<p>Spiseforstyrrelser og fysisk aktivitet i ikke-kliniske utvalg</p><p>Hovedmålsetningen med avhandlingen var å studere spiseforstyrrelser og fysisk aktivitet i ulike ikke-kliniske utvalg. Det første steget omfattet mulige relasjoner mellom skårer på treningsavhengighet, fysisk aktivitet, og kjønn, mens det andre steget inkluderte screening av spiseforstyrrelser, samt aspekter av forstyrret spiseadferd og deres forhold til fysisk aktivitet, personlighetstrekk, kjønn og alder.</p><p>Studien viste med Artikkel I at kvinner som trener mange timer i uken skilte seg tydelig fra kvinner som trente få timer i uken når det gjaldt skårer på treningsavhengighet. Artikkel II viste kjønnsforskjeller i motivasjon til å drive fysisk aktivitet. Høye skårer på treningsavhengighet var ikke mer vanlig blant menn. I Artikkel III ble det funnet at forstyrret spiseadferd ikke er sterkt relatert til det å trene mange timer i uken. Videre viste resultatene at både kvinner og menn med høye skårer på forstyrret spiseadferd har mange felles personlighetstrekk. Resultatene i Artikkel IV viste generelt relativt høy prevalens av forstyrret spiseadferd blant 14-15-årige gutter. Både blant jenter og gutter ble det funnet høye tall på uspesifikke spiseforstyrrelser. Artikkel V sammenliknet to måleinstrumenters evne til å screene menn med spiseforstyrrelser. De to instrumentene stemte til en viss grad overens, men resultatene indikerte behovet for videre studier med kliniske utvalg for å validere EDI mot SEDs. Målsetningen med Artikkel VI var å studere utløsende faktorer relatert til episoder med overspising blant kvinner, samt konsekvenser av overspising. Resultatene viste at faktorer knyttet til start og stopp av overspising ser ut i stor grad å være av emosjonell og fysiologisk art. Relatert til forebygging og behandling vil Artikkel VI kunne bidra med viktige elementer i forhold til self-management strategier blant pasienter.</p><p>Denne avhandlingen kan være et bidrag til en bedre forståelse av det kompliserte forholdet mellom fysisk aktivitet, forstyrret spiseadferd, personlighetstrekk og kjønn i befolkningen.</p>

<p>Abstract</p><p>Our study illustrates how disabled high school students, their assistant and physical education teacher experience inclusion within the physical education. A total of seven interviews have been done to show their experiences. The questions we have chosen are: How do the student, assistant and physical education teacher experience their relationships? How do the student, assistant and physical education teacher experience the physical education? How do the student, assistant and physical education teacher experience inclusion of the student in the physical education?</p><p>To illustrate their experiences a total of seven interviews have been done. They were carried out at the students schools, in the environment they are familiar to. The interviews were taped to later be transcribed and the material was analysed in four steps.</p><p>In this study we refer inclusion to participate in an entirety. It is also about to considerate the conditions of every individual and to create the possibilities for the individual from this. To work towards inclusion means that everybody involved has to work towards the same goal to reach the best result.</p><p>From this study we have seen that the disabled students are included in the physical education, but it can appear in different ways. They participate as much as they can and some exercises are adjusted to their needs. Another aspect to have in mind is that the students want to participate in the physical education. We have only studied two cases and can therefore not make a generalization of disabled students in general, we can just say how it is for the high school students we have interviewed.</p><p>Keywords: Inclusion, children, disabilities, physical activity, education</p> / <p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Vår studie belyser hur rörelsehindrade högstadieelever, dess assistent och idrottslärare upplever inkludering inom idrott- och hälsoundervisningen. De frågeställningar vi valt att ta upp är: Hur upplevs relationen mellan elev, personlig assistent och idrottslärare under idrott- och hälsoundervisningen? Hur upplevs idrott- och hälsoundervisningen utifrån elev, personlig assistent och idrottslärare? Hur upplevs den rörelsehindrade eleven vara inkluderad i idrott- och hälsoundervisningen utifrån elevens, personliga assistentens och idrottslärarens syn på inkludering?</p><p>För att få fram deras upplevelser har totalt sju intervjuer gjorts som genomfördes i elevernas skolor, i den miljö där de känner sig hemma. Intervjuerna bandades för att sedan transkriberas och materialet analyserades i fyra steg.</p><p>Vad vi avser med inkludering i denna uppsats är att deltaga i en helhet. Det gäller även att se till varje individs förutsättningar och därefter skapa möjligheter för individen. Att arbeta mot inkludering innebär att alla inblandade måste arbeta mot samma mål för att nå bästa resultat.</p><p>Utifrån vad vi kommit fram till är de rörelsehindrade eleverna inkluderade i idrott- och hälsoundervisningen, men det kan se ut på olika sätt. De är delaktiga i den mån det går och vissa övningar anpassas utifrån deras behov. Det visade sig även vara väldigt viktigt att eleverna själva visade en vilja till att delta i idrott- och hälsoundervisningen. På grund av att vi endast studerat två elever, deras assistenter och idrottslärare kan vi inte göra en generalisering av hur det är för rörelsehindrade elever i allmänhet, vi kan bara delge om upplevelser från de två högstadieelever vi har intervjuat.</p><p>Nyckelord: Inclusion, children, disabilities, physical activity, education</p>

<p>There is a body of research on the effect of physical activity oncognition in the old adult population. Less research areconducted on adolescents. The aim for this study is to find out ifadolescents long-term memory is affected by physical activity.144 pupils were asked to rate their physical activity each week.Thereafter their long- term memory was tested through tests onepisodic- and semantic memory. The results showed that thosewho are physically active more than 4 hours had a better scoreon part of the semantic test but no effect was found in theepisodic test. This result indicates that physical activity not onlyaffects working memory, as was shown by previous research butalso has an effect in parts of the semantic long-term memory.</p>

<p>Syftet med studien var att undersöka förekomst av smärta som hindrade aktivitet hos barn och ungdomar med övervikt eller fetma. Samt att se förekomst av obehagskänslor inför och under fysisk aktivitet. Studien gjordes på 26 barn och ungdomar i åldrarna 8-19 år med övervikt eller fetma samt en grupp med 26 normalviktiga barn och ungdomar i åldrarna 10-19 år. Data samlades in genom en enkätundersökning på Överviktsenheten för barn och ungdomar på Akademiska sjukhuset i Uppsala och genom dietister i primärvården i Uppsala läns landsting samt genom personliga kontakter. Studien visade att smärta förekom i båda grupperna och ingen skillnad kunde påvisas mellan de båda. Däremot visade resultaten  att barnen och ungdomarna med övervikt eller fetma skattade att de inte kunde delta i aktivitet på grund av smärta i större utsträckning än barnen och ungdomarna med normalvikt. Barnen och ungdomarna med övervikt eller fetma skattade också mer obehag inför och under fysisk aktivitet i jämförelse med normalviktiga barn och ungdomar.</p>

Thesis (M.A. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Women who are post surgery for breast cancer (BCa) experience distressing side effects that negatively influence Quality of Life (QoL). Physical activity (PA) following a BCa diagnosis is associated with decreased mortality, reduced recurrence, increased functional capacity, less fatigue, and may improve depression and QoL. Furthermore, evidence suggests that a combined PA and psychotherapy intervention may reduce physically and emotionally distressing side effects associated with diagnosis and treatment. The purpose of the study is to examine relationships among PA, fatigue, clinician-rated depression, depressed mood, and QoL in women after undergoing surgery for BCa and to assess the continuity of these relationships as they move through adjuvant treatment. In addition, the study investigates whether fatigue is an underlying psychosocial mechanism accounting for the effects of PA on study outcomes. Finally, given prior evidence that participation in a Cognitive-Behavioral Stress Management (CBSM) intervention was associated with reduced fatigue, the study assesses whether women who were physically active showed less fatigue above and beyond the effects of CBSM. Women (N=240) with non-metastatic stage 0-III BCa were recruited 2-10 weeks post-surgery and randomized to either a CBSM intervention group or a psycho-educational control group. Physical activity, fatigue, functional QoL, rated depression, and depressed mood were assessed at the baseline and 3-month post intervention time points. Structural equation modeling was used to test hypotheses. At baseline, results revealed that greater PA was associated with less fatigue-related daily interference (FRDI), and that less FRDI was associated with greater functional QoL, lower rated depression, and less depressed mood. Furthermore, lower FRDI was a pathway by which greater PA was associated with greater functional QoL, less rated depression, and less depressed mood. These relationships were similar at the 3-month post intervention time point and when difference scores were used in the model. Finally, PA contributed significantly to the change in FRDI above and beyond the effects of participation in CBSM. A combined PA and CBSM intervention may be effective in reducing FRDI, and improving depressive symptoms and QoL for women after surgery for BCa and during adjuvant treatment, and should be investigated in future studies.

