Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-13T14:51:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-05-05Bitstream added on 2014-08-13T17:59:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000776616.pdf: 4325824 bytes, checksum: 557feea50cbc02fd024a9a6c5abda8d8 (MD5) / Para avaliar o desempenho dos sistemas de microgeração é necessário coletar dados de produção e consumo de energia. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um sistema para monitoramento da produção e consumo de energia em centrais de microgeração fotovoltaicas. Os experimentos foram realizados na central de microgeração distribuída fotovoltaica (MGD-PV) do Sítio Modelo da Fazenda Lageado e no Laboratório de Energias Renováveis do Departamento de Engenharia Rural, na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, campus de Botucatu. O sistema utiliza dispositivos baseados em hardware livre para o gerenciamento e transmissão dos dados (Arduinos) e sensores de tensão e corrente para coleta de dados na central MGD-PV. A transmissão é feita via rede sem fios (ZigBee) para uma central de dados onde um microcomputador executa programas que foram desenvolvidos para o projeto e gerenciam o armazenamento local e envio dos dados para a Internet. Para monitorar o funcionamento e acessar os dados foi criada uma página na Internet. O download dos dados pode ser feito em formato CSV – Comma-Separated Values, amplamente utilizado e que permite a importação para diversas ferramentas de software. A eficiência do sistema foi de 96% na quantidade de dados registrados. / To evaluate the performance of microgeneration systems is necessary to collect data about production and consumption of energy. In this work, a system was developed for monitoring the production and consumption of energy in micro generation photovoltaic station. The experiments were performed in the central distributed micro generation photovoltaic - MGD-PV in Sítio Modelo in Campus Lageado and Renewable Energy Laboratory, Department of Rural Engineering in College of Agronomic Science (FCA) UNESP / Botucatu. To data collect the system uses voltage and current sensors and devices based on free hardware for managing and transmitting data (Arduinos). Data are transmitted via wireless (ZigBee) to a central database where one computer runs programs developed to store, manage and transmit the data to the Internet. To monitor the operation and access the data was created a page on the Internet. The downloaded data can be done in CSV - Comma-Separated Values, widely used and allows the import for several software tools. The system efficiency was 96% in the amount of recorded data.

Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. / Until recently, the focus of most solar technology development for space was towards more efficient, more radiation-resistant and increasingly powerful arrays. During a space mission, solar cells are not only exposed to irradiation by electrons, but also to a range of other particles, like protons. Thus, solar cells on robust nanosatellites are extremely exposed to an environment, which includes the high-energy electrons and protons of the earth’s radiation belts, which leads towards the degradation process of the individual solar cell. Solar cell radiation shielding design ensures the protection of the solar cells from the particular radiation environment found in space. While the design principles of a solar photovoltaic automatic switching fault tolerant system which can detect and bypass faulty photovoltaic cells will be presented through this research work. The ability of such a system to be reconfigured using implemented switching matrix system makes it efficient under various environments and faulty conditions. / National Research Foundation (NRF)

Orientador: Odivaldo José Seraphim / Banca: Fábio Renan Durand / Banca: José Fernando Presenço / Banca: Alexandre Dal Pai / Banca: Fernando de Lima Caneppele / Resumo: Para avaliar o desempenho dos sistemas de microgeração é necessário coletar dados de produção e consumo de energia. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um sistema para monitoramento da produção e consumo de energia em centrais de microgeração fotovoltaicas. Os experimentos foram realizados na central de microgeração distribuída fotovoltaica (MGD-PV) do Sítio Modelo da Fazenda Lageado e no Laboratório de Energias Renováveis do Departamento de Engenharia Rural, na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, campus de Botucatu. O sistema utiliza dispositivos baseados em hardware livre para o gerenciamento e transmissão dos dados (Arduinos) e sensores de tensão e corrente para coleta de dados na central MGD-PV. A transmissão é feita via rede sem fios (ZigBee) para uma central de dados onde um microcomputador executa programas que foram desenvolvidos para o projeto e gerenciam o armazenamento local e envio dos dados para a Internet. Para monitorar o funcionamento e acessar os dados foi criada uma página na Internet. O download dos dados pode ser feito em formato CSV - Comma-Separated Values, amplamente utilizado e que permite a importação para diversas ferramentas de software. A eficiência do sistema foi de 96% na quantidade de dados registrados. / Abstract: To evaluate the performance of microgeneration systems is necessary to collect data about production and consumption of energy. In this work, a system was developed for monitoring the production and consumption of energy in micro generation photovoltaic station. The experiments were performed in the central distributed micro generation photovoltaic - MGD-PV in Sítio Modelo in Campus Lageado and Renewable Energy Laboratory, Department of Rural Engineering in College of Agronomic Science (FCA) UNESP / Botucatu. To data collect the system uses voltage and current sensors and devices based on free hardware for managing and transmitting data (Arduinos). Data are transmitted via wireless (ZigBee) to a central database where one computer runs programs developed to store, manage and transmit the data to the Internet. To monitor the operation and access the data was created a page on the Internet. The downloaded data can be done in CSV - Comma-Separated Values, widely used and allows the import for several software tools. The system efficiency was 96% in the amount of recorded data. / Doutor

