Thermal and fatigue cracking are pavement distresses that deteriorate asphalt pavements in Canada. However, the current AASHTO M320 standard specification protocol does not give satisfactory correlation between the properties measured in the laboratory to thermal and fatigue cracking performance of the asphalt in service. This thesis is aimed at validating the newly developed MTO LS-299 and LS-308 specification test methods for predicting pavement distress. A secondary objective is to determine how well laboratory-aged and field-aged binders correlate with each other in terms of their chemical and physical properties. Chemical testing using infrared (IR) spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence (XRF), as well as physical and mechanical testing using the regular bending beam rheometer (BBR), extended BBR (eBBR), dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), and double edge notched tension (DENT) tests were performed on laboratory-aged and recovered binders from Highway 417. Asphalt cements with significant amounts of waste engine oil residues as determined by XRF data were found to have cracked severely due to their high tendency for chemical aging. Western Canadian binders modified with styrene-butadiene-styrene polymer showed low affinity for both chemical and physical aging as determined from their carbonyl indices. Asphalt binders with smaller paraffinic structures exhibited insignificant pavement deterioration while the opposite occurred to those with low aromatic indices according to their IR data. The DSR data show that chemical aging occurs much faster in the laboratory-aged binders than the field-aged binders. The DENT test is able to separate superior performing binders from inferior ones with 86% accuracy according to their CTOD data. The regular BBR gave poor correlation between the laboratory test methods and the performance of the pavements. Good correlation exists between the laboratory test methods and the performance of the pavements in service according to the eBBR data. Pavements without any cracks showed lower grade losses, while pavements with severe thermal cracking recorded higher grade losses after three days of conditioning prior to testing. The study has shown that the eBBR and DENT tests are better tools for predicting pavement performance and provide good specification tests for the control of thermal and fatigue cracking in modern pavements. / Thesis (Master, Chemistry) -- Queen's University, 2012-02-28 13:16:02.222

No description available.

SCREENING FOR ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF SEVERAL MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACTS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE ACTIVITY ABSTRACT Sagdi&ccedil / oglu Celep, A. G&uuml / l&ccedil / in Ph.D., Department of Biochemistry Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Nursen &Ccedil / oruh May 2005, 154 pages The consumption of fresh fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants are known to be associated with a long life span and low incidence of oxidative stress related diseases such as Alzheimer&amp / #8217 / s, Parkinson&amp / #8217 / s, cancer, aging and cardiovascular diseases. Fitotherapeutic effects of medicinal plants is virtually attributable to their phenolic compounds with low cytotoxicity. In this study, plants used in Anatolian folk medicine for their effects such as antiinflammatory, antiulcer, antipyretic, fertility, analgesic and aphrodisiac, namely Aesculus hippocastanum L., Papaver bracteatum L., Urtica urens L., Gundelia tournefortii L., Prangos ferulacea L., Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss., Heracleum persicum Desf., Allium vineale L., Aconitum cochleare Woroschin, Rheum ribes L., Ferula rigidula DC., Rosa heckeliana Tratt, were screened for their antioxidative effects. Antioxidant characteristics of the specified plants were studied using lipid peroxidation inhibiton and DPPH radical scavenging methods. Total phenolics content and their effects on glutathione-S-transferase activity of the plants were further investigated. Rheum ribes L, Ferula rigidula DC, Rosa heckeliana Tratt., Prangos ferulacea L. were found to be very effective antioxidants and also effective inhibitors for glutathione-S-transferase activities among the plants. Rosa heckeliana Tratt. root extracts exhibited very high total phenolics content (0.7 mg/mg of extract) and antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 11.2 &micro / g/mL and 5.1 &micro / g/mL for DPPH scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition, respectively. Ferula rigidula DC was identified as the most potent inhibitor for glutathione-S-transferase activity, with IC50 values of 49 &micro / g/mL.

