The Philippine-American War has rarely been analyzed from the Filipino viewpoint. As a consequence, Filipino military activity is little known or misunderstood. This study aims to shed light on the Filipino side of the conflict. It does so by utilizing the Philippine Insurgent Records, which are the records of the Philippine government. More importantly, the thesis examines 300 years of Filipino history, starting with the Spanish conquest, in order to provide a framework for understanding Philippine military culture.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(地域研究) / 乙第13106号 / 論地博第21号 / 新制||地||81(附属図書館) / (主査)教授 清水 展, 教授 小泉 順子, 教授 Hau,Caroline Sy / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Area Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

This dissertation is an interpretive analysis of the political background of the American annexation and administration of the Philippine Islands between 1900 and 1920. It seeks to analyze the political value of supporting and opposing imperialism to American political parties and elites. Seeking to capitalize on the American victory over Spain in 1898, the Republican Party embraced the annexation of the Philippines as a way to promote an idea of rising American international power. Subsequently, their tenure in the Philippines can be analyzed as bringing industrialization to the Philippines for political gain, casting themselves in a politically popular role of nation builders and bringers of democracy. In opposing the Republicans, Democrats became anti-imperialists by default. After overcoming the initial unpopularity of that ideology, they were able to redefine it in such as way as to co-opt the original Republican successes in the Philippines. As such, the Democratic tenure in the Philippines emphasizes political gamesmanship and patronage that allowed them to effectively "steal" the credit for the democratization of the Philippines for partisan gains against the Republicans.

L’objectif de cette recherche est de reconstituer la culture ou les cultures vestimentaire(s) dans les Philippines espagnoles au XIXe siècle et de mettre en exergue l’importance du vêtement dans cette société coloniale. Cette étude explore les interactions, uniques et complexes, entre le vêtement et les apparences, d’une part, et, d’autre part, les catégories raciales, sociales et culturelles dans le contexte des changements sociaux, culturels et économiques qui sont intervenus entre 1820 et 1896. L’objectif est de restituer la vie coloniale en s’appuyant sur le vêtement dans la mesure où il permet d’aborder de nombreux problèmes raciaux, sociaux, économiques et de genre qui agitent les Philippines de cette époque. Pour la première fois, l’étude des vêtements est ici utilisée pour comprendre les changements socio-culturels et économiques qui sont intervenus dans la société coloniale des Philippines au XIXe siècle. Les différents groupes raciaux et sociaux philippins sous domination espagnole sont analysés à travers leurs vêtements. Cette étude des pratiques vestimentaires aux Philippines s’inscrit dans le contexte d'une société coloniale pluriethnique et pluriculturelle. Après des siècles de colonisations, les Philippines du XIXe siècle étaient – et, dans une certaine mesure, restent – un amalgame de cultures autochtone, occidentale et chinoise. L’analyse des pratiques vestimentaires comme élément de l’histoire coloniale s’inscrit, plus largement, dans l’étude des interactions culturelles, des modes de vie coloniaux, des relations humaines et des comportements sociaux. Le vêtement et les apparences ont été analysés avec l’objectif de mieux comprendre les hiérarchies ethniques, sociales et de genre à cette époque. Cette recherche prétend dépasser les frontières académiques entre les catégories des études philippines, de l’histoire coloniale et de l’étude du vêtement. / The purpose of this research is to reconstruct the clothing culture of 19th century Spanish Philippines and to discover the importance of dress in Philippine colonial society. This study explores the unique and complex interplay of clothing and appearance with race, class and culture in the context of the social, cultural and economic changes that took place between 1820 and 1896. The objective is to recreate an impression of colonial life by turning to clothes to provide insights on a wide range of race, class, gender and economic issues. For the first time, this uses the study of clothing to understand the socio-cultural and economic changes that took place in 19th century Philippine colonial society. The different racial and social groups of the Philippines under Spanish colonization were analyzed in light of their clothing. This locates the study of Philippine clothing practices in the context of a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural colonial society. After centuries of colonization, 19th century Philippines was – and continues to be- an amalgam of indigenous, Western and Chinese cultures. This study of clothing practices as an element of colonial life points to a broader study of cultural interactions, colonial lifestyles, human relations and social behavior. Clothing and appearance were analyzed to understand the ethnic, social and gender hierarchies of that period. This work crosses the frontiers between the disciplines of Philippine studies, colonial history and costume studies.

Writing the history of children's literature in the postcolonial era remains important, because it serves as the counter-assertion to the history of the child and the history of children's literature dominated by the West. The once-silenced voice of the postcolonial child must resurface in in literary criticism, because it asserts the strangeness and otherness that the West and of which it has remained largely ignorant. The present study offers a postcolonial reading of children's literature in the Philippines in the context of succeeding waves of Spanish and American colonization. In making close-readings of selected works, I analyze the dynamic between metropolitan Manila and provincial Bicol, in the effort to reconfigure operative binaries of city and country still shaping the economic, historical and cultural realities in everyday Filipino/a life. Philippine children's literature remains "Manila -centric"not only because the capital city retains the monopoly of cultural production nationally, but because it perpetuates the legacy of colonialism in language and educational policy required by elites in the center. By contrast, Bicol represents the power, voice, and authority of the once -marginalized periphery, whereby an alternative to Manila in children's literary disc ourse has emerged, born out of (as I argue here) a specifically and culturally situated local discourse: that of the bukid or mountain.Bukid is the Bicol term for the rice field, mountain, and volcano. The iconic mountain-volcano of our region, the Mayon Volcano, represents the power of bukid now appearing on the horizon of the metropolitan imaginary. The mountain is speaking back. Historically, bukid has served as a shelter for the marginalized. It also has provided refuge for revolutionaries rebelling against the colonizers based in the center. As an as -yet under-theorized voice linking local landscape to history, the voice of bukid is crucial to the study of Filipino/a children's literature, because its very solidity and monumentality are integral to Filipino/a consciousness everywhere. (Every region has its own mountain.) The voice of the bukid not only challenges the binarism between the city and the country, but makes a critique of the current centralized system of production impoverishing the regional capacity for children's literature in the Philippines. My personal experience as a Filipina -Chinese woman writing on behalf of our children remains connected to these marginalized spaces seemingly so distant from the metropolitan imagination. According to Gloria Anzaldua, "The work of the mestiza consciousness is to break down the subject-object duality that keeps her a prisoner and to show in the flesh and through the images of her work how duality is transcended" (80)

