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As especificações do biodiesel são garantidas por um rigoroso controle de qualidade; entre outros parâmetros, a quantificação de antioxidantes é fundamental para assegurar um produto satisfatório para comercialização. No presente estudo, foram desenvolvidas técnicas voltamétricas e cromatográficas para análise direta de BHA, TBHQ, BHT e PG em biodiesel. Medidas por voltametria de pulso diferencial (DPV) em mistura biodiesel:etanol 1:1 (v/v), contendo perclorato de tetra-hexilamônio como eletrólito suporte e empregando ultramicroeletrodo (ume) de Pt, mostraram picos da corrente diferencial de oxidação bem definidos para TBHQ e PG, sendo obtidos gráficos de calibração lineares na faixa de concentrações de 10-3 mol L-1. Analogamente, empregando um ume de Au em microemulsão de biodiesel livre de surfactante (SFME) contendo tetrafluoroborato de tetra-n-butilamônio, medidas por DPV apresentaram picos da corrente diferencial bem definidos para TBHQ e BHT. Para esses compostos, foram obtidos gráficos de calibração lineares na faixa de concentrações de 10-4 mol L-1. Em ambos os casos, devido à sobreposição dos voltamogramas, os teores de antioxidantes foram calculados por um procedimento matemático de deconvolução empregando o software Origin 8.0®. A quantificação de BHA, BHT e TBHQ por cromatografia GC/qMS em biodiesel diluído em metanol apresentou linearidade entre 5 e 25 mg L-1, para cada um dos antioxidantes. Medidas por HPLC em fase reversa com coluna fenílica apresentaram boa separação dos picos cromatográficos na análise simultânea de BHA, BHT, TBHQ e PG assim como curvas de calibração com linearidade entre 10 e 80 mg L-1, para cada um dos antioxidantes. A identificação dos ésteres metílicos de ácidos graxos (FAMEs) no biodiesel foi realizada por UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap/MS; os teores de FAMEs e antioxidantes permaneceram estáveis nas amostras fortificadas mesmo após 8 semanas de exposição à luz solar, porém diminuíram significativamente em amostras não-fortificadas. As metodologias propostas são de fácil preparo e baixo consumo de amostra, podendo vir a ser do interesse da indústria para o monitoramento de antioxidantes em biodiesel, na linha de produção. A principal vantagem é não ser necessário nenhum tipo de pré-tratamento da amostra: a simples diluição em metanol ou etanol ou a preparação do biodiesel na forma de SFME conferem rapidez e simplicidade à determinação dos antioxidantes investigados. / Biodiesel features are assured by strict quality control procedures; among those, antioxidants quantification is essential to guarantee a good and satisfactory final product for commercialization. In the present study, voltammetric and chromatographic methodologies were developed for direct analyses techniques of BHA, TBHQ, BHT and PG in biodiesel. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in biodiesel:ethanol 1:1 (v/v), with tetrahexylammonium perchlorate as supporting electrolyte at a Pt ultramicroelectrode (ume), presented well-defined oxidation peaks for TBHQ and PG, with corresponding linear calibration graphs in the range of 10-3 mol L-1. Likewise, DPV at an Au ume in biodiesel surfactant-free microemulsion (SFME), with tetra-n-butylammonium tetrafluoroborate, presented well-defined oxidation peaks for TBHQ and BHT. For these compounds, linear calibration graphs were obtained in the range of 10-4 mol L-1. In both techniques, due to significant voltammograms overlapping, amounts of antioxidants were calculated through mathematical deconvolution process using software Origin 8.0®. BHA, BHT and TBHQ quantification by GC/qMS in biodiesel diluted in methanol presented linearity between 5 and 25 mg L-1 for each antioxidant. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography by HPLC using phenyl column showed good peak separation in simultaneous analysis of BHA, BHT, TBHQ and PG and calibration curves with linearity between 10 and 80 mg L-1. Biodiesel fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) identification was carried out by UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap/MS; both FAMEs and antioxidants contents remained stable in spiked samples even after 8 weeks under sunlight exposure; in non-spiked samples, FAMEs content was significantly reduced. All proposed methodologies are easy to perform and present low sample consumption, which are interesting features for industry to monitor the aforementioned and other antioxidants in biodiesel. Their main advantage lies in the absence of any sample pre-treatment: the simple dilution in methanol or ethanol or biodiesel preparation as SFME deliver speed and simplicity for determination of target antioxidants.

