Hog manure phosphorus (P) can be recovered as struvite or magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (MgNH4PO4∙6H2O). The recovered struvite has slow-release properties and may be used as a P-source for crops. Two pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the agronomic effectiveness and seedling toxicity of liquid hog manure-recovered struvite for canola (Brassica spp.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). While wheat was non-responsive to P application, canola dry matter yield (DMY) from struvite (1.9 g kg-1) was similar to that from monoammonium phosphate (MAP) (1.8 g kg-1) and coated-monoammonium phosphate (CMAP) (1.7 g kg-1). Importantly, when P was seed-placed at the higher rate (15 mg kg-1), canola seedling emergence was significantly greater with struvite (90%) and CMAP (85%) than with MAP (60%). The results demonstrate the potential of struvite as an effective P-source for canola in P-deficient soils, which can be safely applied at higher rates than those currently recommended for seed-placed MAP.

Submitted by ELIALDO ALVES DE SOUZA (eli_agronomo@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-07-03T17:28:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SOUZA, E.A..pdf: 3660134 bytes, checksum: bce1034cb117c1be8df868aa0e61ab8f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-07-04T18:06:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ea_dr_bot.pdf: 3660134 bytes, checksum: bce1034cb117c1be8df868aa0e61ab8f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-04T18:06:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ea_dr_bot.pdf: 3660134 bytes, checksum: bce1034cb117c1be8df868aa0e61ab8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-13 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A aplicação de amônio pode, em algumas condições, melhorar a eficiência de uso do fósforo (EUP) e o desenvolvimento do milho, especialmente em solos tropicais, normalmente ácidos e pobres em P disponível. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo estudar o efeito da adubação amoniacal sobre o aproveitamento do P, as condições bioquímicas da rizosfera, a morfologia radicular e o desenvolvimento da cultura do milho. Os dois experimentos iniciais foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, o primeiro em vasos de 12 L e o segundo em Plant Growth Containers (PGCs), com solo previamente corrigido e adubado segundo os tratamentos: 3 (três formas de adubação nitrogenada - amoniacal, nítrica e mista) x cinco doses de fosfato (0, 40, 80, 120 e 160 mg P kg-1 de solo). Aos 35 dias após a emergência as raízes foram removidas dos containers e vasos e as amostras de planta e solo foram coletadas para análises. O solo rizosférico no experimento I foi obtido por “agitação-lavagem” e no experimento II por “fatiamento em camadas”, de forma que quatro das oito repetições foram congeladas frescas (análises: amônio, nitrato, C orgânico e P microbiano) e quatro foram transformadas em TFSE (análises: fracionamento químico do P e pH). As amostras de planta foram submetidas a pesagem e análise nutricional. O experimento III foi conduzido em um sistema de scanners em solução nutritiva de acordo com os tratamentos: 2 (amônio ou nitrato) x (alta dose ou baixa dose de P), com 10 repetições. Imagens foram obtidas diariamente para avaliação do desenvolvimento radicular. Ao final dos ensaios foram obtidos peso fresco e seco, análises de P em tecidos e, com dados de diferentes parâmetros radiculares, foi feito o desenho da planta média no RootBox. Os tratamentos com amônio e nitrato + amônio, na dose mais alta de P no experimento I ou em todas as doses no experimento II, resultaram em maior produção de matéria seca, menor relação raiz: parte aérea, desenvolvimento de raiz mais aequado à absorção de P, maior recuperação de P, maior acúmulo de amônio, nitrato e N-mineral nas camadas mais próximas ao rizoplano, menor pH, maior mobilização de formas menos lábeis de P, maior consumo de P geoquímico e P biológico. Houve diferença entre solo rizosférico e solo não rizosférico e entre as diferentes camadas da rizosfera, para todos os parâmetros, entre as formas de nitrogênio. O amônio e nitrato + amônio resultaram em maior produção de C orgânico solúvel em água e maior dose de superfosfato triplo resultou em maior quantidade de P na fração microbiana. O amônio resultou desenvolvimento radicular mais ramificado e com maior número de raízes laterais. O amônio melhora a eficiência de uso do P, devido às mudanças químicas e biológicas na rizosfera, e às mudanças na arquitetura radicular, que favorecem a solubilidade, a mineralização e a absorção de fosfato e, consequentemente, aumenta a produção de matéria seca nos estádios iniciais da cultura do milho. / Ammonium application can improve phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) and the development of maize plants, especially in tropical soils, usually acids and P-limiting. The aim of this study is evaluate how ammoniacal fertilization impacts the P use efficiency (PUE), the biochemical conditions of the rhizosphere, the root morphology and the development of maize plants. Two initial experiments were carried on greenhouse, the first one in pots of 20 L and the second one in Plant Growth