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Gendered power relations in sport pose important problems for mainstream feminist and ethical arguments for the alleviation of gender-based oppression. Though mainstream feminist theorists and applied ethicists have largely left sport undertheorized, some multi- and inter-disciplinary scholarly attention has been devoted to analyzing gender and sport. However, this scholarship encompasses disparate lines of thought with a range of philosophical, political, disciplinary, methodological and theoretical commitments, which translate into conflicting and competing normative views on how to best conceptualize, theorize, and practically navigate gender relations in sporting contexts. My dissertation remedies the tensions between these conflicting normative views by excavating and critically evaluating the political and philosophical assumptions that ground these views of gender relations in sport. I define 'sport feminism' as the normative views and consequent practical strategies that are concerned with interpreting, navigating, and eliminating the unjust restrictions on women's freedom in sporting contexts. I identify and critically evaluate four sport feminist views: liberal, radical, somatic, and post-structuralist. These views are distinct from one another as they differ in their conceptualizations and interpretations of three elements: (1) the nature of gender and the significance of physiological difference; (2) the function of sport and fitness practices; and (3) the ethical grounds and strategies for defining and alleviating gender-based oppression. Drawing from the merits of these views, my project develops a feminist framework for ethical action with regard to unequal gendered power relations in sport. / Philosophy

Esta pesquisa lança seu olhar para os fundamentos de um fenômeno que caminha com a humanidade: o Velejar. Mesmo com o desenvolvimento de tantas tecnologias que propiciam tipos de navegação variados, o uso da vela continua atual, seja como transporte, como brincadeira ou como esporte. O fenômeno, entretanto, extrapola sua utilidade: nitidamente velejar, para os velejadores, é mais do que atravessar o meio líquido utilizando a força do vento. Os velejadores - aqui sujeitos da experiência - dão significados à prática e fazem dela algo para a qual vale a pena retornar. Para investigar estes significados e sentidos, esta pesquisa busca colocar em palavras o que há de especial na prática de velejar a partir da perspectiva dos próprios velejadores. É por meio de uma ampla pesquisa de campo - onde se convive, veleja e dialoga com velejadores esportistas, velejadores pescadores artesanais e velejadores expedicionistas que se identificam elementos recorrentes e significativos para os que a praticam. Junto a esses elementos, foram agregadas as próprias experiências da autora, velejadora esportista. Com registro de imagens, entrevistas e descrições do vivido, as análises ancoram-se no arcabouço da fenomenologia da imaginação material de Gaston Bachelard, desvelando os gestos, os fascínios, as provocações e as diferentes sensibilidades presentes nessa modalidade tão antiga quanto atual. Competição e contemplação, aventura e passeio, tradição e modernidade, ritos iniciáticos e formativos, elementos materiais e suas provocações, entre outros, unem-se no propósito de desvendar uma prática que se revela complexa e inteira e que tem alto poder de aderência e manutenção presentes nas ressonâncias simbólicas. O sonho de habitar as águas e dominar o vento, de maneira íntima e próxima a partir de uma vela e um casco, é deste modo, constantemente atualizado no corpo dos velejadores / This research eyes on the foundations of a phenomenon that goes forward together with humanity: the Sailing. Despite the technology development, which provides many navigation forms, the sailing remains actual, whether as transportation, as a hobby or as a sport. The Sailing extrapolates its utility. For the sailor\'s point of view, the sailing is clearly more than just crossing a liquid environment using the wind force. The sailors, who is the experience subject, assign meaning to the practice of sailing and make it something that is worth returning to. To investigate these meanings and senses, this research seeks to put into words what is special in the practice of sailing from the sailors perspective. Through an extensive field research, where I could live, practice and interact with other sailing athletes, artisanal fishermen, and expeditionist sailors, I identified recurring and significant elements for those who practice the Sailing. Along with these elements, my experience as a sailor has also been added to this research. Using pictures, interviews, and descriptions of different experiences, the analysis of this work is anchored in the framework of Gaston Bachelard\'s phenomenology of material imagination, revealing from the reports, the gestures, the fascinations, the provocations, and the different sensibilities present in this modality which is as ancient as it is actual. Competition and contemplation, adventure and tour, tradition and modernity, initiatory and formative rites, material elements and their provocations, among others, unite in the purpose of unveiling a practice that turns out to be complex. The dream of live in the water and dominate the wind using a sail and a hull is constantly updated in the body of the sailors in a closely and intimately way