As especificações do biodiesel são garantidas por um rigoroso controle de qualidade; entre outros parâmetros, a quantificação de antioxidantes é fundamental para assegurar um produto satisfatório para comercialização. No presente estudo, foram desenvolvidas técnicas voltamétricas e cromatográficas para análise direta de BHA, TBHQ, BHT e PG em biodiesel. Medidas por voltametria de pulso diferencial (DPV) em mistura biodiesel:etanol 1:1 (v/v), contendo perclorato de tetra-hexilamônio como eletrólito suporte e empregando ultramicroeletrodo (ume) de Pt, mostraram picos da corrente diferencial de oxidação bem definidos para TBHQ e PG, sendo obtidos gráficos de calibração lineares na faixa de concentrações de 10-3 mol L-1. Analogamente, empregando um ume de Au em microemulsão de biodiesel livre de surfactante (SFME) contendo tetrafluoroborato de tetra-n-butilamônio, medidas por DPV apresentaram picos da corrente diferencial bem definidos para TBHQ e BHT. Para esses compostos, foram obtidos gráficos de calibração lineares na faixa de concentrações de 10-4 mol L-1. Em ambos os casos, devido à sobreposição dos voltamogramas, os teores de antioxidantes foram calculados por um procedimento matemático de deconvolução empregando o software Origin 8.0®. A quantificação de BHA, BHT e TBHQ por cromatografia GC/qMS em biodiesel diluído em metanol apresentou linearidade entre 5 e 25 mg L-1, para cada um dos antioxidantes. Medidas por HPLC em fase reversa com coluna fenílica apresentaram boa separação dos picos cromatográficos na análise simultânea de BHA, BHT, TBHQ e PG assim como curvas de calibração com linearidade entre 10 e 80 mg L-1, para cada um dos antioxidantes. A identificação dos ésteres metílicos de ácidos graxos (FAMEs) no biodiesel foi realizada por UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap/MS; os teores de FAMEs e antioxidantes permaneceram estáveis nas amostras fortificadas mesmo após 8 semanas de exposição à luz solar, porém diminuíram significativamente em amostras não-fortificadas. As metodologias propostas são de fácil preparo e baixo consumo de amostra, podendo vir a ser do interesse da indústria para o monitoramento de antioxidantes em biodiesel, na linha de produção. A principal vantagem é não ser necessário nenhum tipo de pré-tratamento da amostra: a simples diluição em metanol ou etanol ou a preparação do biodiesel na forma de SFME conferem rapidez e simplicidade à determinação dos antioxidantes investigados. / Biodiesel features are assured by strict quality control procedures; among those, antioxidants quantification is essential to guarantee a good and satisfactory final product for commercialization. In the present study, voltammetric and chromatographic methodologies were developed for direct analyses techniques of BHA, TBHQ, BHT and PG in biodiesel. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in biodiesel:ethanol 1:1 (v/v), with tetrahexylammonium perchlorate as supporting electrolyte at a Pt ultramicroelectrode (ume), presented well-defined oxidation peaks for TBHQ and PG, with corresponding linear calibration graphs in the range of 10-3 mol L-1. Likewise, DPV at an Au ume in biodiesel surfactant-free microemulsion (SFME), with tetra-n-butylammonium tetrafluoroborate, presented well-defined oxidation peaks for TBHQ and BHT. For these compounds, linear calibration graphs were obtained in the range of 10-4 mol L-1. In both techniques, due to significant voltammograms overlapping, amounts of antioxidants were calculated through mathematical deconvolution process using software Origin 8.0®. BHA, BHT and TBHQ quantification by GC/qMS in biodiesel diluted in methanol presented linearity between 5 and 25 mg L-1 for each antioxidant. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography by HPLC using phenyl column showed good peak separation in simultaneous analysis of BHA, BHT, TBHQ and PG and calibration curves with linearity between 10 and 80 mg L-1. Biodiesel fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) identification was carried out by UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap/MS; both FAMEs and antioxidants contents remained stable in spiked samples even after 8 weeks under sunlight exposure; in non-spiked samples, FAMEs content was significantly reduced. All proposed methodologies are easy to perform and present low sample consumption, which are interesting features for industry to monitor the aforementioned and other antioxidants in biodiesel. Their main advantage lies in the absence of any sample pre-treatment: the simple dilution in methanol or ethanol or biodiesel preparation as SFME deliver speed and simplicity for determination of target antioxidants.