Orientador: Ennio Peres da Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T13:25:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Strangueto_KarinaMaretti_M.pdf: 19906367 bytes, checksum: cfc584b8248827cae84c86e393a1870f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Desde a Revolução Industrial, as atividades desenvolvidas pelo homem têm provocado um crescimento maciço das emissões de gases de efeito estufa e poluentes para a atmosfera da Terra, devido, entre outros fatores, à constante e crescente necessidade de energia. Um grande esforço vem sendo realizado nas últimas décadas para a redução dessas emissões, com especial atenção ao setor de transporte, principalmente pelos efeitos provocados nas populações das grandes cidades devido à concentração de veículos em espaços reduzidos. Neste caso, busca-se aumentar: a eficiência dos veículos convencionais, o uso de biocombustíveis e de veículos híbridos, e, mais recentemente, o uso de veículos elétricos (VEs). Com o avanço da utilização de veículos elétricos como meio de transporte "limpo", são necessários maiores estudos para avaliar a quantidade de energia necessária para o abastecimento das frotas destes veículos e, também, uma análise da quantidade evitada de emissões de gases de efeito estufa (gás carbônico) comparativamente aos modelos à combustão interna. Assim, esse trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver esses temas. A geração de energia através painéis fotovoltaicos foi a escolha para essa dissertação, onde foi realizado um estudo de caso para uma usina de 1 MWP, determinando a quantidade de energia efetivamente produzida, considerando a usina localizada em Campinas, São Paulo. Dessa forma, pôde-se estimar que a frota de veículos que poderia ser abastecida com a energia gerada por essa usina teria um valor entre 955 e 1.118 veículos, dependendo de diferentes logísticas de abastecimento consideradas. Com a frota estimada, também foi possível calcular que emissões de até 2.004 toneladas anuais de CO2 poderiam ser evitadas pela substituição dos veículos convencionais pelos por esta frota de VEs / Abstract: Since the Industrial Revolution, human activities have been causing a massive growth in greenhouse gases and pollutants emissions to the Earth's atmosphere, due to, between other factors, the continuing and growing need for energy. A great effort has been made in recent decades to reduce these emissions, with special attention to the transport sector, mainly caused by the effects on populations of large cities due to the concentration of vehicles in confined spaces. In this case, seeks to improve: the efficiency of conventional vehicles, the use of biofuels and hybrid vehicles, and, more recently, the use of electric vehicles (EVs). With advancing of Electric Vehicle use as a means of "green" transport, more studies are needed to assess the amount of energy required to supply fleets of this kind of vehicles and, also, an analysis of the amount of avoided emissions of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) compared with internal combustion models. Thus, this study aimed to develop these themes. The generation of energy through photovoltaic panels was the choice for this dissertation, which was conducted a case study for a generating station of 1 MWP, determining the amount of energy effectively produced, considering the generating station located in Campinas, Sao Paulo. Thus, it was estimated that the fleet of vehicles that could be supplied with energy generated by this plant would have a value between 955 and 1.118 vehicles, depending on different logistical supply considered. With the fleet estimated, it was also possible to calculate that 2.004 tons of CO2 could be avoided by the replacement of conventional vehicles by EVs / Mestrado / Engenharia Mecanica / Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