The use of on-site wastewater treatment systems for the treatment and dispersal of domestic effluent is common in urban fringe areas which are not serviced by centralised wastewater collection systems. However, due to inappropriate siting and inadequate evaluation of soil characteristics, the failure of these systems has become a common scenario. The current standards and guidelines adopted by many local authorities for assessing suitable site and soil conditions for on-site dispersal areas are coming under increasing scrutiny due to the public health and environmental impacts caused by poorly performing systems, in particular septic tank-soil adsorption systems. In order to achieve sustainable on-site wastewater treatment with minimal impacts on the environment and public health, more appropriate means of assessment of long term performance of on-site dispersal areas are required. The research described in the thesis details the investigations undertaken for the development of robust assessment criteria for on-site dispersal area siting and design and assessment of the long term performance of soil dispersal areas. The research undertaken focused on three key research areas; (i) assessment of site and soil suitability for providing adequate treatment and dispersal of domestic wastewater; (ii) understanding sorption, purification and transport processes influencing retention and release of pollutants and the natural controls governing these processes and (iii) the development of assessment criteria for long term behaviour of soils under effluent dispersal. The research conducted was multidisciplinary in nature, with detailed investigations of the physical and chemical processes involved in on-site wastewater treatment and dispersal. This involved extensive field investigations, sampling and monitoring, laboratory and soil column testing and detailed data analysis across the fields of soil science, groundwater quality, subsurface hydrology, chemical contamination, and contaminant fate and transport processes. The interactions between these different disciplines can be complex which resulted in substantial amounts of data being generated from the numerous field and laboratory investigations and sampling undertaken. In order to understand the complex relationships that can occur, multivariate statistical techniques were utilised. The use of these techniques was extremely beneficial. These techniques not only allowed not only the respective relationships between investigated parameters to be identified, but also adequate decisions based on the correlations were able to be formulated. This allowed a more appropriate assessment of the influential factors, and the prediction of ongoing changes to soil properties due to effluent disposal. The primary outcomes for this research were disseminated through a series of peer reviewed scientific papers centred on these key disciplines. The assessment of site and soil suitability was achieved through extensive soil sampling throughout the study areas and detailed laboratory testing and data analysis. The study identified and investigated the role of influential site and soil characteristics in the treatment performance of subsurface effluent dispersal areas. The extent of effluent travel and the ability of the soil to remove pollutants contained in the effluent by adsorption and/or nutrient uptake were investigated. A framework for assessing the renovation ability of the major soil groups located throughout Southeast Queensland was also developed. The outcomes provide a more rigorous scientific basis for assessing the ability of soil and evaluating site factors to develop more reliable methods for siting effluent dispersal areas. The resulting assessment criteria developed was compared with soil column studies to determine the robustness and validity of the outcomes. This allowed refinement of the assessment criteria in developing a more reliable approach to predicting long term behaviour of soils under sewage effluent dispersal. Multivariate techniques assisted in characterising appropriate soils and to determine their long-term suitability for effluent treatment and dispersal. The assessment criteria developed included physical, chemical and sub-surface hydrological properties of a site and soil which can be used to predict suitability for long term effluent treatment and dispersal. These include:  Moderate to slow drainage (permeability) to assist the movement of effluent (percolation) through the soil profile and allow adequate time for treatment and dispersal to occur. With longer percolation times, the opportunity for exchange and transport processes increase.  Significant soil cation exchange capacity and dominance of exchangeable Ca2+ or exchangeable Mg2+ over exchangeable Na+. Although a soil dominated by Mg2+ is found to promote dispersion of soil particles to some extent, its impact is far less than that of Na+. A stable soil would have a Ca: Mg ratio > 0.5.  Low exchangeable Na+ content to maintain soil stability.  Minimum depth of 400mm of potentially unsaturated soil before encountering a restrictive horizon, to permit adequate purification to take place.  