Le but de ce travail est d'étudier l'art d'interpréter de plusieurs générations de pianistes dont la formation remonte au XIXe siècle, mais dont l'activité s'est étendue jusqu'à la 1re moitié du XXe siècle. L'essor de l'interprétation qui marqua cette époque a prodigué des artistes qui - à la suite de leurs grands maîtres (Chopin, Liszt, A. Rubinstein) - ont déjà laissé un nombre considérable d'enregistrements permettant de saisir à travers leur jeu une image authentique de l’œuvre romantique. En nous référant à l'idée que l'essor du pianisme à la charnière des XIXe - XXe siècles provient de l'expansion remarquable de l'art d'interpréter au XIXe siècle, nous avançons l'hypothèse selon laquelle c'est précisément dans les positions esthétiques et dans la vision du monde propre à cette époque qu'il faut chercher les sources d'un tel essor. Parmi les caractéristiques importantes de la manière d'interpréter des pianistes de la 2e moitié du XIXe siècle, entrent d'abord en jeu la faculté de penser imagée, la liberté et une manière d'improviser en modifiant les textes des œuvres exécutées. Ces données se combinent d'ailleurs avec d'autres, comme l'intellectualisme. Les analyses de certaines particularités de style, des manières de jouer, typiques du XIXe siècle (comme le rubato, le « pointillisme etc.), nous révèlent ainsi ce que fut la réelle pensée polyphonique du Romantisme. Il ne s'agit pas de la seule écriture polyphonique, mais d'un principe polyphonique au sens plus large, s'exprimant à travers le style d'interpréter qui, à son tour, définit la perception spatio-temporelle spécifique de ces quelques décennies. / The aim of this work is to study the performing art of several generations of pianists who were trained in the 19th Century but who extended their artistic activity throught the 1st half of the 20th Century. The rise of the art of interpretation which marked this period gave the artistes who - following their great masters - have left a considerable number of records where their plaiyng conjures up an image of the romantic composition that may be more authentic, though it is quite different from that of today.Based on the idea that the rise of the pianism at the turn of the 20th Century comes largely from the remarkable expansion of the 19th Century performing arts, we hypothesize that it is precisely in the aesthetic positions and the vision of the world inherent in the Romantic era that we should look for the sources of such a rise. Chief among the important features of the style of interpretation of the pianists of the 2nd half of the 19th Century, was their creative thinking, but also the surprising freedom they enjoyed to improvise and modify compositions. Other features include the intellectualism of their approach to the performed composition. Analyses of certain peculiarities of style, of the ways of playing typical of the 19th Century (such as rubato, the « pointillism » etc.) reveal the real polyphonic thougth of the Romantic era. This is not only the polyphonic writing itself, but a polyphonic principle in a broader sense, manifesting itself through the style of interpretation which, in turn, defines the specific spatio-temporal perception of these several decades.

This thesis sets out to investigate new notation symbols, systems, and string techniques in some one hundred 20th century string quartets, selected from a variety of composers. The analysis includes compositions that have, through contemporary aesthetic ideals, extended musical and technical resources and stimulated the development of compositional methods in such a way as to influence later works in the genre. k The thesis divided into two parts : Histoiy and Research Part One is a brief history of 20th century music, and includes the development o f the string quartet from earliest times up to the mid-century. Part Two researches string techniques and notation from the turn of the century up to 1990. The historical perspective demonstrates that after World War n, with the emergence o f the electronic age and a changing social and intellectual climate, traditional concepts were being challenged. Composers facing the dilemma affecting music in general, and the string quartet in particular, had to adapt to radically developing techniques and styles. Sounds and syntax o f a different type were initially, but unsuccessfully, sought to unify the divergent thinking o f the time. Ultimately, the developmental paths took shape from the problem itself and different approaches emerged to master the multi-faceted dimensions available to composers. Part Two investigates music syntax from the viewpoint of recording new symbols, notation systems