M.Ing. (Electrical Engineering Science) / One of the challenges of modern technology is remote control in real-time. Wireless technologies are used to control solar systems connected or not connected to the grid. Nevertheless wireless communications present some defects when they are facing basements of buildings and thick walls. To overcome that weakness, wire technologies seem to be the solution. The use of power line communications (PLC) technology presents a financial advantage, given the fact that PLC uses power wire to transmit data. PLC did an interesting leap forward in the last few years, and this drives researchers to carry out research in that field of Electrical Engineering. The advantages offered by PLC cannot be over-emphasized, but neither should the inherent problems affecting its commercial take-off be underestimated. This work creates a background study for experimental measurement and eventual implementations on PLC. A 2FSK modulation was implemented at CENELEC B standards, and the carrier signal was sent through a low wattage solar microinverter. The inverter was built in compliance with the IEEE 1547 standard. Two different coupling circuits were also built as well as the transceiver. The entire system was fed by a 250 W- 18 V monocrystalline solar panel. This investigation presents many options to integrate a communication system in a solar system. The case study has shown that a message sent through an H-bridge inverter is related to many parameters such as the modulation scheme, the coding techniques, the type of control and the DC link voltage. The result presents a very weak probability, which implies that the other options should be investigated.

No description available.

In order to become a viable alternative to silicon photovoltaics, dye-sensitized solar cells must overcome several issues primarily resulting from their use of a liquid electrolyte. Much research has gone into correcting these shortcomings by replacing the liquid electrolyte with solid-state hole-transport media. Using these solid-state materials brings new difficulties, such as completely filling the pores in the TiO₂nanostructure, and achieving good adhesion with the dye-coated TiO₂. A novel approach to addressing these difficulties is the inverse dye-sensitized solar cell design. In this method the devices are constructed in reverse order, with the solid-state hole-transport medium providing the nanostructure instead of the TiO₂. This allows new materials and methods to be used which may better address these issues. In this project, inverse dye-sensitized solar cells using polyaniline nanofibers as the hole transport medium were prepared and characterized. The devices were prepared on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass electrodes. The first component was a dense spin-coated polyaniline blocking layer, to help prevent short circuiting of the devices. The second layer was a thin film of drop cast polyaniline nanofibers which acted as the hole transport medium and provided high surface area for the dye attachment. The dye used was 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (TCPP), which was covalently attached to the nanofibers using a Friedel-Crafts acylation. Titania gel was then deposited into the pores of the nanofiber film by controlled hydrolysis of a titanium complex (Tyzor LA). A back electrode of TiO₂nanoparticles sintered on FTO was pressed on top to complete the devices. A typical device generated an open circuit voltage of 0.17 V and a closed circuit current of 5.7 nA/cm² while the highest open circuit voltage recorded for any variation on a device was 0.31 V and the highest short circuit current was 52 nA/cm² under AM 1.5 simulated olar spectrum at 100 mW/cm². Initially prepared devices did not generate a measureable photocurrent due to two materials flaws. The first was traced to the poorly developed conduction band of the titania gel, as deposited from Tyzor LA hydrolysis, resulting in poor electron conduction. This prevented the titania gel from efficiently functioning as the electron transport medium. A remedy was found in adding a layer of sintered anatase TiO₂nanoparticles on the back electrode to serve as the electron transport medium. However, this remedy does not address the issue of the inability of titania gel to efficiently transport electrons photogenerated deep in the nanofiber film to the back electrode. The second flaw was found to originate from fast recombination kinetics between electrons in TiO₂and holes in polyaniline. However, a positive feature was that the titania gel intended to be used as the electron transport medium was found to sufficiently insulate the interface such that the recombination rate slowed enough to allow generation of a measureable photocurrent. Electronic insulation was further enhanced by co-attaching decanoic acid onto the polyaniline nanofibers to fill in pinholes between the dye molecules. While these solutions were not ideal, they were intended to be diagnostic in nature and supplied critical information about the weak links in the device design, thus pointing the way toward improving device performance. Significant enhancements can be expected by addressing these issues in further detail.