Clay type with Illite and mixed mineralogy soils being the most sensitive to Na+. In general, significant increases in ESP occur in soils with 30 to 40% clay and in the presence of illite clay. Small amounts of smectite clays enhance treatment potential of a soil. The research outcomes have significantly contributed to the knowledge base on best practice in on-site dispersal area siting and design. The developed predictive site and soil suitability assessment criteria allows more appropriate evaluation of site and soil characteristics for providing long term effluent renovation. This is generally not done in the current assessment techniques for on-site dispersal areas. The processes and techniques used in the site and soil suitability assessment, although based on the common soil types typical of South East Queensland, can be implemented in other regions, provided appropriate soil information is collected or available. The predictive assessment criteria have been developed at a generic level, allowing easy implementation into most assessment processes. This gives the framework the flexibility to be developed for other areas specifically targeting the most influential on-site dispersal area siting and design factors, and assessment of long term performance under wastewater application.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The main aim of this study was to analyze the composition and structure of the diatom community (Bacillariophyceae) in the River Vacacaí hydrographic basin, Santa Maria municipal district, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and its relation to physical and chemical variables, related to water quality. Monthly field trips were carried out between June 2011 and July 2012 in six sampling stations along the river course, in order to collect epilithic diatoms in natural substrates as well as water samples. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the communities were performed on permanent glass slides under a light microscope. The relative abundance of diatom species was obtained from the count of at least 600 valves on each slide, as well as identification of taxa to species and variety levels. The following water quality variables were also measured: biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, suspended solids (SS), conductivity, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen. The results were compared to the water use categories determined by the National Council for the Environment (CONAMA) in a resolution issued in 2005. Multivariate techniques (cluster, canonical correspondence and indicator species analyses) and community structure parameters (species richness, Shannon‟s Diversity Index, determination of abundant and dominant species in each sample) were used in order to describe environmental and biological patterns found. 171 species were identified in total. Multivariate analyses resulted in grouping of the sampling stations rather than sampling dates, with the upstream sections separated from the downstream zones. The latter were characterized by higher values of BOD, COD and conductivity, as well as the dominance of diatoms species typical of pollutes sites such as Sellaphora pupula, Nitzschia palea, Gomphonema parvulum and Cocconeis placentula. At the most polluted site, species richness and diversity indices were significantly lower than at the remaining sampling stations. Human activities, markedly sewage effluents are pointed as the main causes of water quality degradation. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a composição e estrutura das comunidades de algas diatomáceas (Bacillariophyceae) na Bacia hidrográfica do Vacacaí, município de Santa Maria RS, Brasil e sua relação com alguns parâmetros físicos e químicos, inferindo sobre a qualidade d‟água. Foram realizadas coletas mensais de diatomáceas epilíticas e de água no período de junho de 2011 a junho de 2012, em seis pontos de amostragem. Para estipular a percentagem relativa foram contadas 600 valvas em cada lâmina. Efetuou-se também análises da demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), pH, sólidos suspensos (SS), condutividade, turbidez e oxigênio dissolvido. Os parâmetros foram comparados com as classes de uso da água prevista na resolução do Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente (CONAMA 357/2005). No processamento da informação, empregou-se uma análise de componentes principais (PCA), análise de agrupamento, análise de correspondência canônica (CCA), análise de espécies indicadoras, análises de diversidade, riqueza e foram também determinadas as espécies abundantes e dominantes de acordo com o critériode Lobo & Leighton (1986). Ao todo 171 espécies foram identificadas. A análise estatística utilizada se complementa, podendo observar-se uma separação espacial, onde pontos a montante foram separados de pontos a jusante, sendo que os pontos a jusante foram correlacionados com maiores valores de DBO, DQO e condutividade e caracterizaram-se pela dominância de espécies de diatomáceas típicas de locais poluídos como Sellaphora pupula, Nitzschia palea, Gomphonema parvulum e Cocconeis placentula. No ponto considerado o mais poluído a riqueza específica e diversidade é significativamente menor que nos demais pontos. As atividades humanas, especialmente o lançamento de esgotos são responsáveis pela alteração da qualidade d‟água.