Containers (PGCs), using soil after liming and fertilized according to the following treatments: 3 (nitrogen fertilization: ammonium only, nitrate only and both) x five doses of phosphate (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 mg P kg-1 of soil). At 35 days after emergence the roots were removed from the containers and pots and the plant and soil samples were collected for analysis. The rhizosphere soil in experiment I was obtained by "shaking-washing" and in the experiment II by "layer slicing". Four of the eight soil replicates were fresh frozen (analyzes: ammonium, nitrate, organic C and microbial P) and four of them were dried (analyzes: chemical fractionation of P and pH). Plant samples were weighed and analyzed for P content. The experiment III was carried on a system of nutrient solution scanners according to the treatments: 2 (ammonium or nitrate) x (high or low dose of P), with 10 replicates. Images were obtained in daily basis for the evaluation of root development. At the end of the tests, fresh and dry weights and P content were obtained. Data of different root traits were used to draw the average plant on the RootBox. The treatments with ammonium and nitrate + ammonium, plus the highest dose of P in the experiment I or at all doses in the experiment II, resulted in higher dry matter yield, lower root ratio: aerial part, root development adequate for P absorption, higher P recovering, higher ammonium, nitrate and N-mineral accumulation in the nearest layersto the rhizoplane, lower pH, greater mobilization of less labile P forms, higher mobilization of geochemical and biological P. There were differences between rhizospheric and bulk soils and between the different layers of the rhizosphere, for all parameters and treatments. Ammonium and nitrate + ammonium resulted in higher organic C water soluble organic C, and higher dose of triple superphosphate resulted in higher amount of P in the microbial fraction. Ammonium resulted in a branched root with a greater number of lateral roots. Ammonium improves the use efficiency, solubility, mineralization and uptake of P, due to chemical and biological changes in the rhizosphere and root architecture in the early stages of corn development. / FAPESP: 13/18870-1 / FAPESP: 15/12399-0

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第21147号 / 農博第2273号 / 新制||農||1058(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H30||N5121(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 北山 兼弘, 教授 小杉 緑子, 教授 北島 薫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Current maximum efficiency of phosphorus (P) fertilizers that is utilized by plants in the same year of application ranges from near zero to thirty percent. Despite low utilization of P in crop production, yields are often limited by P deficiencies. Innovative technology is requisite to achieve greater efficiency as fertilizer demands are increasing, while phosphorus mineral resources are rapidly being depleted. A growing environmental concern for nutrient pollution of surface waters also carries significant weight. A novel new product, Carbond® P, is promising technology to increase P use efficiency. Research is needed to understand its capabilities and the functioning mechanisms imbedded within its technology. Several research studies were conducted to evaluate Carbond® P (CBP) against traditional fertilizers ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and monoammonium phosphate (MAP). A soil column leaching study was conducted to determine P mobility through three soils, at two rates (20 and 30 kg P ha-1) in either a banded or mixed soil application. Mobility of P was evaluated at 24, 48, 110 and 365 d after fertilization. CBP showed significantly greater total P leachate values across all soil types and application rates averaged across all readings taken until 365 daf for both application types. In the banded applications, CBP generally produced significantly greater solubility than MAP or APP up until 110 daf. For applications mixed with soil, CBP and MAP had greater solubility than APP at 24 days after application, but by the later evaluation dates (48 and 110 daf) the CBP was significantly higher than both MAP and APP. No statistical significance was found in the leachate P 365 daf in either the banded or mixed applications. One glasshouse study on maize (Zea mays L.) grown in three soils were conducted at 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 kg P ha-1 comparing CBP and APP fertilizer impacts on early season growth. CBP produced significantly more biomass in two soils when averaged across rates (and at the 20 kg P ha-1 rate in a third soil), increased petiole P in one soil and thicker stems in another. Two field trials showed similar physiological advantages with CBP over APP at later growth stages. CBP maize responded with significantly more biomass and P uptake at the V12-V18 growth stages in one field, as well as plant height in another. At the R2-R3 growth stages, CBP also produced thicker stalks in both fields than APP. These growth enhancements were strongest in medium to highly calcareous soil (6-12 %) low in P (7 mg kg-1). These observations warrant the use of CBP and further investigation to understand its benefits and limitations.

