Orientador: Antonio Manoel Mansanares / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-26T17:20:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Soffner_MaxErik_D.pdf: 4836506 bytes, checksum: af3488da1f4fb5e63235f4be7bcfa8bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O efeito magnetocalórico (EMC) tem sido amplamente estudado devido à sua possível aplicação em refrigeração magnética. A busca por materiais adequados se intensificou na última década, havendo demanda não só pela preparação de novos materiais como por sua completa caracterização. O objetivo deste trabalho é a aplicação das técnicas fototérmicas na caracterização de materiais que apresentam o efeito magnetocalórico. Primeiramente, versaremos sobre a Magnetoacústica. Trata-se de uma adaptação da técnica Fotoacústica e que se revelou promissora na área devido à sua alta sensibilidade e por deixar de lado questões sobre a validade da teoria envolvida nos métodos tradicionais. Recentemente, a detecção acústica do EMC foi explorada em outro trabalho do grupo, sendo proposto um modelo simples para determinar a variação adiabática de temperatura (? Tad). Aqui, exploramos a técnica em uma abordagem diferente, tendo como principal objetivo a determinação da variação isotérmica de entropia (? ST) para diferentes variações de campos magnéticos. A utilização de técnicas fototérmicas para a determinação do ? ST é a novidade deste trabalho. Os materiais analisados foram o gadolínio, que apresenta transição de fase magnética de 2a ordem e um composto da família Gd5 (Ge1-x Si x) 4, que apresenta transição de fase magnética-cristalográfica de 1a ordem. Os resultados positivos mostraram uma maneira alternativa na caracterização do EMC, trazendo vantagens sobre os métodos tradicionais em várias situações. Em paralelo, a técnica de ressonância ferromagnética fototermicamente modulada (PM-FMR) foi utilizada no estudo de filmes finos de gadolínio. O crescente interesse em filmes finos nos dias de hoje requer novos estudos sendo propícia a caracterização dos mesmos por diferentes técnicas. Através da PM-FMR, foi possível observar as transições de fase magnéticas para filmes com diferentes espessuras e tratamentos térmicos, depositados sobre substratos de quartzo e silício. Os resultados foram comparados com medidas tradicionais de ressonância ferromagnética e de magnetização. Apesar dos resultados serem, de modo geral, conhecidos o maior interesse está na evolução da técnica. Por possuir resolução espacial na escala de micrometros, permite obter imagens magnéticas, as quais não são possiveis pelos métodos tradicionais / Abstract: The magnetocaloric effect (MCE) has been widely studied because of its possible application in magnetic refrigeration. The search for suitable materials has intensified over the last decade, with a demand not only for the preparation of new materials but also for their complete characterization. The aim of this work is to apply the photothermal techniques to the characterization of materials with magnetocaloric effects. First, we will discuss the Magnetoacoustic technique. This is an adaptation of the Photoacoustic techinique, and it has proved to be promising in the magnetocaloric field due to its high sensitivity. Moreover, this technique is not limited by the validity of the theories involved in traditional methods. Recently, the acoustic detection of MCE was explored in another work of this research group and a simple model for determining the adiabatic temperature variation (? Tad) was proposed. Here, we used a different approach to determine the isothermal entropy change ( ? ST ) the ? ST is the novelty of this work. The analyzed materials were gadolinium, which shows a second order magnetic phase transition, and a Gd5 (Ge1-x Six) 4 family compound, which has a first order magnetic-crystallographic phase transition. The positive results showed an alternative way to characterize the MCE, proving to have advantages over traditional methods in many cases. In parallel, the photothermally modulated ferromagnetic resonance technique (PMFMR) was used in the study of thin films of gadolinium. Currently, there is a growing interest in thin films, and this has encouraged researches to use different characteriza tion techniques. Using PM-FMR, we observed the magnetic phase transitions for the films with different thicknesses and thermal treatments, deposited on quartz and silicon substrates. Our findings were compared with traditional results of ferromagnetic resonance and magnetization. Although the overall results are known, the main interest is in the evolution of the technique. The spatial resolution in the micrometer scale allows for magnetic images, which are not possible using traditional methods / Doutorado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Doutor em Ciências