In this thesis, an experimental and theoretical study of two and three vector correlations in the inelastic scattering of NO(X) with various rare gas atoms is presented. Vector correlations for a selection of rare gas systems were determined experimentally, and the observations were interpreted using a variety of classical and quantum mechanical models. The experiment is able to provide state-to-state resolution of the dynamics by means of an electrostatic hexapole and 1+1' resonantly enhanced multi-photon ionisation (REMPI). The simplest vector correlation of interest is the differential cross section (DCS), given by the <b>k</b>-<b>k</b>' correlation. The DCSs were determined experimentally for the NO(X)--Kr and NO(X)--Xe collision systems, both characterised by the relatively deep (&asymp;140cm^-1) attractive well and large extent of the attractive potential. The agreement between the experimental angular distributions and quantum mechanical DCS is very good for both systems. Classical calculations fail to correctly reproduce the form and magnitude of the DCS for either system, reflecting the inherently quantum mechanical nature of the collision. The classical calculations do however provide mechanistic insight into regions where the attractive part of the potential plays an important role in determining the dynamics. In order to investigate narrow angular features in the forward scattered direction, several experimental improvements to molecular beams and the detection ion-optic stack were made. Investigation into these structures revealed a strong contribution from molecular diffraction into the classical shadow of the NO(X), and the simple Fraunhofer model revealed a preference for scattering from an individual m&rarr;m' sub-state. Such measurements are in a region of the DCS where scattering is forbidden classically, and reveal the purely quantum nature of the collision interaction in the forward scattered direction. The low order <b>k</b>-<b>k</b>' correlation was then extended by using linearly or circularly polarised laser excitation. The interaction of the light with the molecular dipole allows the measurement of the <b>k</b>-<b>k</b>'-<b>j</b>' correlation. When linearly polarised light was used for the excitation laser, two of the rank two p^{2}_q(&theta;) renormalised polarisation dependent differential cross sections (PDDCSs), which describe rotational alignment, were obtained. With circularly polarised light, the rank one p^{1}_1-(&theta;) renormalised PDDCSs describing rotational orientation were determined. The collision induced alignment in NO(X)--Xe scattering was found to be well reproduced by classical and impulsive theories, highlighting the fact that the alignment is dominated by the propensity for the projection of <b>j</b> onto the kinematic apse to be conserved. The attractive part of the potential does augment the alignment renormalised PDDCSs, and this is most evident in states with strong features of the attractive part of the potential such as ℓ-type rainbows. The orientation is more strongly influenced by the attractive part of the potential and is also influenced by parity. In addition to the parity effect, there exist two limiting classical mechanisms which govern the orientation, one caused by attraction and the other repulsion. Finally, the bond axis of the NO(X) can be oriented by means of hexapole state selection combined with adiabatic orientation using a set of guiding rods. The integral steric effect, an <b>r</b>-<b>k</b> correlation, was measured for the NO(X)--Kr and NO(X)--Ar spin-orbit changing systems. There are large oscillations in the sign of the steric asymmetry which occur for scattering with the various rare gases. There are also large differences between the rare gases as the potentials become more attractive, and more isotropic. The steric asymmetry is well reproduced by quantum mechanics, however, a classical mechanism becomes dominant at high &Delta;j.