Greenways (GW) can be sited to increase the potential for individuals to access the GW through active transit (AT) and provide opportunities for individuals to meet PA guidelines. PURPOSE: To determine if GWs, with varying AT access potential, relate to user characteristics and their GW-related PA. METHODS: A trail intercept survey measuring access mode, GW-specific PA, and demographics of GW users was administered to 611 adults on 2 GWs with high and low AT potential (GWhigh vs. GWlow). RESULTS: Users of GWhigh(N=216) compared to GWlow (N=400) were more likely to be younger, male, never married, employed, and affluent; accessing the GW via AT modes and accumulating greater volumes of GW-only and total GW-related PA (GW-only & AT PA). No difference in the proportion GW users meeting the 2008 PA Guidelines from GW-only PA was found however, 10.5% more users of GWhigh met the guidelines from total GW-related PA compared to GWlow (p=0.039). Users who accessed GWhigh by AT rather than cars were more likely to be not married (OR=2.6, 95% CI: 1.1 – 6.3), under 35 years old (OR=6.0, 95% CI: 1.9 – 19.26), live a mile from the GW (OR=5.39, 95% CI: 2.3 – 14.3). CONCLUSION: The profile of GW user and the way PA is acquired is related to the AT accessibility of GWs. Although PA levels of GWhigh users were significantly higher, GWlow usage was greater. Therefore, GW planners and designers should incorporate universal design concepts and conduct needs based assessments to properly site and design GWs to serve the greatest portion of the population.

<p>Syfte och frågeställningar</p><p>Studiens syfte var att undersöka gravida kvinnors aktivitetsvanor under respektive trimester samt barnens födelsevikt. Därför undersöktes moderns fysiska aktivitetsnivå och om den påverkade barnets födelsevikt samt huruvida moderns ålder hade betydelse för vilken form av fysisk aktivitet som utfördes. I studien granskades även om det förelåg någon skillnad beträffande barnets medelfödelsevikt mellan mödrarnas åldersgrupper.</p><p>Frågeställningarna var:</p><p>1. Gravida kvinnors fysiska aktivitetsvanor</p><p>- Antal dagar i veckan</p><p>- Aktiviteter som utfördes</p><p>- Anledning till inaktivitet</p><p>2. Fanns det någon skillnad mellan fysisk aktiva och inaktiva mödrar gällande barnets medelfödelsevikt?</p><p>- Den fysiska aktivitetsnivåns påverkan på barnets födelsevikt.</p><p>3. Skiljde sig valet av fysisk aktivitet och barnets medelfödelsevikt åt mellan mödrarna i respektive åldersgrupp?</p><p>- Förelåg det någon skillnad mellan kvinnornas åldersgrupper gällande om de var fysiskt aktiva eller inaktiva?</p><p>Metod</p><p>Fyra BCV (Barnavårdscentraler) i en storstadskommun kontaktades och totalt delades 116 stycken enkäter ut. Vi fick tillbaka 58 enkäter och analyserade dem i SPSS. Efter insamlandet av enkäten hölls kortare gruppsamtal med sköterskorna på respektive BVC där de fick dela med sig av sina erfarenheter inom området och kring vårt valda ämne. Litteratursökningen som gjordes innebar att vi tittade på tidigare studier för att få en större kunskap inom det valda området. Denna litteratursökning gjordes främst på Internet med hjälp av olika databaser men även utländsk litteratur studerades.</p><p>Resultat</p><p>Resultatet visade att den fysiska aktivitetsnivån hos de gravida kvinnorna sjönk desto senare in i graviditeten de kom. Den form av fysisk aktivitet som kvinnorna valde främst var promenader, men även gruppträning, styrketräning samt annan aktivitet fanns med som dominerande aktiviteter. Främsta anledningen till inaktiviteten som kvinnorna själva angav var medicinska skäl/komplikationer kopplade till graviditeten. För de tre trimestrarna kunde ingen nämnvärd skillnad ses på barnens medelfödelsevikt mellan de kvinnor som varit fysiskt aktiva under graviditeten och de som varit inaktiva enligt vår egen klassificering. Det var främst de yngre mödrarna som stod för denna inaktivitet. Det studien även fann var att de mödrar som födde barnen med en låg födelsevikt, var de kvinnor som under sin graviditet varit mest fysiskt aktiva. Resultaten visade också på att valet av fysisk aktivitet skiljde sig en aning åt mellan de båda åldergrupperna av mödrar och att barnen till de yngre mödrarna hade en obetydligt högre medelfödelsevikt.</p><p>Slutsats</p><p>Vi kan inte från studien dra några generella slutsatser inom ämnet men materialet kan användas för vidare forskning inom området och för att testa olika hypoteser.</p> / <p>Aim and questions</p><p>The aim of this study was to examine pregnant women’s habits in physical activity during the three trimesters and the birth weight of the children. There for the mother’s level of physical activity and if it had any correlation with the birth weight of the child were examined. We furthermore wanted to see if there was a difference between the older and younger women in the choice of activities and in the children’s birth weight.</p><p>The questions were:</p><p>1. Pregnant women’s habits in physical activity</p><p>- The number of days per week</p><p>- The activities that were practised</p><p>- The reasons for inactivity</p><p>2. Was there a difference between physically active and inactive mothers when it comes to the child’s birth weight?</p><p>- The level of physical activities’ influence on the child’s birth weight</p><p>3. Was there a difference in the choice of physical activity and the child’s birth weight between the mothers in respectively age-group?</p><p>- Was there a difference between the women in respectively age-group considering weather or not they were physically active?</p><p>Method</p><p>Four child health centres in a big city municipality were contacted and 116 questionnaires were given out. We received back 58 questionnaires and analyzed them in SPSS. After that shorter interviews were held with the nurses in groups where they shared their experiences in the field. We also looked into other studies made in the field on the Internet and in different databases and literature to get a deeper understanding in the subject.</p><p>Results</p><p>The study showed that the level of physical activity amongst the pregnant women decreased the later in the pregnancy that they proceeded. The study also showed that the pregnant women all in all during the three trimesters foremost practised walks, but weight-lifting, grouptraining and other activities were also performed. The main reason for inactivity was medical reasons/complications connected to the pregnancy. There was no considerable difference in the children’s mean birth weight between the active and inactive mothers according to our definition and it was foremost the younger mothers that were inactive. The study also found that the mothers that gave birth to the children with low birth weight were also the ones that had been most physically active during their pregnancy. The result also showed that there was a small difference in the choice of activities between the two age-groups in the mothers and the children to the younger mothers had an insignificant higher mean birth weight.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>The results of the study is not enough to make any general conclusions in our subject but it can be used as a foundation for further research in the field and to test different hypothesises.</p>

Jenny Isberg (2009): Viljan till fysisk aktivitet – en intervention avsedd att stimulera ungdomar att bli fysiskt aktiva. Örebro Studies in Sport Sciences 6, 141 pp. Physical education (PE) at school may play an important role in the process of becoming physically active in the adolescence and in developing a physically active lifestyle. The opportunities for teachers to provide positive physical activity experiences to the student population extend regularly over the school terms. For some students, PE can be the only opportunity they have to be physically active. Therefore it is important that the students become motivated to practice physical activity and know the purpose with physical activity. The overall purpose of this dissertation was to investigate the possibilities to motivate youth, 12-16 years old, to