Esta pesquisa lança seu olhar para os fundamentos de um fenômeno que caminha com a humanidade: o Velejar. Mesmo com o desenvolvimento de tantas tecnologias que propiciam tipos de navegação variados, o uso da vela continua atual, seja como transporte, como brincadeira ou como esporte. O fenômeno, entretanto, extrapola sua utilidade: nitidamente velejar, para os velejadores, é mais do que atravessar o meio líquido utilizando a força do vento. Os velejadores - aqui sujeitos da experiência - dão significados à prática e fazem dela algo para a qual vale a pena retornar. Para investigar estes significados e sentidos, esta pesquisa busca colocar em palavras o que há de especial na prática de velejar a partir da perspectiva dos próprios velejadores. É por meio de uma ampla pesquisa de campo - onde se convive, veleja e dialoga com velejadores esportistas, velejadores pescadores artesanais e velejadores expedicionistas que se identificam elementos recorrentes e significativos para os que a praticam. Junto a esses elementos, foram agregadas as próprias experiências da autora, velejadora esportista. Com registro de imagens, entrevistas e descrições do vivido, as análises ancoram-se no arcabouço da fenomenologia da imaginação material de Gaston Bachelard, desvelando os gestos, os fascínios, as provocações e as diferentes sensibilidades presentes nessa modalidade tão antiga quanto atual. Competição e contemplação, aventura e passeio, tradição e modernidade, ritos iniciáticos e formativos, elementos materiais e suas provocações, entre outros, unem-se no propósito de desvendar uma prática que se revela complexa e inteira e que tem alto poder de aderência e manutenção presentes nas ressonâncias simbólicas. O sonho de habitar as águas e dominar o vento, de maneira íntima e próxima a partir de uma vela e um casco, é deste modo, constantemente atualizado no corpo dos velejadores / This research eyes on the foundations of a phenomenon that goes forward together with humanity: the Sailing. Despite the technology development, which provides many navigation forms, the sailing remains actual, whether as transportation, as a hobby or as a sport. The Sailing extrapolates its utility. For the sailor\'s point of view, the sailing is clearly more than just crossing a liquid environment using the wind force. The sailors, who is the experience subject, assign meaning to the practice of sailing and make it something that is worth returning to. To investigate these meanings and senses, this research seeks to put into words what is special in the practice of sailing from the sailors perspective. Through an extensive field research, where I could live, practice and interact with other sailing athletes, artisanal fishermen, and expeditionist sailors, I identified recurring and significant elements for those who practice the Sailing. Along with these elements, my experience as a sailor has also been added to this research. Using pictures, interviews, and descriptions of different experiences, the analysis of this work is anchored in the framework of Gaston Bachelard\'s phenomenology of material imagination, revealing from the reports, the gestures, the fascinations, the provocations, and the different sensibilities present in this modality which is as ancient as it is actual. Competition and contemplation, adventure and tour, tradition and modernity, initiatory and formative rites, material elements and their provocations, among others, unite in the purpose of unveiling a practice that turns out to be complex. The dream of live in the water and dominate the wind using a sail and a hull is constantly updated in the body of the sailors in a closely and intimately way

Film has always been an integral part of the culture of surfing. In the early 1960's, a film by the name of The Endless Summer ushered in the wide acceptance of the medium of film by the culture. As the years progressed and the sport radically adopted new styles, attitudes and lifestyles, surfing films changed along with it. This thesis will show how the aesthetics of surfing films both are shaped by the culture from which they are found and how, in turn, they continually reshape the culture. By looking at the aesthetic theories of Hans-Georg Gadamer, Leo Tolstoy and Walter Benjamin, this thesis will academically survey the aesthetics of the films The Endless Summer, Momentum, and the works of filmmaker Jack Johnson and his studio The Moonshine Conspiracy. This study will provide insight into the significant aspect of , film in a culture so strongly defined by aesthetics, both from within and without.

The thesis is searching for the possible connection between philosophy, theology and sports.