A técnica de fluorescência óptica tem sido aplicada em diversas áreas médicas, como no acompanhamento da degradação de drogas e na detecção de câncer, por apresentar alta sensibilidade, simplicidade e rapidez na obtenção de dados. A avaliação não-invasiva e não-destrutiva é um grande atrativo que esta técnica oferece para o diagnóstico clínico. Assim, o objetivo deste projeto consistiu no desenvolvimento de um sistema de fluorescência óptica por imagem de campo amplo e avaliação do sistema no monitoramento da fotodegradação da Protoporfirina XI, utilizada na Terapia Fotodinâmica (TFD), e na visualização da presença de microrganismos presentes na microbiota bucal. O sistema desenvolvido é constituído de um sistema óptico, mecânico, eletrônico e de detecção. O sistema óptico é composto por LEDs de alta intensidade, com emissão centrada em 405nm e 450nm e 3 filtros ópticos: 1. passa-banda: utilizado na excitação; 2. dicróico; e 3. passa-alta: utilizados para excitação e emissão da fluorescência. O sistema mecânico foi desenvolvido em alumínio, possuindo as funções de dissipação de calor do sistema de iluminação e estrutural. O sistema eletrônico possui a função de controle e fornecimento de energia ao sistema de iluminação. O sistema de detecção é composto por uma câmera CCD e fotográfica, acoplada ao sistema de fluorescência desenvolvido. Um dos principais fatores para obtenção de bons sinais de fluorescência é a potência óptica obtida no sistema de iluminação, que neste caso foi de 200 mW. Outro fator é o comprimento de onda da iluminação; neste sistema foi obtida uma banda de iluminação muito eficaz entre 390 nm e 460 nm. O sistema de filtros proporcionou um sinal de fluorescência bastante satisfatório, bem como um bom contraste na visualização das imagens de fluorescência. Com este sistema foi possível acompanhar a fotodegradação da Protoporfirina IX, em função do tempo de iluminação durante a TFD. Proporcionou-se, assim, uma nova ferramenta para o avanço na avaliação da dosimetria da TFD, podendo otimizar e personalizar a TFD para cada paciente, já que o sistema desenvolvido permite a visualização da presença do agente fotossensível na terapia. Outra contribuição relevante do trabalho alcançada foi a visualização da presença de microrganismos da microbiota bucal, já que estes são os grandes responsáveis pelas doenças bucais como é o caso da cárie dental. Desta forma, conclui-se que foi possível desenvolver um sistema para auxílio da dosimetria na TFD e na visualização de microrganismos presentes na microbiota bucal. O sistema desenvolvido se mostrou compacto, agregando iluminação e visualização, tornando-o num protótipo com interface para uso clínico. O protótipo foi testado em pacientes para a visualização da microbiota bucal, tratamento de pré-câncer de pele e de vulva. / Optical fluorescence has been applied to several medical areas, as to monitor drug degradation and cancer detection, due to its high sensitivity, simplicity and fast response. Non-invasive and non-destructive assessment of tissues using this technique is very attractive for clinical diagnosis. Hence, the aim of was the development of an optical fluorescence wide-field imaging system, and the evaluation of its performance on monitoring protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) during Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), and one visualization of microrganisms present in oral microbiota. The developed device is composed by optical, mechanical, electronic, and detection systems. Optical system is composed by high-intensity light-emitting diodes (LED), with emission centered at 405 nm and 450 nm, and 3 optical filters: a bandpass filter for excitation; and set of dichroic and long wave pass filter, for fluorescence excitation and emission. The mechanical system was built in aluminum for structural and ilumination systems heat dissipation. The electronic system provides the control of the illumination system. The detection system is composed by a CCD and a conventional didgital camera, coupled to the developed device. One of the main factors for good fluorescence signals is the achieved optical power - in our case, it was of 200 mW. Another factor is excitation wavelength; for this system, a very efficient illumination band was achieved between 390-460 nm. The optical filters allowed a very satisfying fluorescence signal, with good contrast for fluorescence images visualization. The developed system enabled the monitoring of PpIX photobleaching as a function of illumination time during PDT. Therefore, a new tool to improve PDT dosimetry is offered by the use this system, allowing a more customized dosimetry each patient, since the device allows visualization of the photosensitive agent during the therapy. Visualization of oral microrganisms was also achieved, which was another relevant contribution of the developed instrumentation because they are the main cause of oral diseases such as caries. Thus the development of a system to both improve PDT dosimetry and oral microrganisms visualization was achieved as a compact device, joining illumination and visualization. These characteristics shows a good interface for clinical use. The prototype was tested in patients for oral microbiota visualization, and skin/vulva pre-cancer lesions treatment.