Orientador: José Augusto de Lollo / Banca: José Camapum de Carvalho / Banca: Fernando Braz TangerinoHernandez / Banca: Heraldo Luiz Giacheti / Resumo: Analisa-se o comportamento colapsível de um solo arenoso inundado com esgoto doméstico. Em alguns casos, a contaminação do solo é provocada por vazamentos de produtos orgânicos e inorgânicos que ocorrem em reservatórios de combustíveis e tubulações de esgotos doméstico e industrial. Na região estudada, estima-se que 35% das ocorrências relacionadas aos problemas por colapso dos solos ocorrem devido à ruptura de tubulações de esgoto, com prejuízos de ordem econômica e ambiental. Parâmetros físicos, químicos e estruturais dos solos e do esgoto são abordados juntamente com as deformações produzidas pela inundação dos solos com água, esgoto doméstico e algumas soluções a base de substâncias que compõem os esgotos. Com base nos resultados obtidos a partir do programa experimental realizado, constatou-se que o colapso depende da composição química do fluido de inundação. No entanto, a combinação e o conjunto de características físicas e químicas que envolvem os fluidos de inundação e os solos, desempenham relevante papel na compreensão do fenômeno do colapso, tornando-se discutível, pela sua complexidade, informações que atribuem o aumento do colapso a um ou outro parâmetro somente. / Abstract: The collapsible behavior of a sandy soil is analyzed when the soils soaked with domestic sewage. Soil contamination can be caused by spill of organic and inorganic substances from a fuel tank and wastewater pipes. In the studied region, 35% of related occurrences of soil collapse begin due to break of domestic sewage pipes, with economical and environmental loss. Physical, chemical and structural parameters of soil and sewage are studied. Deformations due saturation of soils with water, domestic sewage and some solutions (of substances that compose the domestic sewage) are analyzed. Based on the experimental results, it can be concluded that the magnitude of collapse depends on the chemical composition of saturation fluids. However, the interaction between chemical and physical characteristics of soils and saturation fluids is indispensable for the understanding of collapse phenomenon, making impossible to relate the collapse process with only one parameter. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:50:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lemosfilho_maf_me_jabo.pdf: 649781 bytes, checksum: fce88fd2816ce8187d1ac7261b513853 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A qualidade da água é muito importante para a irrigação por gotejamento, onde escoa por pequenos orifícios que podem ser obstruídos devido à deposição dos sólidos em suspensão; portanto, antes da instalação do projeto devem-se avaliar parâmetros de qualidade da água e manejo a serem implantados, para adotar medidas preventivas, evitando o risco de entupimento do sistema. Dentro desse contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar um sistema composto por aeradores com aspersores sobre leito de pedra, para precipitação dos íons Fe+2 e Mn+2 em tanque de decantação e de um conjunto de filtragem composto por três filtros de areia e um de disco, em sistema de irrigação localizada. O trabalho foi realizado na Fazenda Alvorada, no município de Nova Granada – SP, no período de março a outubro de 2008, realizando-se determinações físicas e químicas da água, ao longo do sistema de aeração, decantação e filtragem. Verificou-se que tal sistema foi eficiente para a melhoria da qualidade de água, reduzindo os níveis de risco de entupimento de severo para médio e os de médio para baixo. Oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade elétrica, pH, Fe+2 e Fe+3 não diferenciaram a qualidade de água entre os pontos do sistema de tratamento, porém a turbidez, sólidos dissolvidos, sólidos em suspensão, ferro total e manganês total reduziram-se significativamente pelo uso do sistema proposto. De maneira geral, a qualidade da água utilizada para irrigação variou durante as diferentes épocas do ano, sendo que o risco potencial de entupimento dos gotejadores só foi médio ou alto com relação aos teores de sólidos suspensos, sólidos dissolvidos e ferro total. / Water quality is very important for drip irrigation, which flows by small holes that can be clogged due to deposition of solid matter, so before installation of the project some parameters should be evaluated of water quality and management to be established, to adopt preventive measures, avoiding the risk of clogging the system. Within this context, this work was to evaluate a system with sprinklers aeration on bed of stone, for precipitation of ions Fe+2 and Mn total in sedimentation tank and retention in the filter set composed of three sand filters and other disk filter, in drip irrigation system. The work was conducted at Alvorada Farm, at the city of Nova Granada - SP, in the period of March to October of 2008, physical and chemical determinations of water were taken through the system of aeration, sedimentation and filtration. It was found that this system was effective for improving water quality, reducing the risk levels from severe clogging to the medium and from medium to low. Dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, pH, Fe+2 and Fe+3 indicates no differences on the water quality between the points of the treatment system, but the turbidity, dissolved solids, suspended solids, total iron and total manganese were significantly reduced by the use of proposed system. In general, the water quality used for irrigation varied during the different seasons, and the potential for clogging of the drippers was medium or high relative to levels of suspended solids, dissolved solids and total iron.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-05-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:12:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_ra_me_ilha.pdf: 5851472 bytes, checksum: e7924ca31249e86099ebb8178c513ef3 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Analisa-se o comportamento colapsível de um solo arenoso inundado com esgoto doméstico. Em alguns casos, a contaminação do solo é provocada por vazamentos de produtos orgânicos e inorgânicos que ocorrem em reservatórios de combustíveis e tubulações de esgotos doméstico e industrial. Na região estudada, estima-se que 35% das ocorrências relacionadas aos problemas por colapso dos solos ocorrem devido à ruptura de tubulações de esgoto, com prejuízos de ordem econômica e ambiental. Parâmetros físicos, químicos e estruturais dos solos e do esgoto são abordados juntamente com as deformações produzidas pela inundação dos solos com água, esgoto doméstico e algumas soluções a base de substâncias que compõem os esgotos. Com base nos resultados obtidos a partir do programa experimental realizado, constatou-se que o colapso depende da composição química do fluido de inundação. No entanto, a combinação e o conjunto de características físicas e químicas que envolvem os fluidos de inundação e os solos, desempenham relevante papel na compreensão do fenômeno do colapso, tornando-se discutível, pela sua complexidade, informações que atribuem o aumento do colapso a um ou outro parâmetro somente. / The collapsible behavior of a sandy soil is analyzed when the soils soaked with domestic sewage. Soil contamination can be caused by spill of organic and inorganic substances from a fuel tank and wastewater pipes. In the studied region, 35% of related occurrences of soil collapse begin due to break of domestic sewage pipes, with economical and environmental loss. Physical, chemical and structural parameters of soil and sewage are studied. Deformations due saturation of soils with water, domestic sewage and some solutions (of substances that compose the domestic sewage) are analyzed. Based on the experimental results, it can be concluded that the magnitude of collapse depends on the chemical composition of saturation fluids. However, the interaction between chemical and physical characteristics of soils and saturation fluids is indispensable for the understanding of collapse phenomenon, making impossible to relate the collapse process with only one parameter.

Orientador: Mario Tanomaru-Filho / Resumo: O MTA e cimento Portland (PC) são cimentos de silicato de cálcio. O óxido de bismuto presente na MTA pode afetar as propriedades físico-químicas e biológicas do material. Novos radiopacificadores como óxido de itérbio (Yb2O3) e o tungstato de cálcio (CaWO4) podem melhorar propriedades do material. No capítulo 1, foram realizadas avalições de propriedades físico-químicas, citotoxicidade e potencial bioativo do MTA Angelus (MTA), cimento de silicato de cálcio (CSC) e CSC com 30% de óxido de Itérbio (CSC/Yb2O3). O tempo de presa inicial e final foi avaliado com agulhas Gilmore. A resistência à compressão foi analisada em máquina de ensaios mecânicos. A radiopacidade foi verificada com radiografias dos materiais e escala de alumínio. O teste de solubilidade e escoamento foram realizados de acordo com ISO 6876/2002. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste ANOVA e Tukey (5% de significância). A viabilidade celular foi avaliada por meio do ensaio MTT e corante Vermelho Neutro, enquanto o potencial de mineralização por meio da atividade de fosfatase alcalina e vermelho de Alizarina. Os dados foram submetidos aos testes Anova e Tukey e Bonferroni (5% de significância). O potencial bioativo foi avaliado em microcopia eletrônica de varredura. No capítulo 2, materiais à base de silicato tricálcico (TSC) associado ao tungstato de cálcio (CaWO4) e Yb2O3 foram avaliados em comparação ao MTA (Angelus, Londrina, Brasil) e ao TSC. O tempo de presa inicial e final foi avaliado com agulhas Gilmore. A... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor