In 2000, Jordan signed the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (the TRIPS Agreement) and a free trade agreement with the US (USJFTA). Both commitments have required Jordan to comply with various obligations, including full compliance with the minimum standards for the protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs) under the TRIPS Agreement and TRIPS-Plus IP standards set out under the terms of the USJFTA. Enticed by views that strong IP protection would create prosperity in the Kingdom by promoting technological innovation and inducing transfer and dissemination of technology to Jordanians, Jordan implemented the provisions of TRIPS and the USJFTA to the letter. However, Jordan focused little attention on important “TRIPS flexibilities”. In particular, Jordan has qualified parallel importation and limited the grounds of compulsory licenses. In addition, Jordan provides pharmaceutical testing data with data exclusivity. This thesis focuses on the Jordanian experience in the pharmaceutical sector. It argues that strong patent protection has not been conducive to the promotion of technological innovation and the transfer and dissemination of technology. Moreover, this protection has resulted in adverse outcomes such as increased drug prices, unavailability of essential medicines in some public hospitals for serious diseases, and a dwindling local pharmaceutical industry, in part, as a consequence of its inability to access advanced, patented technology on reasonable commercial terms. The thesis also investigates the legitimacy of establishing certain grounds of compulsory licensing by Jordan, even in light of the TRIPS-Plus obligations under the USJFTA. It advocates that such grounds contribute to the promotion of technical innovation, lead to the transfer of advanced technology, and above all improve access to affordable medicines. Finally, the thesis explores Jordan’s obligations to protect pharmaceutical testing data under TRIPS and USFTA arguing that neither of these two instruments requires data exclusivity as claimed by Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) and some developed countries.

In 2000, Jordan signed the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (the TRIPS Agreement) and a free trade agreement with the US (USJFTA). Both commitments have required Jordan to comply with various obligations, including full compliance with the minimum standards for the protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs) under the TRIPS Agreement and TRIPS-Plus IP standards set out under the terms of the USJFTA. Enticed by views that strong IP protection would create prosperity in the Kingdom by promoting technological innovation and inducing transfer and dissemination of technology to Jordanians, Jordan implemented the provisions of TRIPS and the USJFTA to the letter. However, Jordan focused little attention on important “TRIPS flexibilities”. In particular, Jordan has qualified parallel importation and limited the grounds of compulsory licenses. In addition, Jordan provides pharmaceutical testing data with data exclusivity. This thesis focuses on the Jordanian experience in the pharmaceutical sector. It argues that strong patent protection has not been conducive to the promotion of technological innovation and the transfer and dissemination of technology. Moreover, this protection has resulted in adverse outcomes such as increased drug prices, unavailability of essential medicines in some public hospitals for serious diseases, and a dwindling local pharmaceutical industry, in part, as a consequence of its inability to access advanced, patented technology on reasonable commercial terms. The thesis also investigates the legitimacy of establishing certain grounds of compulsory licensing by Jordan, even in light of the TRIPS-Plus obligations under the USJFTA. It advocates that such grounds contribute to the promotion of technical innovation, lead to the transfer of advanced technology, and above all improve access to affordable medicines. Finally, the thesis explores Jordan’s obligations to protect pharmaceutical testing data under TRIPS and USFTA arguing that neither of these two instruments requires data exclusivity as claimed by Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) and some developed countries.