A técnica de fluorescência óptica tem sido aplicada em diversas áreas médicas, como no acompanhamento da degradação de drogas e na detecção de câncer, por apresentar alta sensibilidade, simplicidade e rapidez na obtenção de dados. A avaliação não-invasiva e não-destrutiva é um grande atrativo que esta técnica oferece para o diagnóstico clínico. Assim, o objetivo deste projeto consistiu no desenvolvimento de um sistema de fluorescência óptica por imagem de campo amplo e avaliação do sistema no monitoramento da fotodegradação da Protoporfirina XI, utilizada na Terapia Fotodinâmica (TFD), e na visualização da presença de microrganismos presentes na microbiota bucal. O sistema desenvolvido é constituído de um sistema óptico, mecânico, eletrônico e de detecção. O sistema óptico é composto por LEDs de alta intensidade, com emissão centrada em 405nm e 450nm e 3 filtros ópticos: 1. passa-banda: utilizado na excitação; 2. dicróico; e 3. passa-alta: utilizados para excitação e emissão da fluorescência. O sistema mecânico foi desenvolvido em alumínio, possuindo as funções de dissipação de calor do sistema de iluminação e estrutural. O sistema eletrônico possui a função de controle e fornecimento de energia ao sistema de iluminação. O sistema de detecção é composto por uma câmera CCD e fotográfica, acoplada ao sistema de fluorescência desenvolvido. Um dos principais fatores para obtenção de bons sinais de fluorescência é a potência óptica obtida no sistema de iluminação, que neste caso foi de 200 mW. Outro fator é o comprimento de onda da iluminação; neste sistema foi obtida uma banda de iluminação muito eficaz entre 390 nm e 460 nm. O sistema de filtros proporcionou um sinal de fluorescência bastante satisfatório, bem como um bom contraste na visualização das imagens de fluorescência. Com este sistema foi possível acompanhar a fotodegradação da Protoporfirina IX, em função do tempo de iluminação durante a TFD. Proporcionou-se, assim, uma nova ferramenta para o avanço na avaliação da dosimetria da TFD, podendo otimizar e personalizar a TFD para cada paciente, já que o sistema desenvolvido permite a visualização da presença do agente fotossensível na terapia. Outra contribuição relevante do trabalho alcançada foi a visualização da presença de microrganismos da microbiota bucal, já que estes são os grandes responsáveis pelas doenças bucais como é o caso da cárie dental. Desta forma, conclui-se que foi possível desenvolver um sistema para auxílio da dosimetria na TFD e na visualização de microrganismos presentes na microbiota bucal. O sistema desenvolvido se mostrou compacto, agregando iluminação e visualização, tornando-o num protótipo com interface para uso clínico. O protótipo foi testado em pacientes para a visualização da microbiota bucal, tratamento de pré-câncer de pele e de vulva. / Optical fluorescence has been applied to several medical areas, as to monitor drug degradation and cancer detection, due to its high sensitivity, simplicity and fast response. Non-invasive and non-destructive assessment of tissues using this technique is very attractive for clinical diagnosis. Hence, the aim of was the development of an optical fluorescence wide-field imaging system, and the evaluation of its performance on monitoring protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) during Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), and one visualization of microrganisms present in oral microbiota. The developed device is composed by optical, mechanical, electronic, and detection systems. Optical system is composed by high-intensity light-emitting diodes (LED), with emission centered at 405 nm and 450 nm, and 3 optical filters: a bandpass filter for excitation; and set of dichroic and long wave pass filter, for fluorescence excitation and emission. The mechanical system was built in aluminum for structural and ilumination systems heat dissipation. The electronic system provides the control of the illumination system. The detection system is composed by a CCD and a conventional didgital camera, coupled to the developed device. One of the main factors for good fluorescence signals is the achieved optical power - in our case, it was of 200 mW. Another factor is excitation wavelength; for this system, a very efficient illumination band was achieved between 390-460 nm. The optical filters allowed a very satisfying fluorescence signal, with good contrast for fluorescence images visualization. The developed system enabled the monitoring of PpIX photobleaching as a function of illumination time during PDT. Therefore, a new tool to improve PDT dosimetry is offered by the use this system, allowing a more customized dosimetry each patient, since the device allows visualization of the photosensitive agent during the therapy. Visualization of oral microrganisms was also achieved, which was another relevant contribution of the developed instrumentation because they are the main cause of oral diseases such as caries. Thus the development of a system to both improve PDT dosimetry and oral microrganisms visualization was achieved as a compact device, joining illumination and visualization. These characteristics shows a good interface for clinical use. The prototype was tested in patients for oral microbiota visualization, and skin/vulva pre-cancer lesions treatment.