Cette étude vise à révéler l’histoire évolutive de l’image de la Manileña à l’aide des traces textuelles et iconographiques découvertes dans la presse écrite disponible à Manille de 1893 à 1938. Ainsi, nous pourrons décrire et comprendre les continuités et les ruptures des images et des représentations de la Manileña. Il est urgent de mieux comprendre comment les médias reproduisent et construisent socialement le genre. Cette recherche vise à mettre au jour les conséquences et les répercussions de la culture visuelle sur l’image du genre dans le contexte de la modernité et de l’urbanisation. Notre étude explore le croisement entre histoire, genre, médias, modernité et urbanisation dans la sphère publique, la sphère privée et toutes les sphères intermédiaires. Nous espérons que cette thèse contribuera à la compréhension de la formation des représentations dans un contexte colonial de modernisation et d’urbanisation rapides. / This study hopes to provide the evolving story of the Manileña image through the usage of text and iconography found in print media available in Manila from 1898-1938. Through this process, the narrative of the continuities and changes of the images and representations of the Manileña that were created and portrayed in the periodicals may be seen and understood. This study also seeks to examine the various issues, perspectives and concerns that cropped up due to the changes that occurred. There is a need to understand how media reproduce and socially construct gender. This research hopes to find out the implications of visual culture and its impact on a gendered image in the face of modernity and urbanization. The study will interrogate the intersection of history, gender, media, modernity and urbanization as it plays in the realms of the public sphere, the private sphere and the unnamed realms in between. The study will hopefully add to the understanding of image formation in a colonial context undergoing rapid modernity and urbanization.

Abstract The archival community worldwide faces challenges posed by the advent of digital communication, shifting understandings of archives prompted by a new emphasis on the power of means of communication and archives to shape knowledge, and fundamental debates that have followed over how archives should be run. Archivists from different parts of the world have started to revamp archival concepts, learn new skills, and acquire the specialized knowledge through graduate level education (master’s and doctoral degrees) necessary to address these challenges. Such specialized university degree programs in archival studies are fairly new phenomena. Professional education for archivists was initially offered in many countries by archives themselves to their new staff members and through conferences held by archival associations. Some then followed with one-year graduate diploma programs that eventually developed into a full master’s degree. In Canada, the Association of Canadian Archivists first established guidelines for master’s degree programs for educating archivists in 1976. The first master’s program in Archival Studies offered in North America was launched in 1981 by the University of British Columbia. In the United States, the first guidelines for the development of a graduate program in Archival Studies came out in 1993. In Asia, by the late 1950s courses in archives were offered in several countries such as Vietnam, Taiwan, and the Philippines, but not as a specialized degree program. In the Philippines, archival courses are only being offered as elective courses within library and information studies programs. There is, thus, a major gap in the programs of archival education in the Philippines. Certain factors that are unique to the Philippine archival profession further increase the existing common challenges facing archivists across the world and heighten the need for a specialized master’s degree in Archival Studies. These factors include: inadequate access to records or archives that document the country’s rich cultural and historical heritage, which makes research on the richness of Philippine history and culture difficult; the natural environment of the Philippines that makes it disaster prone requires special education in the care and management of the archives; and the relative youth of the archival profession in the country and thus limited number of properly educated professional archivists. This thesis discusses these challenges and how they can be addressed through a graduate program in Archival Studies. Lastly, the thesis offers a rationale and proposal for a master’s program in Archival Studies at the School of Library and Information Studies, University of the Philippines. / May 2017

Was Douglas MacArthur directly responsible for the ineffectiveness of the Philippine military during the Philippine campaign of 1941-1942? This question is still a point of debate among historians. During the six years that preceded the United States entrance into the Second World War, the government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines attempted to implement a national defense plan devised by Douglas MacArthur. The end goal of MacArthur's plan was the creation of a professional Filipino military force that would be able to adequately defend the Philippines against invasion. From late 1935 until mid 1941 , MacArthur served as the official United States military adviser to the Commonwealth government. When war with Japan occurred in late 1941 the Philippine military was in dismal shape. The argument that MacArthur was directly responsible for the ineffectiveness of the Philippine military in the Philippine campaign of 1941-1942 is strongly supported by historical evidence of events that occurred during the creation, development, and fielding of the Philippine military in 1934-1941. An investigation of historical evidence shows that MacArthur is responsible for making a series of errors that caused rampant financial problems and an inadequate training program. These factors directly contributed to the ineffectiveness of Philippine military units during the 1941-1942 campaign.