Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a rare condition characterized by endothelial dysfunction and vascular remodelling, leading to increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and right ventricular heart failure. Endothelial dysfunction is associated with an imbalance between vasoconstrictor compounds, such as endothelin and thromboxane A2, and vasodilator compounds, such as prostacyclin and nitric oxide (NO). Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), a methyl derivate of L-arginine, inhibits synthesis of NO. Vardenafil, a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5-inhibitors), causes vasodilation through the NO/cGMP pathway. Aim: This thesis investigates the pharmacological effects and diagnostic utility of vardenafil in PH patients. In addition, to evaluate the change of L-arginine and dimethylarginines before and during PAHspecific therapy in PAH patients compared to patients with left ventricular heart failure (LVHF) and healthy subjects. Methods: The pharmacokinetics and hemodynamic effects of vardenafil were examined during right heart catheterization (RHC) in 16 PH patients and plasma concentrations were measured for up to nine hours after oral administration. In 20 PH patients, acute vasoreactivity test with vardenafil was performed during RHC. Hemodynamic responses were recorded, responders were defined and followed for up to seven years. Additionally, plasma ADMA, symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), L-arginine, L-citrulline and L-ornithine levels before and after PAH drug treatment were monitored in 21 PAH patients and compared to values measured in 14 LVHF patients and 27 healthy subjects. Results: Vardenafil concentrations increased rapidly to maximum plasma concentration (tmax 1h) and elimination half-life was 3.4 h. Patients co-medicated with bosentan had reduced vardenafil concentration. Significant acute hemodynamic responses were observed for mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) (p<0.001), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) (p<0.001), cardiac output (CO) (p=0.015), cardiac index (CI) (p=0.010), systemic vascular resistance (SVR) (p<0.001) and PVR/SVR (p=0.002) and were related to plasma vardenafil concentrations. PAH patients had significantly higher ADMA and SDMA levels and significantly lower L-arginine levels and L-arginine/ADMA ratio compared with healthy subjects (p<0.001). L-arginine was also lower in PAH patients compared to patients with LVHF (p<0.05). WHO functional class and six minutes walking distance (6MWD) correlated to Larginine and L-arginine/ADMA ratio in PAH at baseline (p<0.05). At follow-up, patients on mono- or combinationtherapy with endothelin receptor antagonists (ERA) had lower ADMA levels than patients without ERA (p<0.05). In contrast, patients on PDE5-inhibitors had higher ADMA levels compared to patients without PDE5-inhibitors (p<0.05). Conclusion: Vardenafil is safe in acute vasoreactivity test in PH patients. Cardiopulmonary hemodynamic response was related to plasma drug concentrations. There was a high inter-individual variability of vardenafil pharmacokinetics and co-medication with bosentan caused a pharmacokinetic drug interaction. Baseline L-arginine and dimethylarginines levels were different in PAH patients compared to LVHF patients and healthy controls. PAH-specific treatment influenced L-arginine and dimethylarginines. Our data suggest that L-arginine might be useful for differentiating PAH from LVHF, and L-arginine/ADMA ratios were related to the severity of PAH and might be useful for follow-up evaluations of PAH patients.

