Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-06-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:02:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fraga_jrcp_dr_botfca.pdf: 1204439 bytes, checksum: 2e8372a8c8355a32a2d914e2553fc20b (MD5) / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a análise do sistema de armazenamento de energia elétrica gerada a partir de um sistema fotovoltaico, composto por baterias de chumbo-ácido. A crescente demanda de energia no mundo, além da necessidade de utilização de recursos renováveis de forma a preservar o nosso meio ambiente, obriga o desenvolvimento de técnicas de eficiência na produção e controle dessa energia. A escassez apresentada atualmente na área energética ao redor do mundo chama a atenção de toda a comunidade científica que se preocupa em desenvolver projetos alternativos para suprir as necessidades do ser humano de um modo produtivo, não poluente e de baixo custo. Para o desenvolvimento desse trabalho, foram utilizados dois sistemas fotovoltaicos, o primeiro, convencional, com painel solar estacionária e o segundo com um sistema de posicionamento automático com relação ao sol. Esta análise comparativa permitirá avaliar as vantagens ou não de um sistema, em relação ao outro. Além disso, foram levantadas as curvas de carga, descarga, capacidade da bateria, determinação da taxa hora-funcional, a reação de auto-descarga (através do estado de flutuação) entre outras informações relevantes que permitam entre outras coisas, obter uma maior vida útil da bateria estacionária em questão. Esse trabalho levantará as características elétricas, como tensão, corrente, potência e energia, utilizará ferramentas de modelagem através de circuitos elétricos equivalentes para simulação do comportamento da bateria, em situações de carga e descarga, e principalmente o levantamento experimental das baterias funcionando nos dois sistemas distintos. Este trabalho evidencia as diferenças comportamento da bateria, e mostra a configuração que permite a operação da bateria em condições mais favoráveis. Os resultados obtidos, indicam que a bateria ligada... / This work aimed at analyzing the electric energy storage system generated from a photovoltaic system with lead-acid batteries. The increasing claim for energy in the world in addition to the need of utilizing renewable sources of energy in order to preserve the environment makes necessary the development of efficient techniques for energy generation and control. The energy shortage experienced in today’s world attracts attention from the scientific community, which is concerned about developing alternative projects towards the human being’s need in a productive way, without pollution and low cost. Two photovoltaic systems were used in this work, a conventional one with stationary solar panel and another with automatic solar position system. The comparative analysis has allowed assessing the advantages of both systems. The following characteristics were obtained during the development of this work: charge, discharge, battery capacity, operating time rate, auto-discharge reaction (through fluctuation state), among other important information that allowed to attain an extended life to the stationary battery studied. The characteristics described in the references of this work have been obtained, and modeling techniques through electric circuits were used to simulate the battery behavior for charge and discharge conditions. The experimental tests of the battery operation in both systems were carried out. This research has searched for showing the main differences of the battery behavior in order to get the configuration in which the battery operation is developed in more favorable conditions.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O setor fotovoltaico, devido ao seu grande crescimento nos Ãltimos anos, vem destacando-se significativamente diante de todas as outras fontes de energia renovÃveis e, por isso, tornou-se a terceira maior fonte limpa de geraÃÃo de energia elÃtrica do mundo. No Brasil, esse setor ainda nÃo possui uma relevÃncia na matriz energÃtica devido à tecnologia de conversores e de painÃis ser, na maioria das vezes, toda importada. Considerando a necessidade do desenvolvimento dessa tecnologia, este trabalho vem propor a pesquisa e a implementaÃÃo de um conversor CC/CC de alto ganho aplicado a sistemas fotovoltaicos, que tem como objetivo principal retirar a energia de um mÃdulo fotovoltaico e injetÃ-la em um barramento constante de corrente contÃnua. Um mÃdulo fotovoltaico à conectado na entrada do conversor de alto ganho com tensÃo de saÃda igual a 17 Vcc. Esse conversor eleva a sua tensÃo de entrada e injeta sua corrente de saÃda em um barramento constante de 311 Vcc, utilizando a busca do ponto de mÃxima potÃncia (MPPT). O protÃtipo implementado em laboratÃrio foi desenvolvido para