O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal a análise experimental da distribuição das ações verticais entre paredes de alvenaria estrutural com a utilização de modelo físico reduzido na escala 1:5. Precedendo a construção do modelo físico reduzido foram realizados ensaios de caracterização dos componentes e da alvenaria na escala reduzida 1:5. Os ensaios no modelo físico reduzido consistiram na inserção de carregamentos uniformemente distribuídos e aplicados em diferentes ambientes e níveis. A análise da distribuição das ações verticais foi possível devido à instrumentação realizada na base do modelo físico reduzido através de células de carga. Os resultados foram analisados comparando-se os resultados experimentais com os usuais procedimentos teóricos de distribuição das ações verticais e também com a modelagem por elementos finitos; visando, desta forma, identificar qual o procedimento que mais se aproxima dos resultados experimentais. Foi possível concluir que a modelagem por elementos finitos e o procedimento de Grupos de Paredes apresentaram resultados mais próximos dos experimentais na análise da distribuição das ações verticais. / This study had as a main aim the experimental analysis of vertical loads distribution between structural masonry walls using a reduced physical model in a 1:5 scale. Preceding the building of the physical model were performed tests in order to obtain characterization of the components and of the masonry in a 1:5 reduced scale. The tests in the reduced physical model consisted in the insertion of loads uniformly distributed and applied in different environments and levels. The analysis of the vertical loads distribution was possible due to instrumentation performed on the basis of the physical model by load cells. The results were analyzed by comparing the experimental results with the usual theoretical procedures of vertical loads distribution and also with the modeling by finite elements; aiming, this way, to identify which procedure is closer to the experimental results. It was concluded that modeling by finite elements and Walls Groups procedure showed results closer to the experimental analysis of vertical loads distribution.

A importância de um escoamento adequado em distribuidores de lingotamento contínuo, quando o objetivo é produzir aços limpos (clean steels), vem sendo largamente discutida e estudada nas últimas décadas. Esses estudos usualmente são realizados em modelos físicos e/ou numéricos, visto que em unidades industriais são de difícil execução. Nos modelos físicos, os estudos como a simulação da remoção de inclusões para diferentes condições de escoamento tem se mostrado bastante importante para o entendimento do escoamento no distribuidor e seus respectivos artifícios favorecedores de flotação de inclusões. Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o comportamento da remoção de inclusões em um modelo físico do distribuidor de lingotamento contínuo de tarugos frente à modificação de escoamento no distribuidor. O ensaio proposto para quantificar a remoção de inclusões envolve a utilização de micropartículas de polietileno para simulação das inclusões sólidas de alumina e peneira metálica como método de captura de inclusões passantes pelo veio do distribuidor. Para fornecer suporte a este estudo, foram realizados estudos de qualificação do escoamento por meio do ensaio de linhas de fluxo e de quantificação dos tempos de residência e frações de volumes característicos por meio do ensaio de distribuição de tempos de residência. A técnica utilizada se mostrou confiável sob o ponto de vista experimental. Como resultados do comportamento da remoção de inclusões frente aos parâmetros estudados, têm-se especificamente para o distribuidor estudado que: o aumento da velocidade de lingotamento, em média, aumentou o porcentual de inclusões passantes de 11,61 (1,8 m/min) para 17,45% (2,6 m/min); a presença do tubo longo, em média, aumentou o porcentual de inclusões passantes de 2,79 (sem tubo longo) para 27,03% (com tubo longo); a presença das barreiras, em média, diminuiu o porcentual de inclusões passantes de 16,16 (sem barreiras) para 13,65% (com barreiras). / When the objective is to produce clean steels, the appropriated melt flow in the tundish is very important. It has been widely discussed and studied by researchers in the lasts decades. Physical and/or mathematical models are used to perform these studies because is very difficult to do it in industrial plants. In the physical models, the studies as the simulation of inclusion removal to different conditions of fluid flow have showed to be very important to understand the tundish and its respective tools to improve the inclusion removal. This work aims to study the behavior of inclusion flotation in a physical model of continuous casting tundish of steel billets in different kinds of fluid flow. The method proposed to quantify the inclusion removal involves the utilization of microparticles of polyethylene to simulate solid alumina inclusion and a metallic sieve in the strand as a method to catch the non-floated inclusions. The quantification of inclusion removal has the support of two others experiments to qualify de flow pattern by visual observation using dye tracer and quantify the residence time distribution of the model using acid tracer. The method used in this work to quantify inclusion removal showed to be reliable from an experimental point of view. As results of the behavior of the inclusion removal, the speed of ingoting increased the non-floated inclusions from 11.61 (1.8 m/min) to 17.45% (2.6 m/min), the presence of the submerged inlet shroud increased the non-floated inclusions from 2.79 (without) to 27.03% (with) and the presence of the dams the non-floated inclusions decreased from 16.16 (without) to 13.65% (with).