Orientador: Antonio Manoel Mansanares / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T01:51:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Soffner_MaxErik_M.pdf: 11770260 bytes, checksum: a38f679b7118b0715ab2398a3b6eab6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Os vidros dopados com semicondutores são objeto de grande interesse pois, em geral, apresentam fortes não-linearidades ópticas e tempos de resposta curtos, devido ao efeito de confinamento quântico que estes materiais apresentam. Neste trabalho, utilizamos a técnica de lente térmica para determinar a difusividade térmica ( a ) e o comportamento da variação do índice de refração com a temperatura ( dn/dT ) em vidros borossilicatos dopados com CdTe com diferentes tempos de tratamento térmico a 540 º C. Os resultados da lente térmica mostraram o aparecimento de um comportamento anômalo para altas intensidades do laser de excitação, que consiste numa queda do sinal para tempos de medida longos. Tal característica foi comprovada com outra técnica fototérmica, a do efeito miragem. Uma possível explicção para esse comportamento é a saturação dos níveis eletrônicos do ponto quântico. A supressão da respectiva banda de absorção reduz o índice de refração para freqüências mais baixas, dando origem a uma lente divergente, compatível com a queda observada no sinal / Abstract: Semiconductor doped glasses are of great interest because of their non-linear optical properties and short response time due to quantum confinement. In this work, we used the thermal lens technique to determine the thermal diffusivity (a ) and the behavior of the temperature coefficient of the refractive index (dn/dT ) in CdTe doped borosilicate glasses treated at 540 º C for different time intervals. The thermal lens measurements showed an anomalous behavior at high intensities of the excitacion beam, which consists in a signal reduction for long acquisition time. This characteristics was confirmed using another photothermal technique, namely, the mirage effect. One possible explanation for this behavior is the saturation of the electronic levels of the quantum-dot. The suppresion of a given absorption band reduces the refractive index at lower frequencies, thus originating a divergent lens, which is in agreement with the observed signal reduction / Mestrado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Mestre em Física

Primarily, newly developed, high sensitive and accurate methods for thermal characterization of liquids using photothermal radiometry are presented. Two experimental configurations are suggested, tested and validated with usual liquid materials. These methods are used to study polymer dispersed liquid crystal samples. Dynamic thermal properties of samples are analysed verses amplitude varying applied electric field with constant frequency as well as versus frequency varying electric field with constant amplitude. Our results clearly show the thermal properties of the samples are prone to depolarizing field effects at the lower frequencies of the applied electric field. The experimental results are modeled against existing theories to predict electric properties of the sample composites. Second part of the manuscript describes the development of a novel photothermal technique based on thermoelectric effect. This technique is particularly useful for thermally characterizing thermoelectric materials without using a separate sensor for measuring induced temperature changes. A theoretical and experimental study is presented. The experiments are done on polyaniline - carbon nanotube composite pellets by measuring Seebeck voltage generated by the samples upon heating by a modulated laser beam. Additional infrared radiometry experiments are done on the same samples and the results are in good agreement with those previously found. Later on, the possibility of photothermoelectric materials to be used as sensors for finding thermal transport properties of materials with a thermal wave resonant cavity is suggested.

Ce mémoire de thèse porte sur l'exploitation de l'effet Seebeck pour la caractérisation thermo-physique des matériaux thermoélectriques (TE) solides et liquides. Lors de travaux récents au sein du laboratoire, la technique photothermoélectrique (PTE) a été développée pour la caractérisation thermique de matériaux TE solides de faibles conductivités électriques. Dans ce travail, l'utilisation de cette technique a été généralisée à tous les matériaux TE solides (de faibles ou de hautes conductivités électriques). Cela est rendu possible par la prise en compte de la nature gaussienne de l'excitation thermique modulée à laquelle le matériau est soumis ainsi que par la compréhension des effets de couplage des mécanismes de transport thermique et électrique dans les matériaux TE. Dans cette thèse, plusieurs matériaux thermoélectriques solides ont été étudiés : le trisulfure de titane (TiS₃), les oxydes types Bi₂Ca₂Co₁,₇Oₓ, le séléniure du tellurure de bismuth (Bi₂Te₂,₄Se₀,₆). La tension auto-induite par effet Seebeck a été aussi exploitée pour la détection des transitions de phases que présentent certains matériaux thermoélectriques, ici le cas du séléniure de cuivre a été étudié. Une nouvelle procédure qui permet de déterminer l'évolution de la diffusivité thermique d'un matériau TE en fonction de la température est présentée. En plus des matériaux TE solides, la technique PTE a été étendue à l'étude des matériaux thermoélectriques liquides (LTE). Un modèle théorique qui décrit le signal délivré par un matériau LTE soumis à une excitation thermique périodique a été développé. Ensuite, une étude de l'évolution des propriétés thermiques d'un matériau LTE en fonction de la concentration d'un soluté a été réalisée. Enfin, l'approche dite de cavité résonnante d'ondes thermiques (TWRC) a été utilisée pour investiguer thermiquement des matériaux LTE. À notre connaissance, c'est la première