uma potÃncia nominal de 100 W e nÃo possui capacitores eletrolÃticos, aumentando assim o tempo de vida Ãtil do conversor e permitindo incorporar o conversor ao mÃdulo fotovoltaico. O protÃtipo se mostrou robusto e de baixo custo, caracterÃsticas necessÃrias para um conversor aplicado a fontes renovÃveis de energia. O desempenho do protÃtipo, na busca do ponto de mÃxima potÃncia, superou as expectativas do autor, mostrando que um algoritmo bastante simples pode ser extremamente confiÃvel quando se opta pela configuraÃÃo de um conversor por mÃdulo. / The photovoltaic sector has been distinguishing itself from all other renewable energy sources, due to its large growth through the last years. For this reason, it has become the third major clean source of power generation worldwide. In Brazil, this sector still doesnât have great pertinence in the energy matrix, given the imported technology of converters and panels. Considering the demand to develop this technology, this paper propounds the research and implementation of a high gain DC/ DC converter applied to photovoltaic systems, which aims mainly to remove energy from a photovoltaic module and inject it into a DC constant bus. A photovoltaic module is connected to the input of the high gain converter, with an output voltage equals to 17 Vdc. This converter raises its input voltage and injects its output current at a constant 311 Vdc bus, using the maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The laboratory implemented prototype was designed for a rated power of 100W and it doesnât have electrolytic capacitors, thereby increasing the lifetime of the converter and also allowing the incorporation the converter to the photovoltaic module. The prototype had a strong and low cost performance, necessary characteristics for a converter applied to renewable energy sources. The prototype performance exceeded the authorâs expectations, in relation to the maximum power point tracking. Thus, a quite simple algorithm can be extremely reliable when choosing to configure a converter through a module.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Nowadays, the distribution networks of electricity are the segment of the electrical power systems that has experienced more changes, due in particular to the presence of distributed generation and the technological advances in the areas of instrumentation, automation, measurement, information technology and comunication. This work aims to present the modelling, the control and the operation management of a group of small-scale energy resources connected to the low voltage, which coordinated form a microgrid. The microgrid energy resources are solar photovoltaic sources, wind energy based on double fed induction generator and hydrogen fuel cell, and a storage system with batteries. Two conceptions are developed: a single-phase microgrid and a three-phase microgrid, both operating in connected mode and isolated from the utility. Each energy resource is connected to a point of common coupling through power converters. For each converter was designed a set of control loops. The master-slave strategy was used to control the converters and to microgrid management. In master-slave configuration only the master converter is designed to be the voltage reference and others operate as a current source. For managing the steady state operation of microgrids different operating scenarios were considered, with variation of load and generation levels, as well as changes in tariff flags, for load supply with economy and sources operating at maximum efficiency. The proposed systems operate satisfactorily fulfill the requirements of utility for synchronization and disconnection. The injected currents are below the allowed distortion level. In stand-alone mode, the system voltage remains within the appropriate level of amplitude and frequency. / Atualmente, as redes de distribuiÃÃo de energia elÃtrica sÃo o segmento dos siste-mas elÃtricos de potÃncia que mais tem experimentado mudanÃas, devido, em es-pecial, à presenÃa da geraÃÃo distribuÃda e aos avanÃos tecnolÃgicos nas Ãreas de instrumentaÃÃo, automaÃÃo, mediÃÃo, tecnologia da informaÃÃo e comunicaÃÃo. Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar a modelagem, o controle e o gerenciamento da operaÃÃo de um conjunto de recursos energÃticos de pequeno porte, conectados à baixa tensÃo, que coordenados formam uma microrrede. Os recursos energÃticos da microrrede sÃo fontes solar fotovoltaica, eolielÃtrica com gerador de induÃÃo de dupla alimentaÃÃo e cÃlula combustÃvel a hidrogÃnio, e um sistema de armazenamento de energia a baterias. Duas concepÃÃes de microrredes sÃo desenvolvidas: microrrede monofÃsica e microrrede trifÃsica, ambas operando em modo conectado e isolado da rede elÃtrica principal. Cada recurso energÃtico à conectado a um ponto comum de conexÃo atravÃs de conversores de potÃncia. Para cada conversor foi projetado um conjunto de malhas de controle. A estratÃgia mestre-escravo foi usada para o controle dos conversores e gerenciamento da microrrede. Na configuraÃÃo mestre-escravo apenas o conversor mestre à designado para ser a referÃncia de tensÃo que os outros conversores necessitam para operarem como fonte de corrente. Para o gerenciamento da operaÃÃo das microrredes em regime permanente, foram considerados diferentes cenÃrios de operaÃÃo, com variaÃÃo de nÃveis de carga e de geraÃÃo, bem como variaÃÃo de bandeiras e postos tarifÃrios, visando atender a carga com economicidade e fontes operando em mÃxima eficiÃncia. Os sistemas propostos operam de forma satisfatÃria obedecendo aos requisitos da concessionÃria para a sincronizaÃÃo e desconexÃo. As harmÃnicas de corrente injetada estÃo abaixo do nÃvel de distorÃÃo permitido. No modo isolado, a tensÃo dos sistemas permanece dentro do nÃvel adequado de amplitude e frequÃncia.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / This project presents a brackish water desalination plant via Reverse Osmosis (RO) powered by Photovoltaic Modules (PV) with Maximum Power Tracking (MPPT) and a self â regulating pressure valve. The developed unit is installed on Alternative Energy Laboratory (LEA), which is located on the campus of PICI at Federal University of CearÃ. To extract maximum power from the PV module a Buck type converter was developed for this application. The Incremental Conductance algorithms (IncCond) is used. The MPPT technique was simulated, tested and validated, showing an efficiency of 86.8%. An innovation in this plant is the use of a self-regulating pressure valve installed in the concentrate output, which ensures a smaller pressure and power variation in the pump that is responsible for pressurizing the water to the membranes. The technical feasibility of the RO plant is checked in two phases: one without the presence of the self- regulating pressure valve in the concentrated output and other with the self-regulating pressure valve in the concentrated output. The plant is tested for two salinity levels 1000 and 1500 mg/L of TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) levels. These salinity levels chosen are commonly found in most brackish water wells of the semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil. For operation without selfregulating pressure valve the obtained average values are: recovery rate 8.03% (relation between permeate flow and feed water flow), 151.7 L of daily production of drinking water with 130 mg/L of TDS, specific energy consumption of 2.68 kWh/m3. For operation with self-regulating pressure valve the obtained average values are: recovery rate 8.14%, 175.3 L of daily production of drinking water with 120 mg/L of TDS, specific energy consumption of 2.56 kWh/m3. Thus the configuration system using the self â regulating valve showed better results / O presente projecto apresenta uma planta de dessalinizaÃÃo de Ãgua salobra por osmose reversa (OR) acionada por mÃdulos fotovoltaicos (FV) com seguimento de potÃncia mÃxima (MPPT - Maximum Power Point Tracking) e vÃlvula autoreguladora de pressÃo. A planta desenvolvida està instalada no LaboratÃrio de Energias Alternativas (LEA), situado no Campus do PICI da Universidade Federal do CearÃ. Para extraÃÃo da mÃxima de energia do mÃdulo FV foi desenvolvido um conversor do tipo Buck, usando a tÃcnica CondutÃncia Incremental (CondInc). A tÃcnica de MPPT foi simulada, testada e validada, apresentando uma eficiÃncia de 86,8% no seguimento do ponto de potÃncia mÃxima. Uma inovaÃÃo na planta proposta à o uso de uma vÃlvula autoreguladora de pressÃo instalada na saÃda do concentrado, que garante uma menor variaÃÃo de pressÃo e corrente eletrica na motobomba responsÃvel por pressurizaÃÃo da Ãgua para as membranas. A planta de OR foi testada em duas etapas: uma sem a presenÃa da vÃlvula auto-reguladora de pressÃo e a outra com a vÃlvula, para uma Ãgua de alimentaÃÃo entre os nÃveis de salinidade de 1000 e 1500 mg/L de STD (SÃlidos Totais Dissolvidos). Estes nÃveis de salinidade adotados sÃo geralmente encontrados em poÃos com Ãgua salobra do semiÃrido do Nordeste do Brasil e noutros casos maior 1500 mg/L de STD. Para a operaÃÃo sem a vÃlvula autoreguladora de pressÃo foram obtidos os seguintes valores mÃdios: taxa de recuperaÃÃo 8,03%, produÃÃo de Ãgua potÃvel de 151,7 L/dia com 130 mg/L de STD, consumo especÃfico de energia de 2,68 kWh/m3. Para a operaÃÃo com a vÃlvula autoreguladora de pressÃo foram obtidos os seguintes valores mÃdios: taxa de recuperaÃÃo 8,14%, produÃÃo de Ãgua potÃvel de 175,3 L/dia com 120 mg/L de STD, consumo especÃfico de energia de 2,56 kWh/m3. No entanto a configuraÃÃo da planta operando com a vÃlvula autoreguladora de pressÃo apresenta melhores resultados relativamente a operaÃÃo sem a vÃlvula.