Submitted by Elesbão Santiago Neto (neto10uepb@cche.uepb.edu.br) on 2017-03-29T20:31:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Ana Cristina Costa Barreto.pdf: 1379161 bytes, checksum: e932f1f0ba91c5306c603d7f88bca510 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-29T20:31:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Ana Cristina Costa Barreto.pdf: 1379161 bytes, checksum: e932f1f0ba91c5306c603d7f88bca510 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-04 / CAPES / The global transformations occurring in modernity have led to the emergence of new challenges and the need to search for new perspectives on stakeholder participation in the international system. Particularly, the inclusion of new issues within the WTO rules, within the multilateral trading system is fundamental to the pursuit of well-being of people take a central role in the discussions, and sustainable development is achieved from the respect and balance between human beings and the market. The paper attempted to analyze the TRIPS Agreement and its relationship with the right to access to medicines, assessing the possibility that the relaxation of its rules be considered a demonstration of the relevance of human rights in international trade. To achieve this objective, the first analysis of the evolution of the system of protection of intellectual property was critical to understanding the formation of the international IP regime that culminated in the TRIPS Agreement. In sequence, the problem of access to medicines was presented from the considerations about the social responsibility of the pharmaceutical industry and the implications caused by the TRIPS Agreement, regarding the need to be envisioned an international policy aimed at ensuring universal access to products the pharmaceutical industry, thus revealing the existence of a relationship between the work of international organizations, including the World Trade Organization and Human Rights. Finally, from the point of view of modern cosmopolitanism from the demonstration that the internationalization of human rights can be understood as a reassertion of humanism found that to change the paradigms of intellectual property and particularly patent pharmaceutical, it is essential to define the social role of the pharmaceutical industry, understanding the conditions of access to drugs is regarded as a matter subject to humanitarian protection. / As transformações globais ocorridas na modernidade têm provocado o surgimento de novos desafios e a necessidade de busca por novas perspectivas na participação dos atores no sistema internacional. Particularmente, a inclusão de novos temas no âmbito das regras da OMC, dentro do sistema multilateral de comércio, é fundamental para que a busca pelo bem-estar do homem tome papel central nas discussões, e o desenvolvimento sustentável seja alcançado a partir do respeito e do equilíbrio entre ser humano e mercado. A dissertação se propôs a analisar o Acordo TRIPS e sua relação com o direito ao acesso a medicamentos, avaliando a possibilidade de que a flexibilização de suas normas ser considerada uma demonstração da relevância dos Direitos Humanos no âmbito do comércio internacional. Visando tal objetivo, inicialmente a análise da evolução do sistema de proteção da Propriedade Intelectual foi fundamental para compreender formação do regime internacional de PI que culminou com o Acordo TRIPS. Em sequência, a problemática do acesso a medicamentos foi apresentada a partir das considerações acerca da responsabilidade social da indústria farmacêutica e das implicações provocadas pelo Acordo TRIPS, no que tange à necessidade de ser vislumbrada uma política internacional que vise a garantia do acesso universal aos produtos da indústria farmacêutica, evidenciando assim a existência de uma relação entre a atuação de organismos internacionais, entre os quais a Organização Mundial do Comércio e os Direitos Humanos. Por fim, sob o ponto de vista do cosmopolitismo moderno, a partir da demonstração de que a internacionalização dos Direitos Humanos pode ser compreendida como a reafirmação do Humanismo constatou-se que para a mudança dos paradigmas relativos à propriedade intelectual e, particularmente, à patente farmacêutica, é imprescindível a definição do papel social da indústria farmacêutica, a compreensão de que as condições de acesso a medicamentos sejam consideradas matéria sujeita à proteção humanitária.

La présente recherche vise à comprendre le processus ou le mécanisme de valorisation de la propriété industrielle aussi bien dans les pays développés que dans les pays en développement suite à la conclusion de l’accord historique ADPIC.L’analyse de données factuelles se rapportant à la protection de la propriété industrielle pharmaceutique en Tunisie nous oriente vers une modélisation possible de l’industrie pharmaceutique tunisienne.La recherche identifie deux voies ou stratégies d’exploitation des brevets : « license in » ou « license out ». Cependant, c’est le dépôt de brevet par les nationaux résidents qui fait défaut en Tunisie dans le domaine pharmaceutique, dominé par les biotechnologies à l’échelle mondiale.Le rapprochement des industries locales avec des partenaires scientifiques internationaux pourrait être une voie possible de valorisation. / We aim in this research to study how to assess the value of a patent in developed countries as well as in emerging ones, mainly according to the TRIPS.Modelization of the pharmaceutical industry in Tunisia has been possible when analyzing data evidence from pharmaceuticals patents in Tunisia.This research identify two strategies to capitalize on patents: « license in » ou « license out ».However, only few local industries in Tunisia are willing to file patents, even ifbiotechnologies dominate global pharmaceutical market.Being in touch with international scientific partners, signing contracts could help to valorize industrial property in Tunisia.