practice physical activity and hopefully to stimulate them to continue to be physically active in young adulthood. The sample consisted of 122 Swedish compulsory school students (12-16 years old), 51 girls and 71 boys, who were either physically inactive, physically active but not formal members of sport clubs, or physically active and members of a sport club. They used a self-monitoring instrument to describe their physical activity and we compared their self-reported physical activity with their actual VO2 capacity and physical status. The self-monitoring instrument was further validated against an activity monitor, RT3. The intervention lasted one and a half years, and four to five years later a follow-up study was done. Using a quasi-experimental design, the three groups of participants were compared with youths who did not use the self-monitoring instrument. The main findings were that the associations between the accelerometer counts and the activities the students recorded in the self-monitoring instrument were high. The participants  in Group 1 (physically inactive) continued exercising nearly to the same extent as during the intervention while youths in a matched control group did not develop regular physical activity habits. Concerning Group 2 (exercisers), participants in the intervention group were more physically active both during the intervention and at follow-up, compared with a matched control group of exercisers who did not use the self-monitoring instrument. In Group 3 (sport team members), there was no difference between the intervention group and a matched control group after the intervention or at follow-up.  The conclusion of these main findings was that when someone motivates students to continue being physically active and to change their physical activity patterns in a positive direction, the self-monitoring instrument can be a door-opener for youths who are physically inactive or regularly active outside sports clubs.

Spiseforstyrrelser og fysisk aktivitet i ikke-kliniske utvalg Hovedmålsetningen med avhandlingen var å studere spiseforstyrrelser og fysisk aktivitet i ulike ikke-kliniske utvalg. Det første steget omfattet mulige relasjoner mellom skårer på treningsavhengighet, fysisk aktivitet, og kjønn, mens det andre steget inkluderte screening av spiseforstyrrelser, samt aspekter av forstyrret spiseadferd og deres forhold til fysisk aktivitet, personlighetstrekk, kjønn og alder. Studien viste med Artikkel I at kvinner som trener mange timer i uken skilte seg tydelig fra kvinner som trente få timer i uken når det gjaldt skårer på treningsavhengighet. Artikkel II viste kjønnsforskjeller i motivasjon til å drive fysisk aktivitet. Høye skårer på treningsavhengighet var ikke mer vanlig blant menn. I Artikkel III ble det funnet at forstyrret spiseadferd ikke er sterkt relatert til det å trene mange timer i uken. Videre viste resultatene at både kvinner og menn med høye skårer på forstyrret spiseadferd har mange felles personlighetstrekk. Resultatene i Artikkel IV viste generelt relativt høy prevalens av forstyrret spiseadferd blant 14-15-årige gutter. Både blant jenter og gutter ble det funnet høye tall på uspesifikke spiseforstyrrelser. Artikkel V sammenliknet to måleinstrumenters evne til å screene menn med spiseforstyrrelser. De to instrumentene stemte til en viss grad overens, men resultatene indikerte behovet for videre studier med kliniske utvalg for å validere EDI mot SEDs. Målsetningen med Artikkel VI var å studere utløsende faktorer relatert til episoder med overspising blant kvinner, samt konsekvenser av overspising. Resultatene viste at faktorer knyttet til start og stopp av overspising ser ut i stor grad å være av emosjonell og fysiologisk art. Relatert til forebygging og behandling vil Artikkel VI kunne bidra med viktige elementer i forhold til self-management strategier blant pasienter. Denne avhandlingen kan være et bidrag til en bedre forståelse av det kompliserte forholdet mellom fysisk aktivitet, forstyrret spiseadferd, personlighetstrekk og kjønn i befolkningen.