The length of ZnO nanotip can be controlled by the deposition time, and the crystal of ZnO nanotip can be enhanced by a thermal annealing at 300oC in this study.The thickness of TiO2 on ITO/glass also can be controlled by the deposition time in this investigate. There are three major parts in this study : 1. (1). The control of thickness of TiO2 film and length of ZnO nanotip and (2). the difference of their photocatalytic activities are two major parts. 2. The relationship between the surface area and the photocatalytic activities of TiO2 powder (P25) and film. 3. The improvement of photocatalytic activity was utilized by the hetrojunction of ZnO nanotip/TiO2 and TiO2/ZnO nanotip, and the P25 is used as a reference for all measurements.

PdCl2/Bi2WO6 and Pd/Bi2WO6 composite photocatalysts were synthesized via a template free hydrothermal process and the respective photocatalytic activities were investigated by degradation of Rhodamine B. The new catalyst composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet visible (UV-vis) light diffuse reflectance spectra, respectively. By XRD, it was found that the loaded Pd species did not alter the crystal lattice of Bi2WO6 photocatalyst. Through the XPS spectra, it was found that the PdCl2/Bi2WO6 was successfully reduced by chemical reducing agents CH2O and N2H4, respectively, and palladium was present in the form of both metallic Pd and Pd ion spe-cies (Pd0 and Pd2+), while the Pd species in a NaBH4-reduced composite exhibited only metallic Pd species (Pd0). For the SEM images, it was observed that both classes of composites were constructed from plenty of nanoplates, which were closed packed with hierarchical structures. Furthermore, the removal efficiency of Rhodamine B was found to be influenced by parameters such as catalyst dosage, pollutant concentration and solution pH.

PdCl2/Bi2WO6 and Pd/Bi2WO6 composite photocatalysts were synthesized via a template free hydrothermal process and the respective photocatalytic activities were investigated by degradation of Rhodamine B. The new catalyst composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet visible (UV-vis) light diffuse reflectance spectra, respectively. By XRD, it was found that the loaded Pd species did not alter the crystal lattice of Bi2WO6 photocatalyst. Through the XPS spectra, it was found that the PdCl2/Bi2WO6 was successfully reduced by chemical reducing agents CH2O and N2H4, respectively, and palladium was present in the form of both metallic Pd and Pd ion spe-cies (Pd0 and Pd2+), while the Pd species in a NaBH4-reduced composite exhibited only metallic Pd species (Pd0). For the SEM images, it was observed that both classes of composites were constructed from plenty of nanoplates, which were closed packed with hierarchical structures. Furthermore, the removal efficiency of Rhodamine B was found to be influenced by parameters such as catalyst dosage, pollutant concentration and solution pH.

This diploma thesis deals with the use of fluorescent probes for evaluation of photocatalytic activity of immobilized photocatalyst. To the evaluation of photocatalytic activity of TiO2 were used three different fluorescent probes – terephthalic acid, coumarin and benzoic acid, wherein was monitored the increasing intensity of fluorescence of their oxidation products – hydroxyterephthalic acid, 7-hydroxycoumarin and salicylic acid for the photochemical degradation of various fluorescent probes. To the evaluation of photocatalytic activity was used solid phase (photocatalyst) – liquid phase (probe) system and was used three sources of radiation. Fluorescence of oxidation products was monitored by the fiber spectrometer and a conventional cuvette fluorometer.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivos o estudo das propriedades nanoestruturais, características morfológicas e avaliação do comportamento fotocatalítico de filmes de dióxido de titânio dopados com enxofre. Os filmes de TiO2 foram crescidos sobre borossilicato, por meio da técnica de MOCVD, na temperatura de 400 °C. O processo de dopagem com enxofre deu-se a partir do tratamento termoquímico de sulfetação, realizado sob atmosfera de H2 / 2%v. H2S, nas temperaturas de 50 °C, 100 °C e 150 °C, o que resultou em teores de S de 8 at.%, 3 at.% e 0,2 at.%, respectivamente. A degradação do corante alaranjado de metila foi utilizada para avaliar a atividade fotocatalítica dos filmes sob radiação ultravioleta e visível. Todos os filmes exibiram a formação da fase anatase, compostos por grãos bem definidos, e estrutura colunar densificada. Foi observada a formação de grupos SO42- na superfície dos filmes dopados, indicando a substituição dos íons Ti4+ pelo cátion S6+, e a formação da ligação Ti-O-S nos filmes. Os testes de degradação indicaram que os filmes de S-TiO2 apresentam atividade fotocatalítica tanto sob radiação UV, quanto em luz visível. O filme de 8 at.