As especificações do biodiesel são garantidas por um rigoroso controle de qualidade; entre outros parâmetros, a quantificação de antioxidantes é fundamental para assegurar um produto satisfatório para comercialização. No presente estudo, foram desenvolvidas técnicas voltamétricas e cromatográficas para análise direta de BHA, TBHQ, BHT e PG em biodiesel. Medidas por voltametria de pulso diferencial (DPV) em mistura biodiesel:etanol 1:1 (v/v), contendo perclorato de tetra-hexilamônio como eletrólito suporte e empregando ultramicroeletrodo (ume) de Pt, mostraram picos da corrente diferencial de oxidação bem definidos para TBHQ e PG, sendo obtidos gráficos de calibração lineares na faixa de concentrações de 10-3 mol L-1. Analogamente, empregando um ume de Au em microemulsão de biodiesel livre de surfactante (SFME) contendo tetrafluoroborato de tetra-n-butilamônio, medidas por DPV apresentaram picos da corrente diferencial bem definidos para TBHQ e BHT. Para esses compostos, foram obtidos gráficos de calibração lineares na faixa de concentrações de 10-4 mol L-1. Em ambos os casos, devido à sobreposição dos voltamogramas, os teores de antioxidantes foram calculados por um procedimento matemático de deconvolução empregando o software Origin 8.0®. A quantificação de BHA, BHT e TBHQ por cromatografia GC/qMS em biodiesel diluído em metanol apresentou linearidade entre 5 e 25 mg L-1, para cada um dos antioxidantes. Medidas por HPLC em fase reversa com coluna fenílica apresentaram boa separação dos picos cromatográficos na análise simultânea de BHA, BHT, TBHQ e PG assim como curvas de calibração com linearidade entre 10 e 80 mg L-1, para cada um dos antioxidantes. A identificação dos ésteres metílicos de ácidos graxos (FAMEs) no biodiesel foi realizada por UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap/MS; os teores de FAMEs e antioxidantes permaneceram estáveis nas amostras fortificadas mesmo após 8 semanas de exposição à luz solar, porém diminuíram significativamente em amostras não-fortificadas. As metodologias propostas são de fácil preparo e baixo consumo de amostra, podendo vir a ser do interesse da indústria para o monitoramento de antioxidantes em biodiesel, na linha de produção. A principal vantagem é não ser necessário nenhum tipo de pré-tratamento da amostra: a simples diluição em metanol ou etanol ou a preparação do biodiesel na forma de SFME conferem rapidez e simplicidade à determinação dos antioxidantes investigados. / Biodiesel features are assured by strict quality control procedures; among those, antioxidants quantification is essential to guarantee a good and satisfactory final product for commercialization. In the present study, voltammetric and chromatographic methodologies were developed for direct analyses techniques of BHA, TBHQ, BHT and PG in biodiesel. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in biodiesel:ethanol 1:1 (v/v), with tetrahexylammonium perchlorate as supporting electrolyte at a Pt ultramicroelectrode (ume), presented well-defined oxidation peaks for TBHQ and PG, with corresponding linear calibration graphs in the range of 10-3 mol L-1. Likewise, DPV at an Au ume in biodiesel surfactant-free microemulsion (SFME), with tetra-n-butylammonium tetrafluoroborate, presented well-defined oxidation peaks for TBHQ and BHT. For these compounds, linear calibration graphs were obtained in the range of 10-4 mol L-1. In both techniques, due to significant voltammograms overlapping, amounts of antioxidants were calculated through mathematical deconvolution process using software Origin 8.0®. BHA, BHT and TBHQ quantification by GC/qMS in biodiesel diluted in methanol presented linearity between 5 and 25 mg L-1 for each antioxidant. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography by HPLC using phenyl column showed good peak separation in simultaneous analysis of BHA, BHT, TBHQ and PG and calibration curves with linearity between 10 and 80 mg L-1. Biodiesel fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) identification was carried out by UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap/MS; both FAMEs and antioxidants contents remained stable in spiked samples even after 8 weeks under sunlight exposure; in non-spiked samples, FAMEs content was significantly reduced. All proposed methodologies are easy to perform and present low sample consumption, which are interesting features for industry to monitor the aforementioned and other antioxidants in biodiesel. Their main advantage lies in the absence of any sample pre-treatment: the simple dilution in methanol or ethanol or biodiesel preparation as SFME deliver speed and simplicity for determination of target antioxidants.