INTRODUÇÃO: A hipertensão arterial pulmonar associada a cardiopatias congênitas (HAP-CCg) é um tipo específico de doença vascular pulmonar com várias complicações. Os pacientes com HAP-CCg avançada são considerados inoperáveis e podem apresentar hipoxemia crônica e eritrocitose secundária devido ao desvio de sangue da direita para a esquerda através das comunicações cardíacas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a resposta a dois inibidores de fosfodiesterase 5 (iPDE 5), a saber, sildenafila e tadalafila, administrados por seis meses. Os fármacos haviam sido previamente aprovados para uso na HAP em geral. No entanto, a literatura é escassa no que diz respeito à sua utilização especificamente na HAP-CCg. Propusemo-nos a investigar potenciais efeitos destes fármacos além de suas ações como vasodilatadores. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 31 pacientes com HAP-CCg avançada (idade entre 10 e 54 anos). A maioria apresentava redução na saturação sistêmica de oxigênio, com hematócrito elevado. A sildenafila e a tadalafila foram administradas por via oral (respectivamente, 20 mg três vezes ao dia e dose única diária de 40 mg). A capacidade física foi avaliada pela distância percorrida em 6 minutos (teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, protocolo American Thoracic Society). A qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde foi avaliada utilizando-se o questionário genérico SF-36. Níveis circulantes de marcadores de disfunção microvascular foram analisados por ensaios imunoenzimáticos. Todas as medidas foram realizadas na condição basal, e aos três e seis meses de tratamento com iPDE 5. Utilizando casuística ampliada com análise de dados tanto de forma retrospectiva como prospectiva, investigamos variáveis com possível valor prognóstico. RESULTADOS: Os tratamentos com ambos os fármacos foram associados à melhora da capacidade física (classe funcional e distância percorrida em 6 minutos, p < 0,05), hematócrito e nível de hemoglobina (p < 0,05), e qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde (componentes físico e mental, p < 0,05). Comparados ao grupo controle, na condição basal, os pacientes apresentaram níveis plasmáticos elevados de beta-tromboglobulina (beta-TG, p=0,002), selectina P (p=0,018), ativador do plasminogênio tipo tecidual (t-PA, p=0,005) e do antígeno do fator de von Willebrand (VWF:Ag, p=0,005); a trombomodulina mostrou-se significantemente reduzida (TM, p < 0,001). A administração de tadalafila foi seguida de melhora no nível de beta-TG (p=0,004), t-PA (p=0,003) e TM (p=0,046), enquanto a selectina P modificou-se apenas com a sildenafila (p=0,034). O VWF:Ag mostrou-se com melhora significante, porém transitória, no grupo tratado com sildenafila (p=0,019). Usando casuística ampliada que incluiu pacientes de estudos anteriores de nosso grupo (coorte estendida de 75 indivíduos), analisamos dados coletados no início do seguimento para todos eles, assim como outros relacionados ao tratamento. Uma série de variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais foram testadas quanto à sua possível correlação com a sobrevida livre de evento (seguimento de nove anos). Nesta parte do estudo, os pacientes receberam não apenas iPDE 5 como tratamento para HAP. Alguns deles receberam antagonistas dos receptores de endotelina isoladamente, enquanto outros receberam estes medicamentos (bosentana, ambrisentana) em combinação com iPDE 5. Após realização de análises univariada, bivariada e multivariada foi possível a identificação de quatro preditores de prognóstico desfavorável: 1, menor tempo de exposição a fármacos específicos para HAP (p < 0,001); 2, classe funcional avançada na admissão (p=0,010); 3, função sistólica ventricular direita deprimida (p=0,010); e 4, níveis circulantes elevados de VWF:Ag (p=0,013). Menor tempo de exposição aos medicamentos específicos para HAP foi caracterizado como preditor independente de desfechos. CONCLUSÕES E COMENTÁRIOS: Com base nestas observações, concluímos que os iPDE 5 são importantes no manejo da HAP-CCg avançada. Os efeitos foram observados não apenas na capacidade física e na qualidade de vida, mas também em marcadores biológicos de disfunção microvascular, potencialmente relacionados à progressão e/ou complicações da doença. Além disso, as observações em longo prazo sugeriram que maior tempo de exposição aos fármacos para HAP (incluindo iPDE 5) foi benéfico, enfatizando a necessidade de instituição precoce das terapias. O fato de o estudo ter sido realizado apenas com fármacos de administração oral torna os resultados relevantes no que diz respeito a regiões onde o acesso a tratamentos específicos para HAP é limitado a tais modalidades / INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease (CHD-PAH) is a particular form of pulmonary vascular disease with a number of complications. Patients with advanced CHD-PAH are deemed inoperable, and may present with chronic hypoxemia and secondary erythrocytosis due to right-to-left shunting across the cardiac communications. The present study was aimed at analyzing the response to 2 phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5is), namely sildenafil and tadalafil, which were administered for 6 months. The drugs had been previously approved for management of PAH in general. However, there has