Most soils in the world have low phosphate (P) availability, especially in tropical regions where most soils are highly weathered and rich in strong P adsorbents such as iron and aluminium sesquioxides, which limit the plant growth. Thus, large amounts of P fertilizers have been applied annually on crops to meet P requirements, which have declined the world\'s mineral P reserves.On the other hand, large amounts of P can be recycled from organic wastes like poultry litter (PL). However, inadequate disposal of PL on soil surface promotes environmental contamination (e.g., eutrophication). In this context, the use of PL to produce organomineral P fertilizers (OMF) represents a suitable alternative to recycle P from PL and reduce the dependence on mineral P reserves. In this study, we carried out a pot and a field experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of a granular PL-derived OMF in maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.).The pot experiment was conducted in a greenhouse arranged in a completely randomized design with 2x4+1 factorial treatments with four replications. We tested OMF against triple superphosphate (TSP) at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg P kg-1 in two contrasting soils in term of P adsorption capacity (PAC): a clayey Oxisol and a sandy Entisol. In the soil with high PAC (Oxisol), granular OMF was as effective as TSP, but in the Entisol, TSP promoted higher P uptake and higher fertilizer P recovery than OMF. Thus, the agronomic effectiveness of OMF is dependent on the P adsorption capacity of soil. With respect to the field trial, we used a randomized complete block with 2x4+1 factorial treatments and four replications. The soil is classified as Ultisol. The factors corresponded to two P sources (OMF and single superphosphate, SSP) and five P rates: 0, 17.5, 35, 52.5 and 70 kg P ha-1 for maize and, 0, 13, 26, 39 and 52 kg P ha-1 for soybean. There was no difference between OMF and SSP on the shoot dry weight (SDW) and grain yields. Similar trend was observed for plant P uptake.Additionally, OMF had a significant higher relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) based on the SDW compared to SSP. Furthermore, OMF also had a higher RAE based on the P uptake than SSP in maize and a higher RAE based on the grain yield in soybean. Thus, we conclude that OMF is an effective substitute to conventional P fertilizers and, at the same time contributes to reducingenvironmental contamination associated to inadequate disposal of PL / A maioria dos solos no mundo possui baixa disponibilidade de fósforo (P), especialmente nas regiões tropicais, onde a maioria dos solos são bastante intemperizados e ricos em fortes adsorventes de P como sesquióxidos de ferro e de alumínio, os quais limitam o crescimento das plantas. Assim, grandes quantidades de fertilizantes fosfatados têm sido aplicadas anualmente em cultivos para atender a demanda de P pelas culturas, o que tem reduzido as reservas minerais de fósforo. Por outro lado, grandes quantidades de P podem ser recicladas a partir de resíduos orgânicos como a cama de frango (CF). No entanto, aplicação inadequada de CF no solo resulta em contaminação ambiental (ex. eutrofização). Nesse contexto, o uso de CF na produção de fertilizantes organominerais (FOM) representa uma alternativa adequada para reciclar P de CF e ao mesmo tempo, reduzindo a dependência das reservas minerais de P. Nesse estudo, foram conduzidos dois experimentos, um em vasos e outro em condições de campo com intuito de avaliar a eficiência de um fertilizante organomineral granulado produzido a partir de CF nas culturas do milho (Zeamays L.) e da soja (Glycinemax L.). O primeiro foi conduzido em casa de vegetação utilizando o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x4+1 com quatro repetições. FOM foi comparado com superfosfato triplo (SFT) nas doses de 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 mg P kg-1em dois solos contrastantes em termos de capacidade de adsorção de P (CAP): um Latossolo argiloso e um Neossolo arenoso. No solo com elevada CAP (Latossolo), o FOM foi mais eficiente que o SFT, porém no Neossolo, SFT promoveu maior absorção de P bem como maior recuperação do P aplicado comparado ao FOM. Dessa forma, a eficiência agronômica do FOM granulado depende da CAP do solo. Em relação experimento de campo, foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos completos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2x4+1 com quatro repetições. O solo da área é classificado como Nitossolo. Os fatores correspondem a duas fontes de P (FOM e superfosfato simples, SFS) e cinco doses de P: 0, 17.5, 35, 52.5 e 70 kg P ha-1para milho e, 0, 13, 26, 39 e 52 kg P ha-1para soja. Não houve diferença entre FOM e SFS na produtividade de grãos, produção de massa seca de parte aérea de plantas (MSPA) e na absorção de P. Adicionalmente, FOM teve uma maior eficiência agronômica relativa (EAR) como base na produção de MSPA comparado ao SFS. Além disso, FOM também obteve maior EAR baseado na absorção de P na cultura do milho e maior EAR com base na produtividade de grãos na cultura da soja. Conclui-se que FOM pode substituir fertilizantes fosfatados convencionais bem como, reduzir a contaminação ambiental decorrente da disposição inadequada de CF

Most soils in the world have low phosphate (P) availability, especially in tropical regions where most soils are highly weathered and rich in strong P adsorbents such as iron and aluminium sesquioxides, which limit the plant growth. Thus, large amounts of P fertilizers have been applied annually on crops to meet P requirements, which have declined the world\'s mineral P reserves.On the other hand, large amounts of P can be recycled from organic wastes like poultry litter (PL). However, inadequate disposal of PL on soil surface promotes environmental contamination (e.g., eutrophication). In this context, the use of PL to produce organomineral P fertilizers (OMF) represents a suitable alternative to recycle P from PL and reduce the dependence on mineral P reserves. In this study, we carried out a pot and a field experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of a granular PL-derived OMF in maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.).The pot experiment was conducted in a greenhouse arranged in a completely randomized design with 2x4+1 factorial treatments with four replications. We tested OMF against triple superphosphate (TSP) at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg P kg-1 in two contrasting soils in term of P adsorption capacity (PAC): a clayey Oxisol and a sandy Entisol. In the soil with high PAC (Oxisol), granular OMF was as effective as TSP, but in the Entisol, TSP promoted higher P uptake and higher fertilizer P recovery than OMF. Thus, the agronomic effectiveness of OMF is dependent on the P adsorption capacity of soil. With respect to the field trial, we used a randomized complete block with 2x4+1 factorial treatments and four replications. The soil is classified as Ultisol. The factors corresponded to two P sources (OMF and single superphosphate, SSP) and five P rates: 0, 17.5, 35, 52.5 and 70 kg P ha-1 for maize and, 0, 13, 26, 39 and 52 kg P ha-1 for soybean. There was no difference between OMF and SSP on the shoot dry weight (SDW) and grain yields. Similar trend was observed for plant P uptake.Additionally, OMF had a significant higher relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) based on the SDW compared to SSP. Furthermore, OMF also had a higher RAE based on the P uptake than SSP in maize and a higher RAE based on the grain yield in soybean. Thus, we conclude that OMF is an effective substitute to conventional P fertilizers and, at the same time contributes to reducingenvironmental contamination associated to inadequate disposal of PL / A maioria dos solos no mundo possui baixa disponibilidade de fósforo (P), especialmente nas regiões tropicais, onde a maioria dos solos são bastante intemperizados e ricos em fortes adsorventes de P como sesquióxidos de ferro e de alumínio, os quais limitam o crescimento das plantas. Assim, grandes quantidades de fertilizantes fosfatados têm sido aplicadas anualmente em cultivos para atender a demanda de P pelas culturas, o que tem reduzido as reservas minerais de fósforo. Por outro lado, grandes quantidades de P podem ser recicladas a partir de resíduos orgânicos como a cama de frango (CF). No entanto, aplicação inadequada de CF no solo resulta em contaminação ambiental (ex. eutrofização). Nesse contexto, o uso de CF na produção de fertilizantes organominerais (FOM) representa uma alternativa adequada para reciclar P de CF e ao mesmo tempo, reduzindo a dependência das reservas minerais de P. Nesse estudo, foram conduzidos dois experimentos, um em vasos e outro em condições de campo com intuito de avaliar a eficiência de um fertilizante organomineral granulado produzido a partir de CF nas culturas do milho (Zeamays L.) e da soja (Glycinemax L.). O primeiro foi conduzido em casa de vegetação utilizando o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x4+1 com quatro repetições. FOM foi comparado com superfosfato triplo (SFT) nas doses de 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 mg P kg-1em dois solos contrastantes em termos de capacidade de adsorção de P (CAP): um Latossolo argiloso e um Neossolo arenoso. No solo com elevada CAP (Latossolo), o FOM foi mais eficiente que o SFT, porém no Neossolo, SFT promoveu maior absorção de P bem como maior recuperação do P aplicado comparado ao FOM. Dessa forma, a eficiência agronômica do FOM granulado depende da CAP do solo. Em relação experimento de campo, foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos completos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2x4+1 com quatro repetições. O solo da área é classificado como Nitossolo. Os fatores correspondem a duas fontes de P (FOM e superfosfato simples, SFS) e cinco doses de P: 0, 17.5, 35, 52.5 e 70 kg P ha-1para milho e, 0, 13, 26, 39 e 52 kg P ha-1para soja. Não houve diferença entre FOM e SFS na produtividade de grãos, produção de massa seca de parte aérea de plantas (MSPA) e na absorção de P. Adicionalmente, FOM teve uma maior eficiência agronômica relativa (EAR) como base na produção de MSPA comparado ao SFS. Além disso, FOM também obteve maior EAR baseado na absorção de P na cultura do milho e maior EAR com base na produtividade de grãos na cultura da soja. Conclui-se que FOM pode substituir fertilizantes fosfatados convencionais bem como, reduzir a contaminação ambiental decorrente da disposição inadequada de CF

Biochar application as a soil additive is gaining global acceptance. In this era of climate change, biochar use for improved soil productivity is not just a sustainable eco-friendly substitute to synthetic fertilizer, but a noble contributor to the fight against climate change. Although biochar has been accredited with some environmental and agricultural benefits, most studies concentrated on agricultural and biowaste products as feedstocks. This research was designed to explore P-enriched modified-Douglas fir biochar potential as a soil additive. Using corn as a test crop, greenhouse studies were performed on acidic sandy soil, comparing phosphorus enriched modified-Douglas fir biochar efficacy to a commercial synthetic triple superphosphate fertilizer and a control treatment. Incubation studies were also performed to evaluate the liming and heavy metal immobilization efficacies. Firstly, P-enriched modified-Douglas fir biochar’s ability to release plant soluble P was investigated. At various P enrichment concentration, soil plant availability P from P enriched modified-Douglas fir biochar treatments differed insignificantly from superphosphate fertilizer treatment. The direct correlations between both K and Mg recoveries with available soil P, suggested P enriched modified-Douglas fir biochar potential to supply multiple plant nutrients. Secondly, the influence of P uptake on plant growth and P use efficiency was examined. The greater agronomic P use efficiency obtained in P enriched modified-Douglas fir biochar (~32 kg kg-1) than the triple supper phosphate fertilizer (~17 kg kg-1) treatment confirmed P enriched modified-Douglas fir biochar potential as a multiple nutrient released soil additive. Thirdly, biochar-supported phosphate (BP) effectively reduced Pb2+ mobility in simulated contaminated soil. Pb2+reacted with phosphate from Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 embedded in the biochar supported phosphate at pHPb10(PO4)6(OH)2. Finally, the amendment of acidic soils with modified P-enriched modified-biochar improved soil buffering capacity because of its enhanced ash contents, alkalinity, and surface functional groups. Spectroscopic methods were used to analyze biochar, soil, and plant materials extracts. Several other analytical methods including BET and thermogravimetric analyses were used to characterized biochar. These findings suggest that the use of phosphorus enriched modified-Douglas fir biochar in agricultural soil is a feasible relatively low-cost, effective, and environmentally sustainable soil management and P recycling strategy