and string techniques. Quartets of the first half of the century show that both the dissolution and the extension o f traditional processes were contained, importantly, within the continued use of conventional notation. The impact and significance of these quartets within the context of 20th century development cannot be ignored. However, the quartets researched post-1960 demonstrate that composers have enlarged all parameters of the genre through the extension of traditional resources and by radical innovation. This research demonstrates that the emergence of new symbols and string techniques in the second half of the century has been largely on an arbitrary basis. Nevertheless^ broad classification of these elements is undertaken. / Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology / D.Mus. (Musicology)

L’enjeu de cette thèse est d’étudier la chanson non dans sa dialectique parole/musique, mais par la saisie d’une troisième entité : l’interprétation vocale. Il s’agit à la fois d’en faire émerger l’importance fondamentale et la richesse et de lui conférer sa légitimité d’objet d’étude par la mise en place d’un protocole méthodologique et lexical spécifique qui en autorise l’analyse – au même titre que la composition – malgré son caractère mouvant et réputé réfractaire à la théorisation. Abordée comme objet complexe (selon la terminologie d’Edgar Morin), elle est soumise au feu croisé des disciplines (musicologie, linguistique, rhétorique, acoustique) pour pousser autant qu’il est possible son objectivation. Sous l’égide de la musicologie, l’utilisation d’outils informatiques permet d’établir une complémentarité entre les perspectives des sciences humaines et des sciences exactes, de capter et d’analyser les spécificités interprétatives, aussi bien dans leurs caractères dominants qu’agogiques, leurs rapports à la partition, leur complexité combinatoire au sein des méta-paramètres (timbre, rythme, phrasé) et les tensions dialogiques qui les parcourent (variation/répétition, mélodicité/insertion du bruit, chanté/parlé). Le large corpus de chanteurs d’expression française (du style Rive gauche à la Nouvelle chanson française) permet d’appréhender, au travers d’analyses d’enregistrements en studio ou en concert, la spécificité irréductible de chacun, émanation d’un corps unique, mais aussi de grands réseaux tendanciels de parentés stylistiques. Mise en avant par la perspective sémiologique, autour des notions de stratégie et de visées interprétatives, de rhétorique vocale, de suscitation du pathos et d’expression de l’ethos, se fait jour une typologie des styles interprétatifs, ouverte sur la prise en compte de l’originalité intrinsèque de chaque interprète et sur l’intégration des évolutions génériques ultérieures. / The present thesis focuses on the study of the song not in its word and music dialectic but through the acquisition of a third entity : the vocal rendition. The point is to reveal its critical importance and richness and make it legitimate as a subject of study as the result of the implementation of a specific methodological and lexical protocol that allows the analysis – as with the composition – although its changeable nature is not conducive to theorizing. Considered as a complex object (according to Edgar Morin’s terminology), vocal rendition is submitted to the crossfire of various disciplines (musicology, linguistics, rhetoric, acoustics) in order to favour as far as it is possible its objectivization. Within the framework of musicology, the use of computer tools makes it possible to establish a complementarity between the perspectives of social sciences and exact sciences, to catch and analyse the peculiarities of the performances both in their dominant or agogic characters, their connexions to the score, their combinatorial complexity within the meta-parameters (timbre, rhythm, phrasing), as well as the dialogical tensions which run through them (variation and repetition, melodicity and noise integration, singing and speaking parts). Thanks to the existence of a large body of French-speaking singers (from Rive Gauche style to Nouvelle chanson française) it is possible by studying studio and concert recordings to grasp the irreducible specificity of everyone (what is issued from a unique body) as well as the great underlying networks of stylistic relationships. Disclosed by the semeiological perspective, around the notions of strategy and performance designs, vocal rhetoric, the way to induce pathos and to express ethos, there emerges a typology of performing styles that is open to considering the intrinsic originality of each performer and integrating further generic developments.