Submitted by Rosangela Silva (rosangela.silva3@unioeste.br) on 2018-06-26T14:28:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Bruno_Meneghel_Zilli.pdf: 2648925 bytes, checksum: 08fd69f79ec208d953d18a5a99774857 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-26T14:28:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Bruno_Meneghel_Zilli.pdf: 2648925 bytes, checksum: 08fd69f79ec208d953d18a5a99774857 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-19 / Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Estado do Paraná (FA) / Water resources have fundamental importance both for life of living beings and for human activities. The lack of water can be a limiting factor for occupation and development of a certain region. Pumping systems are an alternative solution for these cases, with electric generation from photovoltaic panels being a locally pollutant-free option with less maintance when compared to combustion-generation engines. This work aims the analysis of a photovoltaic pumping system with two cell technologies, amorphous silicon and polycrystaline. The experiment was installed in the dependencies of the State University of West Paraná – campus Cascavel-PR. The data of voltage and electric current generated by panels, ambient and panels temperature, solar irradiation and water flow were collected. From these data, the volume pumped in the establised period, the flow as a function of the irradiation and the energy consumed, the behavior of the available and consumed energies, as well as the panel’s temperature on efficiency, were analyzed. The average volume pumped was 2,255.44 and 2,397.01 liters per day in the amorphous and polycrystalline systems, respectively. The best efficiency results in both systems were given at 800 W m-2, 4,69% for amorphous and 7,75% polycrystaline. However, the firt one presented lower voltage drop with panel’s temperature increasing. It was obtained higher flow and overall efficiency in the polycrystalline system. / Os recursos hídricos são de fundamental importância tanto para a vida dos seres vivos, quanto para as atividades antrópicas. A falta destes pode ser um fator limitante para a ocupação e desenvolvimento de uma determinada região. Sistemas de bombeamento de água são uma alternativa para solução destes casos, sendo a geração elétrica a partir de painéis fotovoltaicos uma opção localmente sem poluentes e com menos manutenção quando comparado a moto geradores à combustão. Este trabalho visa a análise de um sistema de bombeamento fotovoltaico com duas diferentes tecnologias de células, silício amorfo e policristalino. O mesmo foi instalado nas dependências da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná – campus Cascavel-PR. Coletou-se os dados da tensão e corrente elétrica gerados pelos painéis, temperatura ambiente e dos painéis, irradiação solar e vazão da bomba d’água. A partir destes, foram avaliados o volume bombeado no período estabelecido, a vazão em função da irradiação e da energia consumida, o comportamento das energias disponível e consumida, assim como a influência da irradiação e da temperatura do painel sobre a eficiência do mesmo. O volume médio bombeado foi de 2.255,44 e 2.397,01 litros por dia nos sistemas amorfo e policristalino, respectivamente. Os melhores resultados de eficiência em ambos os sistemas se deram a 800 W m-2, sendo 4,69% para o amorfo e 7,75% no policristalino. No entanto o primeiro apresentou menor queda de tensão com o aumento de temperatura. Obteve-se no sistema policristalino maior vazão, eficiência global e menores custos específicos.