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver um aparato experimental para estudar, em modelo físico de escala reduzida, o comportamento mecânico de um duto enterrado submetido a variações do estado de tensões da massa de solo circundante e a um potencial movimento de massa gravitacional, com avaliação concomitante das deformações desenvolvidas no solo por meio da técnica de correlação de imagens digitais. A alteração do estado de tensão no maciço foi feita por meio da aplicação de incrementos de inclinação ao modelo. Foram realizados ensaios com o duto nas posições transversal e longitudinal no interior da caixa de ensaios, enterrado em areia pura e seca, com razão entre altura de cobertura e diâmetro do duto de 3,55. A compacidade do maciço, controlada por meio da utilização da técnica de chuva de areia, foi avaliada nas situações densa (D = 111,5 %) e fofa (Dr = 58,2%). O comportamento mecânico do duto foi avaliado por meio de instrumentação para medição da deformação específica e deflexão da parede, sendo verificado efeito de flexão lateral no duto disposto na transversal, com maiores deformações observadas na situação de maciço fofo. Para o duto disposto na longitudinal, maiores deformações específicas foram observadas para a seção instrumentada central na situação de maciço denso, contudo verificou-se a necessidade de realização de ensaios adicionais para elucidação dos resultados, em termos da interação solo/tubo ao longo do comprimento do elemento. Para a utilização da técnica de correlação de imagens digitais, as imagens foram adquiridas em um ambiente com iluminação padronizada e resolução de partícula igual a 4. A qualidade da textura da imagem foi garantida por meio da preparação de material com adição de 20% de areia colorida. O refinamento da malha de análise, avaliado por meio da alteração do tamanho dos subsets e espaçamento entre subsets, não exerceu grande influência nos campos de deslocamentos obtidos, porém maiores refinamentos permitiram extrair observações mais detalhadas do campo de deformações. A utilização da técnica permitiu ainda avaliar a evolução dos vetores de deslocamento ao longo das etapas de inclinação e a influência do duto enterrado, na posição transversal, nos deslocamentos das partículas de solo circundante. / The present work aims the development of an experimental apparatus to study the behavior of a buried pipe under different soil stress states and potential landslides in a small-scale physical model. Digital image correlation technique is also used to evaluate soil deformation. A controlled slope increment squeme were responsible for soil stress state changes. The tests were performed with the model pipe buried in pure dry sand with a buried depth ratio of 3.55. A series of four tests involving two pipe configurations inside the test box (transversal and longitudinal) and two relative density (111.5% and 58.2%) was conducted. Soil density was controlled by pluviation method. The model pipe was instrumented in order to evaluate its behavior in terms of linear strain and deflection of the pipe wall. For the transversely disposed pipe, it was observed lateral bending effect and larger strains when buried in loose sand. For the longitudinally diposed pipe, the largest strains occurred in the pipe central cross section and in the tests conducted in dense sand. Nevertheless, additional testing is needed to better clarify the results, in terms of soil/pipe interaction along the pipe length. Daily digital images were acquired under standardized conditions of illumination for the use of digital image correlation technique. The particle/pixel size ratio was set equal to 4. Image texture quality was improved by adding 20% colored sand to the material used in the investigation. The level of refinement of the analysis mesh, evaluated by varying the subset size and the spacing of subsets, did not shown significant effect in the displacement fields. However, finer meshes allowed more detailed observations in the engineering shear strain fields obtained. Additionally, the digital image correlation technique allowed the evaluation of the displacement vectors evolution along the different slope stages considered. Moreover, this technique also captured the effect of the transversely disposed pipe on surrounding soil particles displacements.