Articular cartilage is the connective tissue that lines joints and provides a smooth surface for articulation and shock absorption. Osteoarthritis, the progressive degeneration of cartilage, is a painful, debilitating, and widespread disease, affecting 70% of people over 65. Because cartilage is avascular, molecular transport occurs primarily via diffusion. The goal of these studies was to examine whether cartilage matrix structure and composition have a significant effect on diffusive transport. We hypothesized that diffusion is anisotropic in the surface zone of cartilage where collagen structure is aligned and densely packed. A theoretical model and experimental protocol for fluorescence imaging of continuous point photobleaching (FICOPP) were developed to measure diffusional anisotropy. Significant anisotropy was observed in ligament, a highly ordered collagenous tissue. In less ordered articular cartilage, diffusional anisotropy was dependent on site in the tissue and size of the diffusing molecule. These findings suggest that diffusional transport of macromolecules is anisotropic in collagenous tissues, with higher rates of diffusion along primary orientation of collagen fibers. We hypothesized that structural differences in the pericellular matrix of cartilage (PCM) would lead to differences in diffusive properties as compared to the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). We modified the scanning microphotolysis (SCAMP) technique to allow measurement of diffusion coefficients within the PCM. Diffusion coefficients in the PCM were lower than in the adjacent ECM in normal cartilage, but with early stage arthritis, the PCM diffusivity was not different from that of the ECM. These data suggest that breakdown of the PCM is an early step in arthritis development. We hypothesized that compression of cartilage would cause site‐specific diffusivity decreases and diffusional anisotropy increases. We utilized SCAMP and FICOPP to measure diffusion coefficients and diffusional anisotropy in cartilage as it was compressed. We found that diffusivity decreased and anisotropy increased with increasing strain in a site‐specific manner. These findings suggest that the high surface zone strains that lead to low diffusivity and high anisotropy will decrease transport between cartilage and synovial fluid in compressed cartilage. We have shown that matrix structure and composition have a significant effect on diffusive transport in cartilage. / Dissertation

No description available.