been scarce literature on their use in the specific setting of CHD-PAH. We wished to investigate potential effects beyond their actions as vasodilators. METHODS: Thirty-one patients with advanced CHD-PAH were enrolled (age 10 to 54 years). Most of them had systemic oxygen desaturation with elevated hematocrit. Sildenafil and tadalafil were administered orally (respectively, 20 mg t.i.d and single daily dose of 40 mg). The physical capacity was assessed by registering the 6-minute walked distance (6-minute walk test, American Thoracic Society protocol). Health-related quality of life was assessed using the SF-36 generic questionnaire. Circulating levels of microvascular dysfunction markers were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunoassays. All measurements were performed at baseline, 3 months and 6 months of PDE5i administration. Using a larger patient population with retrospective as well as prospective data analysis, we looked for potential predictors of prognosis. RESULTS: Both therapies were associated with improvement of the physical capacity (functional class and 6-minute walked distance, p < 0.05), hematocrit and hemoglobin level (p < 0.05), and health-related quality of life (physical and mental components, p < 0.05). Compared to controls, patients had elevated baseline plasma levels of beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG, p=0.002), P-selectin (p=0.018), tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA, p=0.005) and von Willebrand factor antigen (VWF:Ag, p=0.005), while thrombomodulin was importantly reduced (TM, p < 0.001). Tadalafil administration was followed by improvement of beta-TG (p=0.004), t-PA (p=0.003) and TM level (p=0.046), while P-selectin was improved by sildenafil only (p=0.034). VWF:Ag improved significantly, but only transiently in the sildenafil group (p=0.019). Using an extended population which included additional patients from previous studies of ours (the extended cohort consisted of 75 individuals), we analyzed data collected at the beginning of follow-up for all subjects, and treatment-related data as well. A number of clinical and laboratory parameters were tested for their possible correlation with event-free survival (9-year survival analysis). In this part of the study, patients were on monotherapy or combination therapy with PDE5is (sildenafil or tadalafil) and endothelin receptor antagonists (bosentan or ambrisentan). Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify four predictors of a more worrisome prognosis: 1, a shorter time of exposure to specific PAH therapies (p < 0.001); 2, an advanced functional class at entry (p=0.010); 3, a depressed right ventricular systolic function (p=0.010); and 4, high circulating levels of VWF:Ag (p=0.013). A shorter exposure to PAH therapies was characterized as an independent predictor of poor outcome. CONCLUSIONS AND COMMENTS: Our observations point towards beneficial effects of PDE5is in advanced CHD-PAH. Importantly, the observed effects were not only on the physical capacity, and quality of life, but also biological markers of microvascular injury potentially related to disease progression and/or complications. Furthermore, long-term patient observation showed that a longer exposure to PAH drugs (including PDE5is) was beneficial, thus emphasizing the need for early initiation of therapies. Because only oral drugs were used, results may be relevant for countries and regions with limited access to PAH-specific medications

INTRODUÇÃO: A hipertensão arterial pulmonar associada a cardiopatias congênitas (HAP-CCg) é um tipo específico de doença vascular pulmonar com várias complicações. Os pacientes com HAP-CCg avançada são considerados inoperáveis e podem apresentar hipoxemia crônica e eritrocitose secundária devido ao desvio de sangue da direita para a esquerda através das comunicações cardíacas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a resposta a dois inibidores de fosfodiesterase 5 (iPDE 5), a saber, sildenafila e tadalafila, administrados por seis meses. Os fármacos haviam sido previamente aprovados para uso na HAP em geral. No entanto, a literatura é escassa no que diz respeito à sua utilização especificamente na HAP-CCg. Propusemo-nos a investigar potenciais efeitos destes fármacos além de suas ações como vasodilatadores. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 31 pacientes com HAP-CCg avançada (idade entre 10 e 54 anos). A maioria apresentava redução na saturação sistêmica de oxigênio, com hematócrito elevado. A sildenafila e a tadalafila foram administradas por via oral (respectivamente, 20 mg três vezes ao dia e dose única diária de 40 mg). A capacidade física foi avaliada pela distância percorrida em 6 minutos (teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, protocolo American Thoracic Society). A qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde foi avaliada utilizando-se o questionário genérico SF-36. Níveis circulantes de marcadores de disfunção microvascular foram analisados por ensaios imunoenzimáticos. Todas as medidas foram realizadas na condição basal, e aos três e seis meses de tratamento com iPDE 5. Utilizando casuística ampliada com análise de dados tanto de forma retrospectiva como prospectiva, investigamos variáveis com possível valor prognóstico. RESULTADOS: Os tratamentos