fois que l'approche TWRC est utilisée pour l'analyse du signal généré par un liquide thermoélectrique. L'utilisation des LTE comme capteurs thermiques a été aussi abordée dans ce travail. / The use of the self-induced Seebeck effect in thermophysical characterization of solid and liquid thermoelectric (TE) materials is described in this manuscript. In previous works, the photothermoelectric technique (PTE) has been developed in our laboratory for the thermal characterization of solid TE materials having low electrical conductivities. In this work, we first generalized the use of the PTE technique to all solid thermoelectric materials (with high or low electrical conductivities). This is achieved by taking into account the Gaussian shape of the thermal source exciting the material as well as by the understanding of the coupling effects between thermal and electrical transport mechanisms when a TE material is submitted to a modulated thermal excitation. In this thesis, several solid thermoelectric materials were studied : Titanium trisulfide (TiS₃),Bi₂Ca₂Co₁,₇Oₓ oxydes and Bismuth Selenido-telluride (Bi₂Te₂,₄Se₀,₆). Then, the self-induced Seebeck voltage was used for the detection of phase transitions exhibited by certain thermoelectric materials. The case of the copper selenide (Cu₂Se) was studied. A new procedure allowing to follow the temperature dependance of the thermal diffusivity of solid TE materials is also presented. In this work, the PTE technique was extended to liquid thermoelectric (LTE) materials. Indeed, a theoretical model describing the signal delivered by a LTE material subject to a periodic thermal excitation has been developed. Then, a study of the evolution of the thermal properties of an electrolyte as function of a solute concentration was performed. Finally, the thermal-wave resonator cavity (TWRC) approach was used to characterize thermally LTE materials. As far as we know, this is the first method proposing a TWRC approach applied directly to the sensor itself. The use of LTE such as heat sensors was also addressed here.

Dans une première partie, une nouvelle méthodologie, précise et hautement sensible de caractérisation des paramètres thermiques de liquides par radiométrie photothermique est ici présentée. Deux configurations expérimentales sont proposées. Elles ont été testées et validées avec des matériaux liquides usuels aux paramètres thermiques connus. Par la suite, cette démarche a été utilisée pour l'étude de polymères dispersés dans des cristaux liquides. Les propriétés thermiques dynamiques de chaque échantillon ont été mesurées en fonction de l'amplitude du champ électrique appliqué à une fréquence donnée aussi bien qu'en fonction de la fréquence du champ électrique à une amplitude fixe. Cette étude a montré que les propriétés thermiques étaient sujettes aux effets du champ de dépolarisation aux basses fréquences. La seconde partie de ce manuscrit décrit la nouvelle technique photothermique basée sur l'effet thermoélectrique. Cette technique est utile pour caractériser thermiquement les matériaux thermoélectriques sans avoir à recourir à un capteur extérieur pour mesurer le changement de température. Une étude théorique et expérimentale est présentée. Ces expériences ont été réalisées avec des composites polyaniline/nanotubes de carbone par mesure de la tension générée par l'échantillon thermoélectrique chauffé par un faisceau laser. Des mesures additionnelles à l'aide de la radiométrie infrarouge sur ces mêmes échantillons ont été entreprises et les résultats sont en bon accord avec ceux précédemment trouvés. Enfin, la possibilité d'utiliser les matériaux thermoélectriques comme capteur photothermique au travers d'une cavité résonnante à ondes thermiques est évoquée. / Primarily, newly developed, high sensitive and accurate methods for thermal characterization of liquids using photothermal radiometry are presented. Two experimental configurations are suggested, tested and validated with usual liquid materials. These methods are used to study polymer dispersed liquid crystal samples. Dynamic thermal properties of samples are analysed verses amplitude varying applied electric field with constant frequency as well as versus frequency varying electric field with constant amplitude. Our results clearly show the thermal properties of the samples are prone to depolarizing field effects at the lower frequencies of the applied electric field. The experimental results are modeled against existing theories to predict electric properties of the sample composites. Second part of the manuscript describes the development of a novel photothermal technique based on thermoelectric effect. This technique is particularly useful for thermally characterizing thermoelectric materials without using a separate sensor for measuring induced temperature changes. A theoretical and experimental study is presented. The experiments are done on polyaniline - carbon nanotube composite pellets by measuring Seebeck voltage generated by the samples upon heating by a modulated laser beam. Additional infrared radiometry experiments are done on the same samples and the results are in good agreement with those previously found. Later on, the possibility of photothermoelectric materials to be used as sensors for finding thermal transport properties of materials with a thermal wave resonant cavity is suggested.