Orientadores: Maria Lucia Senna Machado Pascoal, Mauricy Matos Martin / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T13:37:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreira_AdrianaLopesdaCunha_D.pdf: 12909119 bytes, checksum: c1054275001f99a287c35ac9a21a5138 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Este trabalho propõe uma associação de técnicas de análise musical desenvolvidas durante os séculos XX e XXI aos conceitos teóricos proferidos por Olivier Messiaen no livro Technique de mon langage musical (Messiaen 1944a e 1944b) e nos três primeiros volumes do Traité de Rythme, de Couleur, et d'Ornithologie (Messiaen 1994a, 1994b e 1994c). Para tanto, nos dois Capítulos que o compõem, inter-relaciona tais conceitos teóricos a técnicas de análise apresentadas por autores como Allen Forte (1973), Joel Lester (1989), Joseph Straus (2005), Christopher Hasty (1981), Stefan Kostka (2006), David Cope (1997), Wallace Berry (1987), Michael Friedmann (1987), Elizabeth West Marvin (1991) e Felix Salzer (1982); e demonstra a eficiência do procedimento, através da apresentação de cinco análises de peças para piano compostas por Olivier Messiaen, contextualizadas tanto por dados biográficos do compositor, como por artigos anteriormente escritos por pesquisadores teoricamente relevantes. O trabalho justifica-se por contribuir para a bibliografia sobre análise musical em língua portuguesa, bem como por constituir um trabalho de análise musical que amplia a vertente teórica do compositor. Nos cinco Anexos que completam o exemplar, destaca declarações inéditas na literatura mundial, proferidas pelo compositor Almeida Prado, a respeito de planos não concretizados para a composição de um segundo Catalogue d'oiseaux. Na Conclusão, foram traçadas vertentes, tanto em relação às técnicas de análise utilizadas, como à obra para piano de Olivier Messiaen como um todo. / Abstract: This work proposes an association between musical analysis techniques developed during the twentieth and the twenty-first centuries and the musical theory concepts presented by Olivier Messiaen in his Technique de mon langage musical (Messiaen 1944a and 1944b) and Traité de Rythme, de Couleur, et d'Ornithologie (Messiaen 1994a, 1994b and 1994c), first, second and third volumes. For this purpose, it relates Messiaen's theory concepts to analysis techniques presented by authors like Allen Forte (1973), Joel Lester (1989), Joseph Straus (2005), Christopher Hasty (1981), Stefan Kostka (2006), David Cope (1997), Wallace Berry (1987), Michael Friedmann (1987), Elizabeth West Marvin (1991) and Felix Salzer (1982). Trough the analysis of five piano pieces by Olivier Messiaen the efficiency of this process is demonstrated. The analyses are supported by the composer's biography, as well as by articles previously written by prestigious researchers. It adds to the musical analysis bibliography in Portuguese language and it contributes to broaden the theory concepts presented by the composer. The five Annexes that complement this work bring new revelations by Brazilian composer Almeida Prado, about an Olivier Messiaen's project, never made concrete, to compose a second Catalogue d'oiseaux. In the Conclusion we trace lines of conduct concerning the musical analysis techniques as well as Olivier Messiaen's piano work as a whole. / Doutorado / Doutor em Música

Continuing the discussion of interpreting J. S. Bach's lute music on the guitar, this dissertation seeks to demonstrate that Schenkerian analysis can assist the modern classical guitarist to better understand Bach's music. In particular, the Schenkerian approach provides an important methodology for studying Bach's music in depth, and then guiding performance practice on the guitar. Although there are many books and articles about transcribing, interpreting and performing Bach's music on the guitar, they do not apply Schenkerian analysis to guitar performance. This research will fill in the lacuna in this field, while promoting music scholarship and enhancing the performance practice of classical guitarists.