com ambos os fármacos foram associados à melhora da capacidade física (classe funcional e distância percorrida em 6 minutos, p < 0,05), hematócrito e nível de hemoglobina (p < 0,05), e qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde (componentes físico e mental, p < 0,05). Comparados ao grupo controle, na condição basal, os pacientes apresentaram níveis plasmáticos elevados de beta-tromboglobulina (beta-TG, p=0,002), selectina P (p=0,018), ativador do plasminogênio tipo tecidual (t-PA, p=0,005) e do antígeno do fator de von Willebrand (VWF:Ag, p=0,005); a trombomodulina mostrou-se significantemente reduzida (TM, p < 0,001). A administração de tadalafila foi seguida de melhora no nível de beta-TG (p=0,004), t-PA (p=0,003) e TM (p=0,046), enquanto a selectina P modificou-se apenas com a sildenafila (p=0,034). O VWF:Ag mostrou-se com melhora significante, porém transitória, no grupo tratado com sildenafila (p=0,019). Usando casuística ampliada que incluiu pacientes de estudos anteriores de nosso grupo (coorte estendida de 75 indivíduos), analisamos dados coletados no início do seguimento para todos eles, assim como outros relacionados ao tratamento. Uma série de variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais foram testadas quanto à sua possível correlação com a sobrevida livre de evento (seguimento de nove anos). Nesta parte do estudo, os pacientes receberam não apenas iPDE 5 como tratamento para HAP. Alguns deles receberam antagonistas dos receptores de endotelina isoladamente, enquanto outros receberam estes medicamentos (bosentana, ambrisentana) em combinação com iPDE 5. Após realização de análises univariada, bivariada e multivariada foi possível a identificação de quatro preditores de prognóstico desfavorável: 1, menor tempo de exposição a fármacos específicos para HAP (p < 0,001); 2, classe funcional avançada na admissão (p=0,010); 3, função sistólica ventricular direita deprimida (p=0,010); e 4, níveis circulantes elevados de VWF:Ag (p=0,013). Menor tempo de exposição aos medicamentos específicos para HAP foi caracterizado como preditor independente de desfechos. CONCLUSÕES E COMENTÁRIOS: Com base nestas observações, concluímos que os iPDE 5 são importantes no manejo da HAP-CCg avançada. Os efeitos foram observados não apenas na capacidade física e na qualidade de vida, mas também em marcadores biológicos de disfunção microvascular, potencialmente relacionados à progressão e/ou complicações da doença. Além disso, as observações em longo prazo sugeriram que maior tempo de exposição aos fármacos para HAP (incluindo iPDE 5) foi benéfico, enfatizando a necessidade de instituição precoce das terapias. O fato de o estudo ter sido realizado apenas com fármacos de administração oral torna os resultados relevantes no que diz respeito a regiões onde o acesso a tratamentos específicos para HAP é limitado a tais modalidades / INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease (CHD-PAH) is a particular form of pulmonary vascular disease with a number of complications. Patients with advanced CHD-PAH are deemed inoperable, and may present with chronic hypoxemia and secondary erythrocytosis due to right-to-left shunting across the cardiac communications. The present study was aimed at analyzing the response to 2 phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5is), namely sildenafil and tadalafil, which were administered for 6 months. The drugs had been previously approved for management of PAH in general. However, there has been scarce literature on their use in the specific setting of CHD-PAH. We wished to investigate potential effects beyond their actions as vasodilators. METHODS: Thirty-one patients with advanced CHD-PAH were enrolled (age 10 to 54 years). Most of them had systemic oxygen desaturation with elevated hematocrit. Sildenafil and tadalafil were administered orally (respectively, 20 mg t.i.d and single daily dose of 40 mg). The physical capacity was assessed by registering the 6-minute walked distance (6-minute walk test, American Thoracic Society protocol). Health-related quality of life was assessed using the SF-36 generic questionnaire. Circulating levels of microvascular dysfunction markers were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunoassays. All measurements were performed at baseline, 3 months and 6 months of PDE5i administration. Using a larger patient population with retrospective as well as prospective data analysis, we looked for potential predictors of prognosis. RESULTS: Both therapies were associated with improvement of the physical capacity (functional class and 6-minute walked distance, p < 0.05), hematocrit and hemoglobin level (p < 0.05), and health-related quality of life (physical and mental components, p < 0.05). Compared to controls, patients had elevated baseline plasma levels of beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG, p=0.002), P-selectin (p=0.018), tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA, p=0.005) and von Willebrand factor antigen (VWF:Ag, p=0.005), while thrombomodulin was importantly reduced (TM, p < 0.001). Tadalafil administration was followed by improvement of beta-TG (p=0.004), t-PA (p=0.003) and TM level (p=0.046), while P-selectin was improved by sildenafil only (p=0.034). VWF:Ag improved significantly, but only transiently in the sildenafil group (p=0.019). Using an extended population which included additional patients from previous studies of ours (the extended cohort consisted of 75 individuals), we analyzed data collected at the beginning of follow-up for all subjects, and treatment-related data as well. A number of clinical and laboratory parameters were tested for their possible correlation with event-free survival (9-year survival analysis). In this part of the study, patients were on monotherapy or combination therapy with PDE5is (sildenafil or tadalafil) and endothelin receptor antagonists (bosentan or ambrisentan). Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify four predictors of a more worrisome prognosis: 1, a shorter time of exposure to specific PAH therapies (p < 0.001); 2, an advanced functional class at entry (p=0.010); 3, a depressed right ventricular systolic function (p=0.010); and 4, high circulating levels of VWF:Ag (p=0.013). A shorter exposure to PAH therapies was characterized as an independent predictor of poor outcome. CONCLUSIONS AND COMMENTS: Our observations point towards beneficial effects of PDE5is in advanced CHD-PAH. Importantly, the observed effects were not only on the physical capacity, and quality of life, but also biological markers of microvascular injury potentially related to disease progression and/or complications. Furthermore, long-term patient observation showed that a longer exposure to PAH drugs (including PDE5is) was beneficial, thus emphasizing the need for early initiation of therapies. Because only oral drugs were used, results may be relevant for countries and regions with limited access to PAH-specific medications

Ce projet de maitrise implique le développement et l’optimisation de deux méthodes utilisant la chromatographie liquide à haute performance couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem (HPLC-MS/MS). L'objectif du premier projet était de séparer le plus rapidement possible, simultanément, 71 médicaments traitant la dysfonction érectile (ED) et 11 ingrédients naturels parfois retrouvés avec ces médicaments dans les échantillons suspectés d’être adultérés ou contrefaits. L'objectif du deuxième projet était de développer une méthode de dépistage permettant l'analyse rapide simultanée de 24 cannabinoïdes synthétiques et naturels pour une grande variété d'échantillons tels que les mélanges à base de plantes, des bâtons d'encens, de sérums et de cannabis. Dans les deux projets, la séparation a été réalisée en moins de 10 min et cela en utilisant une colonne C18 à noyau solide 100 x 2,1 mm avec des particules de 2,6 µm de diamètre couplée à un système MS avec trappe ionique orbitale fonctionnant en électronébulisation positive. En raison du nombre élevé de composés dans les deux méthodes et de l’émergence de nouveaux analogues sur le marché qui pourraient être présents dans les échantillons futurs, une méthode de dépistage LC-MS/MS ciblée/non-ciblée a été développée. Pour les deux projets, les limites de détection étaient sous les ng/mL et la variation de la précision et de l’exactitude étaient inférieures de 10,5%. Le taux de recouvrement à partir des échantillons réels variait entre 92 à 111%. L’innovation des méthodes LC-MS/MS développées au cours des projets est que le spectre de masse obtenu en mode balayage lors de l'acquisition, fournit une masse exacte pour tous les composés détectés et permet l'identification des composés initialement non-ciblés, comme des nouveaux analogues. Cette innovation amène une dimension supplémentaire aux méthodes traditionnellement utilisées, en permettant une analyse à haute résolution sur la masse de composés non-ciblés. / This master’s project involved the development and optimization of two rapid liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods. The objective of the first project was to simultaneously separate, as rapidly as possible, 71 erectile dysfunction (ED) treatment drugs and 11 natural ingredients sometimes found alongside ED drugs present in suspected adulterated or counterfeit samples. The objective of the second project was to develop a screening method allowing rapid, simultaneous analysis of 24 synthetic and natural cannabinoids for a wide variety of samples such as herbal smoking mixtures, incense sticks, serums and Cannabis plant material. In both projects, the separations were achieved in ≤ 10 min using 2.6 µm fused-core C18 particles packed into a 100 x 2.1 mm column coupled to an LTQ Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer operated in positive electrospray mode. Because of the very high number of compounds in both methods and the knowledge that future analogues are always immerging on the market that could thus be present in samples, a targeted/untargeted LC-MS/MS screening method was developed. For both projects, detection limits were in the sub ng/mL range and intra- and inter-assay precisions were below 10.5%. Recovery from real samples ranged from 92 to 111%. The innovation of the developed LC-MS/MS methods is that the full scan event in the MS acquisition provides accurate masses for all detected species and thus allows post-analysis identification of initially untargeted compounds, i.e., the immerging analogues. This innovation adds an additional dimension to traditional MS/MS methods, allowing high mass resolution of untargeted compounds.