Maintenance of apico-basal polarity is essential for epithelial integrity and requires particular reinforcement during tissue morphogenesis, when cells are reorganised, undergo shape changes and remodel their junctions. It is well established that epithelial integrity during morphogenetic processes depends on the dynamic exchange of adherens junction components, but our knowledge on the dynamics of other proteins and their dynamics during these processes is still limited. The early Drosophila embryo is an ideal system to study membrane dynamics during morphogenesis. Here, morphogenetic activities differ along the anterior-posterior axis, with the extending germband showing a high degree of epithelial remodelling. We developed a Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) assay with a higher temporal resolution, which allowed the distinction between a fast and a slow component of recovery of membrane proteins during the germband extension stage. We show for the first time that the recovery kinetics of a general membrane marker, SpiderGFP, differs in the anterior and posterior parts of the embryo, which correlates well with the different morphogenetic activities of the respective embryonic regions. Interestingly, absence of crumbs, a polarity regulator essential for epithelial integrity in the Drosophila embryo, decreases the fast component of SpiderGFP and of the apical marker Stranded at Second-Venus specifically in the anterior region. We suggest that the defects in kinetics observed in crumbs mutant embryos are the first signs of tissue instability in this region, explaining the earlier breakdown of the head epidermis in comparison to that of the trunk, and that diffusion in the plasma membrane is affected by the absence of Crumbs.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a multimodality cancer treatment available for the palliation or eradication of systemic and cutaneous malignancies. In this thesis, the application of PDT is for the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). While PDT has a well-documented track record, there are, at this time no significant indicators to suggest the superiority of one treatment regime over the next. The motivation for this work is to provide additional evidence pertaining to PDT treatment variables, and to assist in optimising PDT treatment regimes. One such variable is the treatment light dose. Determining the light dose more accurately would assist in optimising treatment schedules. Furthermore, choice of photosensitiser pro-drug type and application times still lack an evidence base. To address issues concerning treatment parameters, fluorescence spectroscopy – a valuable optical diagnostic technique – was used. Monitoring the in vivo PpIX fluorescence and photobleaching during PDT was employed to provide information pertaining to the progression of treatment. This was demonstrated by performing a clinical study at the Photobiology Unit, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee. Two different photosensitiser pro-drugs – either 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) or its methyl ester (MAL) – were investigated and based on the fluorescence and pain data recorded both may be equally suitable for topical PDT. During PDT, surface fluorescence is observed to diminish with time – due to photobleaching – although cancerous cells may continue to be destroyed deep down in the tissue. Therefore, it is difficult to ascertain what is happening at depth in the tumour. This raised the questions; How long after surface PpIX fluorescence has diminished is the PDT treatment still effective and to what depths below the surface is effective treatment provided? In order to address these important questions, a three-dimensional (3D) Monte Carlo radiation transfer (MCRT) model was used to compute the light dose and the ¹O₂ production within a tumour, and the PpIX fluorescence emission from the tumour. An implicit dosimetry approach based on a single parameter – fluorescence photobleaching – was used in order to determine the ¹O₂ generation, which is assumed to be related to tissue damage. Findings from our model recommended administering a larger treatment light dose, advocating an increase in the treatment time after surface PpIX fluorescence has diminished. This increase may ultimately assist in optimising PDT treatment regimes, particularly at depth within tumours.

Le systeme bidimensionnel etudié dans cette thèse est un film de Langmuir, film constitué d'une unique couche de molécules amphiphiles à l'interface eau-air. Une transition du premier ordre, observée dans une monocouche d'acide NBD-stéarique révèle la coexistence entre une phase cristalline et une phase liquide. Les domaines monocristallins se présentent sous la forme de longs bâtonnets, parfaitement adaptés aux études mécaniques. Nous étudions certaines propriétés de ce cristal bidimensionnel. La première étude concerne la rupture de ce solide bidimensionnel. Un cristal maintenu fléchi dans le plan de l'eau se rompt après une durée bien déterminée. Cette durée s'est avérée être fonction de la déformation appliquée au cristal. A fortescontraintes, on second mode de rupture coexiste : un certains nombre de cristaux cassent intantanément tandis que d'autres présentent une rupture différée. La seconde étude s'intéresse à la fusion des cristaux en équilibre avec leur phase liquide. La fusion peut être provoquée par trois processus distincts : deux processus thermodynamiques (réchauffement et décompression) et un processus photochimique. Ce dernier s'est avéré dû à une réaction photochimique réversible avec l'oxygène de l'air, conduisant a l'abaissement du point de fusion du cristal. Les trois processus de fusion conduisent à des observations similaires, indiquant ainsi l'existence d'un mécanisme commun dans l'initiation de la fusion. Les observation montrent que l'intérieur du crystal fond bien avant ses bords. De plus, la fusion d'un cristal maintenu déformé a lieu le long d'une ligne ou la contrainte s'annule. Nous suggérons que le mécanisme responsable de ce phénomène est la migration de défauts, probablement des dislocations, à l'endoit du cristal non déformé.; Ces défauts jouant le rôle de centres de nucléation de la fusion. Ces résultats montrent le rôle primordial des défauts dans la fusion à deux dimension.