This diploma thesis deals with the principle of photovoltaic phenomenon and the distribution of photovoltaic systems. It also informs the reader about the possibilities of using the "Green Savings" subsidy within the program "New Green Savings" of the Ministry of the Environment. Last, but not least, it maps the energetic demands of the family house and, on the basis of it, presents the possible design of the photovoltaic system, including the estimation of the economic return.

This thesis project is a proposal of a scenario of an industrial collaboration that could become the basis for the development of an Eco-Industrial Park inside the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology using the water desalination plant as the foundation of this network. It is defined why the university is a suitable place for a development of this type; what industrial networks can be formed and what environmental, economic and social benefits could be achieved if the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia implemented this project around the country. An Eco-Industrial Park is a collaboration between industries where they share resources and create an exchange network of wastes and by-products with the objective of obtaining positive environmental, economic and social impacts. In the proposed scenario, the initial collaboration is between a PV solar plant and the water desalination located inside the university. With the use of solar energy there are savings of CO2 emissions, which turn into positive impacts on the environment. The idea is that this initial collaboration could be extended in the future to provide the entire energy consumption of the KAUST community. The project also provides an insight into how an industrial symbiosis could be formed taking as a base this industrial collaboration. However, further studies and analysis are required in order to provide more solid information regarding the development of an Eco-Industrial Park.

The beginning of this work presents the basic principles of photovoltaic cells, their advantages and disadvantages. There is also an overview of photovoltaic systems. The next part takes a closer look on lead-acid accumulators followed by a practical part regarding the measurement of VA characteristics. The main goal of this work is to assemble an experimental PV system. It will consist of a PV module, an accumulator (consisting of two cells connected in series and producing an overall voltage of 5V) and of a variable load (assembled from nineteen resistors with resistance varying from tens to hundreds of Ohms). This system is connected to a computer that runs the control software which was created using the VEEPro 8.0 simulation environment. The measurements can be taken in two ways. Either the operator can select the load resistor combinations manually, or the operator only launches the measurement and the load is selected automatically by the software. This way we obtain an automatized workplace for measuring VA characteristics of photovoltaic panels.

The master thesis deals with proposal of size optimization of PV systems. According to results of optimization, alternative solutions of photovoltaic system were proposed for family house. From the perspective of costs efficiency were compared investment costs and savings of implementation of electricity supply directly to private consumption. Particularly for each of the proposed solution, profitability assessment of comparing purchasing costs and returns on investment was performed. Theoretical part of the master thesis consists of introduction into solar radiation principles, structure and functionality of photovoltaic systems, electronics inverters and accumulation of electric energy. The practical part is focused on measuring of electricity consumption in particular family house, calculation of sunlight intensity hitting tested house, making various solutions of photovoltaic power plants placed on the family house in order to evaluate returns on investments. In conclusion are summarized all results of investigated solutions according to economics aspects.

Photovoltaic solar power is an increasing source of energy and part of the renewable energy generation which is needed in the near future to achieve the set climate goals. When planning new photovoltaic installations, parameters which affect the design are both local conditions (e.g. weather) and system parameters such as tilt and azimuth angles. Commercial areas often have high loads during the day when solar power is available and are therefore interesting for photovoltaic installations. In order make a quick estimation of photovoltaic power potential in an area, a simulation tool which handles load profiles from multiple buildings would be desirable. The aim of this thesis project is therefore to create a tool which can simulate multiple photovoltaic systems and for each of them estimate system sizes, grid interactions, and area requirements. The simulation tool is based on Python programming with the aid of System Advisor Model, a simulation software for photovoltaic and other renewable energy tech-nologies. Optimization of orientation angles was made for clear sky with the goal of high load-generation match. Different system sizes were estimated and simulated based on different degrees of self-sufficiency, net-zero consumption, and the existing transfer capacity of the building in question. When the simulation result was compared to a detailed photovoltaic design project, some agreements between the results were found, as well as further development needs such as refining area estimation. To further develop the usability of the tool, a more user-friendly interface is needed. Other improvements could be to enable simulations of multiple direction systems and integration of the local grid structure and limitations.