Sea water intake structures submerged in the surf zone are used to provide water for cooling processes in large facilities such as power plants and refineries. Structures submerged in the surf zone are subject to large forces from breaking waves. To study these forces induced from realistic sea state conditions, a physical model of an intake structure submerged in the wave breaking zone was constructed and subjected to a wide spectrum of regular and irregular waves. The model structure was designed in a manner so force measurement could be isolated to separate components of the structure. The data of peak forces on the structure was analyzed for correlations with varying irregular wave properties. Using the results of forcing on the structure from regular wave tests, drag and inertia coefficients for use in the Morison equation were determined for each separate component and configuration of the structure. These force coefficients were plotted against various wave properties to analyze correlations with wave conditions. Finally, the force coefficients for the structure were used with the Morison equation and current data from the experiments to successfully model forcing on the structure during irregular wave tests.

This study, which includes both experimental and numerical-modelling components, investigates the potentially dangerous conditions that can often occur when low-head dams (or weirs) are overtopped and ‘submerged’-type hydraulic jumps subsequently form downstream of them. The combination of high local turbulence levels, air entrainment, and strong surface currents associated with submerged jumps pose a significant risk to safety of boaters and swimmers. In this study, a wide range of flow regimes and different experimental conditions (i.e. crest length and downstream apron elevation) were considered. The experimental phase involved physical model testing to determine: (i) the hydraulic conditions that govern submerged jump formation, and (ii) the hydrodynamic characteristics of the submerged vortex. The numerical model, developed using OpenFOAM, was validated with the obtained experimental data. This research seeks to help develop improved guidelines for the design and safe operation of low-head dams. The experimental phase of the study involved physical model testing to determine: (i) the hydraulic conditions that govern submerged jump formation, and (ii) the hydrodynamic characteristics of the submerged vortex. The numerical modelling work involved using interFoam (OpenFOAM toolbox) for simulating the experimental results. InterFoam is an Eulerian 3-D solver for multiphase incompressible fluids that employs the Volume of Fluid approach (VOF) to capture the water-air interface. The developed numerical model was subsequently validated using the experimental data collected and processed by the author of this study. The range of tailwater depths associated with submerged hydraulic jump formation is dramatically reduced when a broad-crested weir is coupled with an elevated downstream apron, especially under high flow rate conditions. However sharp-crested weirs induced vortices which displayed reduced velocities and decreased spatial development, which were judged to be safer than broad crest lengths under the same discharge conditions. The classical formulation for the degree of submergence was not explicative when used to evaluate “how submerged the vortex was”. Consequently, a new normalized formulation which compares the local tailwater depth to the lower and upper tailwater limits for the submerged hydraulic jump is proposed. The numerical model developed for this study demonstrated the existence of residual turbulent kinetic energy at downstream sections located within the vortex’s extension, at instants coinciding with the presence of a fully formed roller. This turbulent energy is arguably responsible for the stationary nature of the vortex under constant flow conditions. Residual vertical and horizontal velocities at points located within the vortex’s domain are indicative of the existence of the free surface current.

This thesis deals with mathematical modelling of water flow through the safety object. It explains the principle of mathematical modelling and its laws. There is also present-ed the mathematical models used by numerical modelling. The results of mathemati-cal model Koryčany are included in this thesis compared with hydraulic calculations and physical model.

This diploma thesis deals with the research of the effect of free surface flow forces on the rectifying element and consists of several parts. The first part processes and evaluates the measured values from a physical model. In the next part measurement is checked according to hydraulic laws. In the third part comparison of both methods is created.