yes / The Forkhead transcription factor, FoxO3a induces genomic death responses in neurones following translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus. Nuclear translocation of FoxO3a is triggered by trophic factor withdrawal, oxidative stress and the stimulation of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors. Receptor activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signalling pathways retains FoxO3a in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting the transcriptional activation of death-promoting genes. We hypothesized that phenolic antioxidants such as tert-Butylhydroquinone (tBHQ), which is known to stimulate PI3K-Akt signalling, would inhibit FoxO3a translocation and activity. Treatment of cultured cortical neurones with NMDA increased the nuclear localization of FoxO3a, reduced the phosphorylation of FoxO3a, increased caspase activity and up-regulated Fas ligand expression. In contrast the phenolic antioxidant, tBHQ, caused retention of FoxO3a in the cytosol coincident with enhanced PI3K- dependent phosphorylation of FoxO3a. tBHQ-induced nuclear exclusion of FoxO3a was associated with reduced FoxO-mediated transcriptional activity. Exposure of neurones to tBHQ inhibited NMDA-induced nuclear translocation of FoxO3a, prevented NMDA-induced up-regulation of FoxO-mediated transcriptional activity, blocked caspase activation and protected neurones from NMDA-induced excitotoxic death. Collectively, these data suggest that phenolic antioxidants such as tBHQ oppose stress-induced activation of FoxO3a and therefore have potential neuroprotective utility in neurodegeneration.

The long-term performance of stabilized polyolefins in different environments was studied with focus on antioxidant consumption and migration. Plaques of linear polyethylene (LPE) and branched polyethylene (BPE) were stabilized with Santonox® R (4,4'-Thiobis(6-tert-butyl-3-methylphenol)), Irganox® 1081 (2,2’-Thiobis(4-methyl-6-tertbutylphenol)), or Lowinox® 22M46 (2,2’-Methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol)). The samples were aged in water and nitrogen at 75, 90 and 95°C. Antioxidant concentration profiles were obtained by oxidation induction time (OIT) measurements using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The very flat antioxidant concentration profiles of the plaques exposed to non-aqueous media indicated that the migration of antioxidant to the surrounding medium was controlled by the low evaporation rate at the sample boundary. The samples of BPE and Santonox R were also exposed to air and water saturated with air. The similarity of the antioxidant concentration profiles of Santonox R obtained after ageing in air and nitrogen suggested that the fraction of antioxidant oxidized is negligible in comparison with the loss of antioxidant by migration to the surrounding media. The loss of Santonox R in samples exposed to water saturated with air was faster than for the samples exposed to oxygen-free water. This was due to increased mass transport of the antioxidant from the polymer phase boundary to the water phase when oxygen was present. An unexpected higher migration rate from LPE than from BPE was proposed to be due to the low boundary loss rate in BPE, caused by the presence of a thin liquid-like (oligomeric) surface layer developed during ageing. A quantitative relationship was found between the boundary loss rate to water and the polarity of antioxidants. The antioxidant diffusivities were approximately equal in LPE and BPE, indicating that the constraining effect of the crystals on the non-crystalline fraction did not affect the antioxidant molecules. Results obtained by liquid chromatography of extracts confirmed that the gradual decrease in OIT with increasing ageing time was due to migration of antioxidant to the surrounding medium. Pipes of high-density polyethylene stabilized with hindered phenols and phosphites were exposed to chlorinated water at elevated temperatures. OIT showed that the stabilizing system was rapidly chemically consumed by the action of chlorinated water. Size exclusion chromatography and DSC showed extensive polymer degradation strictly confined to the immediate surface of the unprotected inner wall material and to the amorphous phase of the semicrystalline polymer. The rate of growth of the layer of highly degraded polymer was constant. Pipes of isotactic polybutene-1 were pressure-tested in chlorinated water at a controlled pH, and the lifetime was assessed as a function of temperature and chlorine content. The lifetime shortening in chlorinated water was significant even at relatively low chlorine contents, 0.5 ppm. A further increase of chlorine content led to only a moderate shortening of the lifetime. The temperature dependence of the lifetime data obeyed the Arrhenius law. The decrease of the antioxidant concentration was independent of the chlorine concentration in the range of 0.5-1.5 ppm. The time to reach depletion of the antioxidant system could be predicted by linear extrapolation. / QC 20101020

Vanliga fenoliska antioxidanter som används i polymerer orsakar färgändringar i polymeren. Detta arbete berör antioxidanter med jämförelsevis begränsad färgändring, med fokus på att utveckla metoder för analys av dessa. UV-stabilisatorerna UV2, UV5, UV1, UV4, UV3 och UV6 är också inkluderade i detta arbete. Metodutvecklingen involverade både kapillärelektrofores och ”matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry” (MALDI-TOF). Den bästa metoden för analys av de flesta av additiven inkluderade MALDI-TOF med 2’,6’-dihydroxyacetophenon (10 mg/ml) i TA50 som matris och hexafluoroisopropanol som lösningsmedel. När en metod för detektion av analyterna hade tagits fram, så inleddes utveckling av en metod för extraktion av additiv från polymera material. Extraktion av UV5 var framgångsrik vid användning av toluen vid 80 °C i ultraljudsbad i tre timmar. Det extraherade UV5 detekterades sedan med metoden som hade utvecklats för det rena additivet. / Ordinary phenolic antioxidants used in polymers give rise to color formations. This work concerns antioxidants with limited color-formations in comparison, with the focus being development of methods for analysis of these. Also included in this work are the high molecular weight UV-stabilizers UV2, UV5, UV1, UV4, UV3 and UV6. The method development involved both capillary electrophoresis and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF). The best method for analysis of most additives involved using MALDI-TOF with a matrix consisting of 2’,6’-dihydroxyacetophenone (10 mg/ml) in TA50 and with hexafluoro isopropanol as the solvent. When a method for detection of the analytes had been obtained, a method for extraction of the additives from polymers was developed. UV5 was successfully extracted using toluene as the extracting solvent at 80 °C under sonication for three hours. The extracted UV5 was then detected using the method developed for the pure additive.

<p>Ispitivanja hemijskog sastava etarskih ulja i<br />ekstrakata izvedena su na vrsti Myrtus communis<br />L. sa pet lokaliteta iz Crne Gore. Pored toga,<br />ispitana je njihova antioksidantna aktivnost u<br />razlicitim in vitro sistemima kako bi se utvrdio<br />uticaj pomenutih ekstrakata i etarskih ulja na<br />neutralizaciju DPPH, NO, OH i 2- radikala, kao<br />i njihov uticaj na lipidnu peroksidaciju u<br />lipozomima i inhibiciju enzima ksantin-oksidaze.<br />Takode, ispitana je i antibakterijska aktivnost<br />etarskih ulja i ekstrakata ove vrste na 9<br />bakterijskih sojeva, kao i njihov antimutageni<br />potencijal na bakterijskom soju Escherichia coli<br />IC 202.</p> / <p> In this tessis the chemical analysis of the<br /> essential oils and methanolic extracts<br /> from five plant samples of Myrtus<br /> communis L., collected from different<br /> localities in Montenegro, have been<br /> investigate. Beside that, their antioxidant<br /> activity in differwnt in vitro systems has<br /> been study to establish their scavenging<br /> potential towards DPPH, NO, OH, and<br /> O2- free radicals, as wel as their effects<br /> on lipid peroxidation in liposoma and<br /> inhibition enzyme XOD. Also, the<br /> antibacterial activity of the essential oils<br /> and methanolic extract has been study on<br /> 9 bacterial strains, as wel as their<br /> antimutagenic effects on bacterial strain<br /> E. Colli IC202.</p>