Solute diffusion is critical to maintenance of cellular function and matrix integrity in articular cartilage. Nutrient deficiency due to transport limitations is thought to be one of the causes of the pathological degeneration of the cartilage tissue. Thus, a study of diffusion within cartilage will lead to a better understanding of the causes of cartilage degeneration. To accurately estimate diffusion coefficients in cartilage and other hydrated medium, we developed a finite-element based method, the Direct Diffusion Simulation Parameter Estimation method (DDSPE), to be used for quantitative determination of solute diffusivities from Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching data. Analyses of simulated and experimental FRAP data demonstrated that this method was more accurate than existing analytical methods, including having a low sensitivity to variations in the spot radius. Subsequently, the roles of extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and tissue orientation in solute diffusion within immature bovine cartilage were explored. Diffusivities were measured through the cartilage depth and in two different orientations (radial and transverse). Diffusivities were then correlated with ECM components. Matrix water content was found to be the best predictor of solute diffusion rates in immature cartilage. Although no specific experiments were done to measure the effect of structure, our results suggested that matrix structure did indeed modulate transport. Diffusional anisotropy, defined as the ratio of the diffusivities in both orientations, was observed to be significant in all the immature cartilage zones. As a consequence, the differences in solute diffusion between immature and mature bovine cartilage were investigated. Diffusion rates and diffusional anisotropy decreased in the mature cartilage superficial zone. The decrease in diffusivities observed in mature cartilage suggests that there may be a reduction in nutrient and growth factor supply to the cells. Nevertheless, healthy adult cartilage can still maintain its normal function even with a reduction in solute diffusion rates as nutrient diffusion distances are shorter in mature cartilage. However, any disruption in the mechanical or biological environment could cause an imbalance in tissue homeostasis, which when combined with decreased diffusivities, could trigger matrix degeneration. Thus, decreased diffusivity may be a necessary but not a sufficient prerequisite of matrix degeneration.

L'étude de l'influence des pharmacocinétiques de la mTHPC dans la tumeur, le plasma et les leucocytes sur la réponse à la PDT a montré que l'accumulation du photosensibilisant dans les leucocytes exhibaient une bonne corrélation avec l'efficacité de la PDT. Ces résultats suggèrent que les leucocytes pourraient jouer un rôle important dans le mécanisme de la PDT induisant des dommages vasculaires. L'étude de la monomérisation de la mTHPC au cours des interactions avec des protéines plasmatiques démontrent un taux lent de cinétique de désagrégation. La fraction de mTHPC agrégée à l'équilibre et le taux de désagrégation du photosensibilisant dépendent fortement de la teneur en protéines et de la température d'incubation. Les résultats ont démontré la formation d'agrégats libres à grande échelle avec une interaction forte entre les molécules du photosensibilisant. L'analyse cinétique démontre que la mTHPC est caractérisée par des taux très lents de redistribution depuis les complexes avec les protéines plasmatiques. Les faibles taux de redistribution de la mTHPC comparés aux autres photosensibilisants correspondent aux propriétés de liaisons uniques de la mTHPC. L'existence à la fois du transfert de la mTHPC par collision et par milieu aqueux a été supposée. L'étude en microscopie confocale indique des modèles de localisation diffus de la mTHPC à 3h et la formation de taches fortement fluorescentes du photosensibilisant à 24h d'incubation dans des cellules MCF. Les paramètres d'absorption, de temps de durée de vie de fluorescence et de photoblanchiment ont montré qu'à 24h d'incubation la mTHPC est beaucoup plus agrégée qu'à 3h. Le rendement de photoinactivation des cellules est environ 2 fois plus important pour le point à 3h. Une telle différence est attribuée à l'effet des différents états d'agrégation du photosensibilisant et aux interactions avec les composants cellulaires. L'étude théorique et spectroscopique de la mTHPC, la mTHPP et la mTHPBC nous a permis de définir leur structure agrégée dans des milieux aqueux À cette fin, nous avons développé une méthode semi-empirique de mécanique quantique basée sur le calcul des variations spectrales dans différents solvants. La mTHPC et la mTHPP forment des dimères linaires dans les millieux aqueux, tandis que la mTHPBC forme des dimères zigzag.

No description available.