This diploma thesis deals with the problems of virtual physical modelling of mobile robots for the needs of their real-time control. To create a virtual physical world, an open-source project OPEN DYNAMICS ENGINE (ODE) was used, the results were displayed facilitating DirectX graphical interface. Simulated systems in ODE were written in C# on Microsoft.NET platform. The properites and qualities in ODE were verified by simulation in several types of simple systems and on a simplified robot model "Kracmera I.". Subsequently, the usability of ODE for its control was being verified.

[ES] El resalto hidráulico constituye uno de los fenómenos más complejos con aplicación en el campo de la ingeniería hidráulica. Por un lado, las propias características del resalto, entre las que se encuentran las grandes fluctuaciones turbulentas, la intensa entrada de aire y una disipación de energía muy significativa, contribuyen a su complejidad situando el conocimiento actual del fenómeno lejos de una comprensión total del mismo. Por otro lado, es precisamente la naturaleza disipadora de energía del resalto la que da lugar a su principal aplicación práctica. Así pues, la investigación que aquí se presenta trata de contribuir al conocimiento general del resalto hidráulico y su aplicación para disipar energía en cuencos amortiguadores de grandes presas. Para ello, se abordaron las bases del fenómeno mediante la caracterización de un resalto hidráulico clásico (RHC). La investigación se llevó a cabo bajo una doble perspectiva de modelación numérica y física. Se emplearon técnicas de Dinámica de Fluidos Computacional (DFC) para la realización de simulaciones de este resalto hidráulico, a la vez que se llevó a cabo una campaña experimental en un modelo físico específicamente diseñado para tratar el caso. De este modo, se abordaron los aspectos más relevantes del resalto hidráulico, incluyendo el ratio de calados conjugados, la eficiencia del resalto, la longitud de la zona de recirculación, el perfil de la lámina libre, las distribuciones de velocidad y presión, la longitud del resalto y el análisis de frecuencias. Los resultados de los modelos físico y numérico fueron comparados, no solo entre ellos, sino también con información de otros autores procedente de una extensa revisión bibliográfica. Ambos modelos mostraron su capacidad para representar con precisión el fenómeno estudiado. En base a este análisis se observa que la metodología empleada resulta adecuada para la investigación del fenómeno a estudiar. Una vez llevada a cabo la caracterización del RHC, se procedió a analizar un cuenco amortiguador para disipación de energía. En particular, se estudió un caso general y representativo de cuenco amortiguador tipificado USBR II, a partir de la doble perspectiva de modelación física y numérica. Asimismo, los resultados se compararon con datos y expresiones bibliográficas. Esta comparación pretendía evaluar los rasgos particulares del resalto hidráulico en cuencos amortiguadores de grandes presas, así como la influencia de los elementos disipadores de energía en el flujo. Todos los resultados mostraron estar en la línea de las investigaciones de otros autores, más allá de ciertas diferencias relativamente pequeñas. En consecuencia, la metodología desarrollada muestra su utilidad para abordar el estudio del flujo en cuencos amortiguadores. En concreto, los resultados presentados contribuyen a expandir el conocimiento sobre el RHC y el flujo en un cuenco amortiguador tipificado USBR II. Así pues, los resultados pueden emplearse para mejorar el diseño de estructuras de disipación de energía en grandes presas. Durante los últimos años, la adaptación de cuencos amortiguadores a caudales superiores a los empleados para su diseño ha ganado gran relevancia. Esta adaptación resulta clave por los efectos del cambio climáticos y las crecientes exigencias de la sociedad en materia de seguridad y protección frente a avenidas. De este modo, toda contribución a la modelación de resaltos hidráulicos, como la que aquí se presenta, resulta crucial para afrontar el reto de la adaptación de las estructuras hidráulicas para disipación de energía. / [EN] The hydraulic jump constitutes one of the most complex phenomena with application in hydraulic engineering. On the one hand, a series of features bound to the hydraulic jump nature, such as the large turbulent fluctuations, the intense air entrainment and the significant energy dissipation, contribute to build its complexity, which places the current knowledge far from a full understanding of the phenomenon. On the other hand, it is precisely this energy dissipating nature that justifies its use in large-dam stilling basins, which constitutes its main practical application. Hence, the research here presented aimed to contribute to the general knowledge of the hydraulic jump phenomenon and its application for energy dissipation purposes in large-dam stilling basins. To this end, the bases of the phenomenon were addressed by characterising a classical hydraulic jump (CHJ). The research was conducted under a double numerical and physical modelling approach. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques were employed to simulate the hydraulic jump, whereas an experimental campaign in a physical model designed for the purpose was carried out too. The most relevant hydraulic jump characteristics were investigated, including sequent depths ratio, hydraulic jump efficiency, roller length, free surface profile, distributions of velocity and pressure, hydraulic jump length and fluctuating variables. The results from the physical and the numerical models were compared not only between them, but also with bibliographic information coming from an extensive literature review. It was found that both modelling approaches were able to accurately represent the phenomenon under study. Once the characterisation of the CHJ was carried out, the analysis of an energy dissipation stilling basin was developed. In particular, a general and representative case study consisting in a typified USBR II stilling basin was analysed through a physical and numerical modelling approach. In addition, the modelled results were compared with data and expressions coming from a bibliographic review. This comparison was intended to assess the particular characteristics of the hydraulic jump in a large-dam stilling basin, as well as the affection of the energy dissipation devices to the flow. The results revealed not only similarities to the CHJ, but also the influence of the energy dissipation devices existing in the stilling basin, all in good agreement with bibliographic information, despite some slight differences. Consequently, the presented modelling approach showed to be a useful tool to address free surface flows occurring in stilling basins. In particular, the results reported contribute to the enhancement of the knowledge concerning the CHJ and the flow in a typified USBR II stilling basin. These results can be used to improve the design of large-dam energy dissipation structures. This is a key issue in hydraulic engineering, especially in the recent years. Thus, there is an increasing urgency for the adaptation of existing stilling basins, which must cope with higher discharges than those considered in their original design. The adaptation of these structures becomes even more important due to climate change effects and increasing society demands regarding security and flood protection. In these terms, contributions to hydraulic jump modelling, as the ones presented in this research, are crucial to face the challenge of energy dissipation structures adaptation. / [CA] El ressalt hidràulic constitueix un dels fenòmens de major complexitat amb aplicació en el camp de l'enginyeria hidràulica. D'una banda, les característiques del propi ressalt, com poden ser les grans fluctuacions turbulentes, la intensa entrada d'aire i una dissipació d'energia molt significativa, contribueixen a la seua complexitat, de manera que el coneixement actual del ressalt està lluny d'una comprensió total del mateix. D'altra banda, és precisament la gran dissipació d'energia associada al ressalt la que motiva la seua principal aplicació pràctica. La investigació que ací es presenta tracta de contribuir al coneixement general del ressalt hidràulic i la seua aplicació per dissipar energia al vas esmorteïdor de grans preses. En primer lloc, s'abordaren les bases del fenomen mitjançant la caracterització d'un ressalt hidràulic clàssic (RHC). La investigació es va dur a terme sota una doble perspectiva de modelització física i numèrica. El ressalt hidràulic es va simular emprant tècniques de Dinàmica de Fluids Computacional (DFC), mentre paral·lelament es desenvolupava una campanya experimental amb un model físic específicament dissenyat per tractar aquest cas. D'aquesta manera, es van abordar els aspectes més rellevants del ressalt, incloent el ràtio de calats conjugats, l'eficiència, la llargària de la regió de recirculació, el perfil de la superfície lliure, les distribucions de velocitat i pressió, la llargària del ressalt i l'anàlisi de freqüències. Els resultats dels models físic i numèric es compararen, no solament entre ells, sinó també amb informació procedent d'una extensa revisió bibliogràfica. Ambdós models van mostrar la seua capacitat per reproduir amb precisió el fenomen estudiat. Prenent aquest anàlisi, s'observa que la metodologia desenvolupada resulta apropiada per investigar fenòmens com el ressalt hidràulic. Caracteritzat el RHC, s'analitzà un vas esmorteïdor amb funció dissipadora