% S-TiO2, dopado a 50 °C, exibiu o melhor comportamento fotocatalítico, com 72,1 % de degradação do corante sob luz visível. Os resultados sugerem que a dopagem com S, além de formar uma morfologia favorável ao processo de fotocatálise, promoveu um deslocamento da absorção do TiO2 para a região do espectro visível, o que consequentemente permite a sua aplicação prática sob luz solar ou lâmpadas de luz visível. / The present work aims the study of the nanostructural properties, morphological characteristics and photocatalytic behavior evaluation of sulfur-doped titanium dioxide films. TiO2 films were grown on borosilicate by MOCVD at 400 °C. Sulfur doping process was carried out by the thermochemical treatment under H2 / 2%v. H2S atmosphere at 50 °C, 100 °C and 150 °C, which resulted in S contents of 8 at%, 3 at% and 0.2 at%, respectively. Methyl orange dye degradation was used to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of the films under UV-Vis radiation. All films exhibited the formation of the anatase phase, composed to well-defined grains, and dense columnar structure. SO42- groups were observed on the surface of all S-doped films, indicating the substitution of the Ti4+ ions by the S6+ cation, and the formation of Ti-O-S bond in the films. Degradation tests indicated that the S:TiO2 films present photocatalytic activity both under UV radiation and visible light. 8 at.% S:TiO2 film, doped at 50 °C, presented a higher photocatalytic performance, with 72.1 % of dye degradation under visible light. The results suggest that the sulfur doping, besides forming a morphology favorable to the photocatalysis process, caused a shift of the TiO2 films absorption to the visible spectrum region, which allows their practical application under sunlight or visible light bulbs.

A presente Tese, elaborada pela integração de artigos científicos publicados ou submetidos em periódicos internacionais, tem por objetivo geral investigar as potencialidades e limitações de resíduos industriais, acadêmicos e agroindustriais na obtenção de catalisadores para degradação de poluentes orgânicos. Foram utilizados resíduos industriais (banhos de galvanização, areias de fundição e petroquímico), acadêmicos (soluções residuais de aula de fotografia contendo prata e solução residual das aulas de química analítica contendo metais) e agro-industriais (casca de arroz, casca de acácia esgotada, pó de fumo) na preparação dos fotocatalisadores suportados. Os sólidos foram caracterizados por um conjunto de técnicas espectroscópicas, volumétricas, microscópicas, eletroquímicas visando descrever os catalisadores do ponto de vista, elementar, estrutural, textural e morfológico, como espectroscopia de emissão de raios X por dispersão de energia (SEM-EDX), espectroscopia de retroespalhamento Rutherford (RBS), espectroscopia de reflectância difusa no ultravioleta (DRS-UV), espectroscopia de espalhamento de raios X em baixo ângulo (SAXS), espectroscopia de fotoelétrons excitados por raios X (XPS), porosimetria de nitrogênio e medidas de potencial zeta (ZP). Os sistemas foram avaliados na fotodegradação de corante (rodamina B), fenol e fármacos sob radiação ultravioleta e visível. Para fins de comparação, titânia comercial P25 (Degussa) foi empregada como catalisador. Além disso, o efeito da reutilização dos catalisadores e atividade fotocatalitica frente a amostras reais foram estudados. O catalisador suportado preparado a partir do resíduo da indústria petroquímica e suportado em sílica apresentou a melhor atividade fotocatalítica na degradação de todas as moléculas testadas, tal como RhB (67 % sob radiação UV e 61 % sob radiação visível), fármaco guaifenesin ( 49 % UV e 45 % visível) e fenol (44 % UV), enquanto que o P25 comercial apresentou 93 % e 14 %, respectivamente, para a radiação ultravioleta e visível. / This thesis, developed by the integration of scientific papers published or submitted in international journals, has the objective to investigate the potential and limitations of industrial waste, academics and agroindustrial to obtain catalysts for degradation of organic pollutants. Industrial waste (galvanic baths, foundry sands and petrochemical), academics (residual solutions of class photograph containing silver and residual solution of analytical chemistry classes containing metals) and agroindustrial (rice husk, exhausted bark acacia, tobacco dust) were used in the preparation of the supported photocatalyst. The solids were characterized by a set of spectroscopic, volumetric, microscopic electrochemical techniques in order to describe elementary structural, textural and morphological properties, such as Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet (DRS-UV), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), nitrogen porosimetry and zeta potential (ZP) measurements. The catalyst activity was evaluated on the dye (RhB), phenol and drugs photodegradation under ultraviolet and visible radiation. For comparative reasons, P25 (Degussa) was also employed as the catalyst. Furthermore, the effect of reuse of catalysts and photocatalytic activity compared to real samples were also evaluated. The silica supported catalyst prepared from petrochemical waste and supported on silica showed the best photocatalytic activity in the degradation of all tested molecules, such as RhB (67% and 61% under UV and visible radiation, respectively), guaifenesin drug (49% UV and 45 % visible radiation) and phenol (44 % UV radiation), while the commercial P25 showed 93 % and 14 %, to ultraviolet and visible radiation, respectively.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivos o estudo das propriedades nanoestruturais, características morfológicas e avaliação do comportamento fotocatalítico de filmes de dióxido de titânio dopados com enxofre. Os filmes de TiO2 foram crescidos sobre borossilicato, por meio da técnica de MOCVD, na temperatura de 400 °C. O processo de dopagem com enxofre deu-se a partir do tratamento termoquímico de sulfetação, realizado sob atmosfera de H2 / 2%v. H2S, nas temperaturas de 50 °C, 100 °C e 150 °C, o que resultou em teores de S de 8 at.%, 3 at.% e 0,2 at.%, respectivamente. A degradação do corante alaranjado de metila foi utilizada para avaliar a atividade fotocatalítica dos filmes sob radiação ultravioleta e visível. Todos os filmes exibiram a formação da fase anatase, compostos por grãos bem definidos, e estrutura colunar densificada. Foi observada a formação de grupos SO42- na superfície dos filmes dopados, indicando a substituição dos íons Ti4+ pelo cátion S6+, e a formação da ligação Ti-O-S nos filmes. Os testes de degradação indicaram que os filmes de S-TiO2 apresentam atividade fotocatalítica tanto sob radiação UV, quanto em luz visível. O filme de 8 at.% S-TiO2, dopado a 50 °C, exibiu o melhor comportamento fotocatalítico, com 72,1 % de degradação do corante sob luz visível. Os resultados sugerem que a dopagem com S, além de formar uma morfologia favorável ao processo de fotocatálise, promoveu um deslocamento da absorção do TiO2 para a região do espectro visível, o que consequentemente permite a sua aplicação prática sob luz solar ou lâmpadas de luz visível. / The present work aims the study of the nanostructural properties, morphological characteristics and photocatalytic behavior evaluation of sulfur-doped titanium dioxide films. TiO2 films were grown on borosilicate by MOCVD at 400 °C. Sulfur doping process was carried out by the thermochemical treatment under H2 / 2%v. H2S atmosphere at 50 °C, 100 °C and 150 °C, which resulted in S contents of 8 at%, 3 at% and 0.2 at%, respectively. Methyl orange dye degradation was used to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of the films under UV-Vis radiation. All films exhibited the formation of the anatase phase, composed to well-defined grains, and dense columnar structure. SO42- groups were observed on the surface of all S-doped films, indicating the substitution of the Ti4+ ions by the S6+ cation, and the formation of Ti-O-S bond in the films. Degradation tests indicated that the S:TiO2 films present photocatalytic activity both under UV radiation and visible light. 8 at.% S:TiO2 film, doped at 50 °C, presented a higher photocatalytic performance, with 72.1 % of dye degradation under visible light. The results suggest that the sulfur doping, besides forming a morphology favorable to the photocatalysis process, caused a shift of the TiO2 films absorption to the visible spectrum region, which allows their practical application under sunlight or visible light bulbs.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:07:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MaraTST_DISSERT.pdf: 2071273 bytes, checksum: 9636b6602dd1a469f78b17d077ba757f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-04 / In recent decades have seen a sharp growth in the study area of nanoscience and nanotechnology and is included in this area, the study of nanocomposites with self-cleaning properties. Since titanium dioxide (TiO2) has high photocatalytic activity and also antimicrobial, self-cleaning surfaces in your application has been explored. In this study a comparison was made between two synthesis routes to obtain TiO2 nanoparticles by hydrothermal method assisted by microwave. And after analysis of XRD and SEM was considered the best material for use in nanocomposites. It was deposited nanocomposite film of poly (dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) with 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% by weight of nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (TiO2) by the spraying method. The nanocomposite was diluted with hexane and the suspension was deposited onto glass substrate, followed by curing in an oven with forced air circulation. The photocatalytic activity of the nanocomposite impregnated with methylene blue was evaluated by UV- vis spectroscopy from the intensity variation of absorption main peak at 660nm with time of exposure to the UV chamber. Changes in the contact angle and microhardness were analyzed before and after UV aging test. The effect of ultraviolet radiation on the chemical structure of the PDMS matrix was evaluated by spectrophotometry Fourier transform infrared (FTIR).The results indicated that the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles in the coating PDMS gave high photocatalytic activity in the decomposition of methylene blue, an important characteristic for the development of self-cleaning coatings / Nas ?ltimas d?cadas tem-se observado um crescimento acentuado no estudo da ?rea de nanoci?ncia e nanotecnologia em que inclui-se nessa ?rea, o estudo de nanocomp?sitos com propriedades autolimpantes. Desde que o di?xido de tit?nio (TiO2) apresenta alta atividade fotocatal?tica e tamb?m, atividade antimicrobiana, sua aplica??o em superf?cies autolimpantes tem sido amplamente explorada. Neste trabalho foi feito uma compara??o entre duas rotas de s?ntese para obten??o de nanopart?culas de TiO2 pelo m?todo hidrot?rmico assistido por micro-ondas. Ap?s an?lise de DRX e MEV foi analisado o melhor material para aplica??o em nanocomp?sitos. Foram depositados filmes de nanocomp?sito de poli(dimetil siloxano) (PDMS) com 0,5, 1, 1,5 e 2% em massa de nanopart?culas de di?xido de tit?nio (TiO2) pelo m?todo de aspers?o. O nanocomp?sito foi dilu?do em hexano e a suspens?o foi depositada sobre l?minas de vidro, seguida de cura em estufa com circula??o for?ada de ar. A atividade fotocatal?tica do nanocomp?sito impregnado com azul de metileno foi avaliada pela t?cnica de espectroscopia de UV-V?sivel, a partir da varia??o da intensidade de absor??o do pico principal a 660 nm com o tempo de exposi??o em c?mara UV. Altera??es no ?ngulo de contato e na microdureza foram analisadas antes e ap?s o ensaio de envelhecimento UV. O efeito da radia??o ultravioleta na estrutura qu?mica da matriz de PDMS foi avaliado por espectrofotometria no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Os resultados indicaram que a adi??o das nanopart?culas de TiO2 em PDMS conferiram ao revestimento boa atividade fotocatal?tica na decomposi??o do azul de metileno, caracter?stica importante para o desenvolvimento de revestimentos autolimpantes

Les travaux présentés s’inscrivent dans le cadre d’une thèse financée par le ministère de la recherche. L’objectif du travail est d’élaborer un papier contenant un charge composite(TiO2/SiO2) photocatalytique permettant d’éliminer des composés volatils organiques issus des procédés d’imprimerie. Le composé organique volatil ciblé lors de ce travail de recherche est l’éthanol. Des particules de silice creuse ont été synthétisées et utilisées comme support pour desnano particules d’oxyde de titane élaborées par méthode sol-gel. Un réacteur continu a été conçuet utilisé pour traiter le flux gazeux pollué. Le gaz à traiter passe à travers le papierphotocatalytique irradié sous UV. Plusieurs supports ont été fabriqués et caractérisés parplusieurs techniques (MEB, Spectroscopie Raman, DRX). L’étude photocatalytique a permisd’optimiser la composition de ces supports. Une modélisation du réacteur et du support (papierphotocatalytique) a été développée et proposée. Cette modélisation intègre la cinétiquephotocatalytique (de type Langmuir–Hinshelwood), la diffusion de la lumière au sein du papiersuivant le modèle de Kublka-Munk et l’hydrodynamique du réacteur. / This study corresponds to a PhD thesis with financial of the Ministry of Research. The objectiveof this work is to elaborate a based-paper titanium/silica photocatalysis for on stream flue gasdepollution (volatile organic compounds) stemming from processes of printing. The volatileorganic compound used in this study is the Ethanol. Particles of hollow silica were synthesizedand used as a support for nano particles of titanium dioxide, which were elaborated by sol-gelmethod. A continuous reactor was designed and used to treat the polluted gaseous flow. Theethanol passes through the photocatalytic paper irradiated by a UV lamp. Several photocatalyticspapers were elaborated and characterized by several techniques (MEB, Spectroscopy Raman,DRX).A modeling of the reactor and the support (photocatalytic paper) was developed and proposed.This modeling integrates the Langmuir – Hinshelwood kinetic and the variation of the intensitywith position in layer’s paper using the Kublka-Munk model.

A presente Tese, elaborada pela integração de artigos científicos publicados ou submetidos em periódicos internacionais, tem por objetivo geral investigar as potencialidades e limitações de resíduos industriais, acadêmicos e agroindustriais na obtenção de catalisadores para degradação de poluentes orgânicos. Foram utilizados resíduos industriais (banhos de galvanização, areias de fundição e petroquímico), acadêmicos (soluções residuais de aula de fotografia contendo prata e solução residual das aulas de química analítica contendo metais) e agro-industriais (casca de arroz, casca de acácia esgotada, pó de fumo) na preparação dos fotocatalisadores suportados. Os sólidos foram caracterizados por um conjunto de técnicas espectroscópicas, volumétricas, microscópicas, eletroquímicas visando descrever os catalisadores do ponto de vista, elementar, estrutural, textural e morfológico, como espectroscopia de emissão de raios X por dispersão de energia (SEM-EDX), espectroscopia de retroespalhamento Rutherford (RBS), espectroscopia de reflectância difusa no ultravioleta (DRS-UV), espectroscopia de espalhamento de raios X em baixo ângulo (SAXS), espectroscopia de fotoelétrons excitados por raios X (XPS), porosimetria de nitrogênio e medidas de potencial zeta (ZP). Os sistemas foram avaliados na fotodegradação de corante (rodamina B), fenol e fármacos sob radiação ultravioleta e visível. Para fins de comparação, titânia comercial P25 (Degussa) foi empregada como catalisador. Além disso, o efeito da reutilização dos catalisadores e atividade fotocatalitica frente a amostras reais foram estudados. O catalisador suportado preparado a partir do resíduo da indústria petroquímica e suportado em sílica apresentou a melhor atividade fotocatalítica na degradação de todas as moléculas testadas, tal como RhB (67 % sob radiação UV e 61 % sob radiação visível), fármaco guaifenesin ( 49 % UV e 45 % visível) e fenol (44 % UV), enquanto que o P25 comercial apresentou 93 % e 14 %, respectivamente, para a radiação ultravioleta e visível. / This thesis, developed by the integration of scientific papers published or submitted in international journals, has the objective to investigate the potential and limitations of industrial waste, academics and agroindustrial to obtain catalysts for degradation of organic pollutants. Industrial waste (galvanic baths, foundry sands and petrochemical), academics (residual solutions of class photograph containing silver and residual solution of analytical chemistry classes containing metals) and agroindustrial (rice husk, exhausted bark acacia, tobacco dust) were used in the preparation of the supported photocatalyst. The solids were characterized by a set of spectroscopic, volumetric, microscopic electrochemical techniques in order to describe elementary structural, textural and morphological properties, such as Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet (DRS-UV), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), nitrogen porosimetry and zeta potential (ZP) measurements. The catalyst activity was evaluated on the dye (RhB), phenol and drugs photodegradation under ultraviolet and visible radiation. For comparative reasons, P25 (Degussa) was also employed as the catalyst. Furthermore, the effect of reuse of catalysts and photocatalytic activity compared to real samples were also evaluated. The silica supported catalyst prepared from petrochemical waste and supported on silica showed the best photocatalytic activity in the degradation of all tested molecules, such as RhB (67% and 61% under UV and visible radiation, respectively), guaifenesin drug (49% UV and 45 % visible radiation) and phenol (44 % UV radiation), while the commercial P25 showed 93 % and 14 %, to ultraviolet and visible radiation, respectively.