effective surface area, and fast electron transfer towards sensitive detection of acetaminophen and 17β-estradiol (E2, primary female sex hormone) in the range of 0.005–20 and 0.01–15 μM, with low detection limits of 3.3 and 2.5 nM, respectively. The similar MWCNT-βCD modified electrodes can also detect heavy metal ion (lead, Pb2+) with a limit of detection of <10 ppb. Low frequency noise behavior of these sensors are studied.
A spin-coated Pd/PdO based pH sensor, and amine-modified carbon electrode-based free chlorine sensor are fabricated on a common substrate together with the pharmaceuticals and heavy metal sensors. A Wheatstone-bridge temperature sensor is fabricated based on silicon and PEDOT:PSS on another substrate. All the sensors are connected to an Arduino microcontroller based data acquisition system with a smartphone application interface. The integrated sensing system is easy-to-use, low-cost, and can provide accurate monitoring data with real drinking water samples. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Low-cost, easy-to-use, and sensitive monitoring system for pharmaceuticals, heavy metal, pH and free chlorine in drinking water is crucial for public health safety. In this thesis, we develop solution-based synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified by β-cyclodextrin for electrochemical sensing of pharmaceuticals and heavy metal. The modification approaches are compared and characterized to analyze their electrochemical behavior and sensing performances. The developed sensors are highly sensitive toward the detection of acetaminophen (a widely used pain-killer) and estrogen hormone in drinking water. We also develop a modified spin-coating technique to deposit palladium/palladium oxide films for potentiometric pH sensor, a calibration-free free chlorine sensor based on modified carbon electrode, and a resistive temperature sensor. The developed pH, free chlorine and temperature sensors are highly sensitive, and stable with fast response time. All the sensors are integrated and interfaced with a custom-made and smartphone-controlled electronic readout system for accurate and on-site drinking water quality monitoring at low cost.
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