Text in English with abstracts in English, isiZulu and Xhosa / Page numbering of table of contents inconsistent with dissertation. Appendix A : Full transcription only of Tip toe by Lacey May / What is it about the vocal melodies of popular music that make you want to listen again and again? This music-theoretical study applies principles of Gestalt psychology and theories of expectation to a study of melodic hooks in 21st-century popular music. The hypothesis tested here is that melodic hooks are a vital element in “catchiness”. Transcription and analysis of melodies by major recording artists is used to explore the note-to-note basis for melodic hooks. The analysis of recordings by Adele, Carly Rae Jepsen, Pharrell Williams and Robin Thicke shows how factors of repetition, familiarity, simplicity, resolution, ambiguity of key, and expectation all contribute to the sense of catchiness in music. A listener-response study was used to test the experience of catchiness in the case studies, and corroborates the hypothesis that catchiness depends principally on expectation as an overarching factor. The study also uses auto-ethnographic reflection on the practice of song-writing to give insight into strategies for creating catchy popular songs. The experience of composing a pop song, and releasing it on air, provides unique insight into the artistic process. The results of all these studies show that the perceptual principle of expectation is a crucial factor in the experience of catchiness. / Ingabe yini eyenza iminkenenezo yomculo odumile ikukhange futhi ikuhehe ufise ukuwulalela kaninginingi? Lolu cwaningo lwethiyori yomculo lusebenzisa imigomo ye-Gestalt psychology kanye namathiyori alokho okulindelekile (theories of expectation) ukucubungula nokuhlaziya amavesi eminkenenezo emnandi futhi ekhangayo yomculo odumile wekhulunyaka lama-21. Ihayiphothesisi ehlolwayo lapha wukuthi amavesi eminkenenezo emnandi futhi ekhangayo ayingxenye esemqoka kakhulu “ekukhangeni” komculo. Ukubhalwa nokuhlaziywa kweminkenenezo yabaculi abayizikhondlakhondla abaqopha umculo kuyasetshenziswa kulolu cwaningo ukucubungula inothi nenothi levesi lomnkenenezo omnandi futhi okhangayo. Ukuhlaziywa komculo oqoshiwe ka-Adele, Carly Rae Jepsen, Pharrell Williams kanye no-Robin Thicke kuyabonisa ukuthi izinto ezinjengokuphindaphinda, ukujwayeleka komculo othile, ubulula bomculo, ukuguquka kwenothi lomculo libe ngumnkenenezo ohlabahlosile (resolution), ukungaqondakali nokungaqiniseki ngokhiye womculo (ambiguity of key), kanye nalokho okulindelekile, konke kuyizinto ezilekelelayo futhi ezifaka isandla ekukhangeni komnkenenezo womculo. Ucwaningo lwendlela abazizwa ngayo abalaleli bomculo lwasetshenziswa ukuhlola ukuthi bakhangekile yini labo balaleli bomculo, kwizincwaningo-zigameko zokulalelwa komculo, futhi lolu cwaningo lwasekela lwaphinda lwaqinisekisa ihayiphothesisi ethi ukukhanga komnkenenezo womculo kuncike ikakhulukazi kulokho okulindelwe ngumlaleli womculo njengombandela-ngqangi wokuheheka nokukhangeka kwakhe. Ucwaningo lusebenzisa futhi nokuzibandakanya komcwaningi (auto-ethnographic reflection) enqubweni yokubhalwa kwamaculo ukuze athole ulwazi olunzulu futhi aqondisise kahle amaqhingasu okuqamba izingoma ezidumile ezinomnkenenezo omnandi futhi okhangayo. Ukuzibandakanya enqubweni yokuqamba ingoma yomculo we-pop, kanye nokuyikhipha ukuze idlalwe emisakazweni, kuhlinzeka ngethuba eliyingqayizivele lokuqonda ngokujulile inqubo yokwenza umculo. Imiphumela yazo zonke lezi zincwaningo iyabonisa ukuthi umgomo wendlela-kuhumusha izinto ngokwalokho okulindelekile wumgomo osemqoka kakhulu ekufikelweni komuntu ngumuzwa wokukhangwa nokuhehwa ngumnkenenezo. / Zingantoni izandi ezimnandi zokuvuma ezivakalayo zomculo odumileyo okubangela ufune ukuwuphulaphula njalo njalo? Olu phononongo lomculo ngokwenkcazelo eyingcingane lusebenzisa imigaqo-siseko yemeko yengqondo iGestalt (Gestalt psychology) kunye neengcingane (theories) zokulindelweyo kufundo lwezandi ezinomtsalane okubambayo kumculo wenkulungwane yama-21 Ulwazi oluyingcamango engenabungqina oluhlolwe apha kukuba izandi ezimnandi zokuvuma ingoma ziyinto ebalulekileyo "ekubambeni lula". Ukubhalwa kunye nohlalutyo lweengoma ezenziwa ngabaculi abaphambili bokushicilela kusetyenziselwa ukuphonononga isiseko senowuthi ukusuka kwenye ukuya kwenye inowuthi ngokwezibambo zokuvakala kwezandi. Uhlalutyo lokushicilela luka-Adele, Carly Rae Jepsen, Pharrell Williams kunye noRobin Thicke kubonisa indlela izinto eziphindaphindwayo, zokuqheleka, zobulula, ukusombulula, nobumbolombini kwikhi kunye nokulindelweyo konke kunegalelo kumba wokutsalwa ubanmbeke emculweni. Uphononongo lokusabela komphulaphuli lwasetyenziswa ukuvavanya amava okufumana ifuthe lomtsalane kwizifundo zabucala, kwaye zihambelana nengcinga yokuba ukubamba kuxhomekeka ikakhulu kulindelo njengeyona nto iphambili. Olu phononongo lukwasebenzisa imbonakalo ezenzekelayo kwinkcazo yenzululwazi ngeentlanga kumsebenzi wokubhalwa kwengoma ukunika ukuqonda ngeendlela zokuyila ingoma ezimnandi ezidumileyo. Amava okuqamba ingoma ye-pop, kunye nokuyikhupha emoyeni, inika ingqiqo eyahlukileyo kwinkqubo yobugcisa. Iziphumo zazo zonke ezi zifundo zibonisa ukuba umgaqo-siseko wengcingane yokulindelweyo luphawu olubalulekileyo kakhulu kumava okubamba. / Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology / M. Mus. (Musicology)