Research report submitted to the faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of Witwatersrand, in 50% fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management in the field of Public and Development Management. March 2018 / The outputs in this report are based on the experiences, beliefs and perceptions of a crosssection of Solar Photovoltaic industry stakeholders on whether Local Content Requirements is an appropriate policy instrument for building a local industry and the extent to which the Local Content Requirements of the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme have led to an increase in the South African solar component manufacturing capacity since the programme’s inception in November 2011. Protectionist policies, including Local Content Requirements, were used by now industrialised countries to develop their respective countries, and continue to be used to this day despite World Trade Organisation prohibitions. Four models on building local industries are discussed and their relationship to the two research questions explored. Interview participants agreed that the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme was instrumental in building a large-scale local renewable energy industry in the country, created jobs and excitement around manufacturing capacity potential. However, many believe that programme design and implementation interventions are required to improve the programme’s localisation impacts. The latest draft Integrated Resource Plan’s sizeable allocation for Solar Photovoltaic until 2030 presents an opportunity to drastically improve localisation benefits for the country. / GR2019

Applications, converter topologies, and control schemes are examined for superconductive magnetic energy storage (SMES) systems. Diurnal load leveling for electric utilities and compensation for fluctuations in photovoltaic (PV) power generation are the primary applications discussed. It is demonstrated that a SMES system implemented with standard AC/DC converters offers energy storage capacity large enough, and dynamic response fast enough, to compensate for PV fluctuations due to changes in weather conditions. The method of control is developed so that the charging and discharging of the SMES system are changed in response to PV fluctuations, and the combined SMESIPV power output is smooth and controllable. An innovative control scheme is introduced for SMES that can simultaneously regulate real power and voltage independently without hardware modifications to the standard ACIDC bridge arrangement normally used for coordinated control of real and reactive power. The combination of SMES and PV systems could benefit from DCIDC converters that take advantage of the DC nature of both. It is established that DClDC converters can respond with sufficient speed to handle variations in PV power. A converter topology is devised where two DC/DC converters in cascade effectively maintain a PV array at its maximum power point and simultaneously control a SMES system to compensate for PV fluctuations. An alternative cascade configuration of an AC/DC converter with a DCIDC converter is proposed that could significantly reduce the reactive power requirements and improve the operational characteristics of a large scale SMES system connected to the utility grid. / Master of Science

Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) is a process which converts two low energy photons into one higher-energy excited state. TTA-UC has recently received attention for its potential application to many light driven processes, such as improving efficiency in photovoltaic devices and allowing use of low-energy light sources for in vivo applications, including bioimaging, optogenetics, and photochemotherapy. Each of these applications has a different set of energetic requirements, which has created a need for a diverse library of upconverting materials. Additionally, these applications benefit from improved upconversion efficiency in solid-state, a task that has proven challenging for the traditionally solution-phase process. Macromolecular scaffolds are a promising avenue to tune the electronic communication between chromophores and control intermolecular packing in solid-state. Herein, we report the investigation of dendrimers with annihilator-functionalized termini and linear annihilator polymers as frameworks to control local annihilator concentration and communication. We find that multi-annihilator dendrimers exhibit higher upconversion yields at low concentrations compared to similar concentrations of monomer; however, higher generation dendrimers allow strong interchromophore coupling, which promotes parasitic excimer formation, decreasing relative upconversion yields. Linear annihilator copolymers with alternating anthracene and phenyl or naphthyl bridges had ground state optical properties predictive of interchromophore communication based on bridge connectivity, interchromophore length, and polymer planarity. Non-conjugated, naphthyl polymers were observed to be the most efficient at intramolecular TTA-UC in dilute solutions. In this dissertation, we will discuss current efforts in the field towards control and analysis of intramolecular TTA-UC through design of multi-annihilator macromolecules and novel annihilator scaffolds targeting underutilized regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. In Chapter 1, we list important factors to consider about improving TTA-UC and follow with discussion of reported macromolecular systems and their efforts towards intramolecular TTA-UC. Chapter 2 introduces a series of non-conjugated dendrimers functionalized with anthracene annihilators on the periphery and analyzes their upconversion capabilities as a set of macromolecules with controlled molecular structure. In Chapter 3, we investigate the effect of connectivity between annihilators in alternating co-polymer systems, discussing the impact on ground state photophysical properties and upconversion efficiency. Finally in Chapter 4, we introduce an approach for using computational analysis as a high-throughput tool for identifying potential novel annihilator molecules.