d'energia. Concretament, s'estudià un cas general i representatiu de vas esmorteïdor tipificat USBR II, partint de la doble perspectiva de modelització física i numèrica. Així mateix, els resultats es van comparar amb dades i expressions bibliogràfiques. Aquesta comparació pretenia avaluar les particularitats del ressalt hidràulic al vas esmorteïdor de grans preses, així com la influència al flux dels elements dissipadors d'energia. D'aquesta manera, els resultats es situaren en la línia d'investigacions d'altes autors, més enllà de les lleugeres diferències reportades. En conseqüència, la metodologia desenvolupada mostra la seua utilitat per abordar l'estudi del flux en estructures de dissipació d'energia. En particular, els resultats contribueixen a expandir el coneixement relatiu al RHC i al flux en un vas esmorteïdor tipificat USBR II. Així, aquests resultats poden ser utilitzats per millorar el disseny de les estructures de dissipació d'energia de grans preses. Durant els últims anys, l'adaptació de vasos esmorteïdors a cabals superiors als considerats en la seua fase de disseny ha guanyat especial rellevància. Aquesta adaptació resulta crucial pels efectes del canvi climàtic i les creixents demandes de la societat en matèria de seguretat i protecció front a inundacions. En definitiva, tota contribució a la modelització de ressalts hidràulics, com la que ací es presenta, és de gran importància per afrontar el repte de l'adaptació d'estructures hidràuliques dissipadores d'energia. / The research here presented was funded by ‘Generalitat Valenciana predoctoral grants (Grant number [2015/7521])’, in collaboration with the European Social Funds and by the research project ‘La aireación del flujo y su implementación en prototipo para la mejora de la disipación de energía de la lámina vertiente por resalto hidráulico en distintos tipos de presas’ (BIA2017-85412-C2-1-R), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy in cooperation with European FEDER funds. / Macián Pérez, JF. (2020). Numerical and physical modelling approaches to the study of the hydraulic jump and its application in large-dam stilling basins [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/149565 / TESIS

This thesis can be viewed as two parts. The first part focuses on performance analysis of millimeter wave (mmWave) communications. We investigate how the interference behaves in the outdoor mesh network operating at 60-GHz when block age and shadowing are present using the probability of collision as a metric, under both the protocol model and the physical model. In contrast with results reported in mmWave mesh networks at 60-GHz that advocates that interference has only a marginal effect, our results show that for a short-range link of 100 m, the collision probability gets considerably larger (beyond 0.1) at the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of interest (for example, the reference value is chosen as 15 dB for uncoded quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK)). Compensation or compromise should be made in order to maintain a low probability of collision, either by reducing transmitter node density which is to the detriment of the network connectivity, or by switching to a compact linear antenna array with more at-top elements, which places more stringent requirements in device integration techniques. The second part of this thesis focuses on finding the optimal unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) deployment in the sense that it can maximize over specific network connectivity. We have introduced a connectivity measure based on the commonly used network connectivity metric, which is refered to as global soft connectivity. This measure can be easily extended to account for different propagation models, such as Rayleigh fading and Nakagami fading. It can also be modified to incorporate the link state probability and beam alignment errors in highly directional networks. As can be shown, under the line-of-sight (LOS) and Rayleigh fading assumptions, the optimization regarding the global soft connectivity can be expressed as a weighted sum of the square of link distances between the nodes within the network, namely the ground-to-ground links, the UAV-to-UAV links and the ground-to-UAV links. This can be shown to be a quadratically constrained quadratic program (QCQP) problem with non-convex constraints. We have also extended our global connectivity to other types of connectivity criteria: network k-section connectivity and k-connectivity. In all the three cases, we have proposed a heuristic and straightforward way of finding the suboptimal UAV locations. The simulation results have shown that all these methods can improve our network connectivity considerably, which can achieve a gain of up to 30% for a five UAV scenario.