In the submitted diploma thesis the theoretical part is just an overview of basic information concerning anaerobic digestion, and thus about biogas production, principles of its origin, chemical composition, properties and requirements regarding the soil out of which the biogas comes into existence in fermenter biogas stations. The other part of the theoretical section deals with digestate and types of soil since the aim of my thesis is the monitoring of possibilities how to utilize the waste from BGS fermenters, digestate for composting and how to improve physical-chemical properties of heavy soils. It was proved in the experimental thesis itself that the digestate is not organic fertiliser, on the contrary it is weak mineral fertiliser, highly diluted, and it does not fulfil the role of organic fertiliser because its organic substance is too stable. However, it can be successfully used during the digestate application into the compost ? it is earth-friendly and airy substance, it prevents heat leakage and the compost has higher T-value. It is suitable for the application into soil ? not as an organic fertiliser but for the improvement of water-air mode of soils, especially those heavy ones.

O. Vaičiulytė. Šiaurietiškojo ėjimo poveikis jauno amžiaus merginų fizinei būklei, magistro baigiamasis darbas/mokslinis vadovas Doc. dr. Laimonas Šiupšinskas; Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universitetas, Slaugos fakultetas, Sporto institutas. – Kaunas, 2013, - 66 p. Darbo tikslas: įvertinti trumpalaikį ir ilgalaikį šiaurietiškojo ėjimo poveikį jauno amžiaus merginų fizinei būklei. Uždaviniai: 1) nustatyti trumpalaikį ir ilgalaikį šiaurietiškojo ėjimo poveikį tiriamųjų širdies ir kraujagyslių sistemos rodikliams ramybės metu ir po fizinio krūvio; 2) nustatyti trumpalaikį ir ilgalaikį šiaurietiškojo ėjimo poveikį tiriamųjų kvėpavimo sistemos funkcinei būklei; 3) įvertinti trumpalaikį poveikį tiriamųjų minėtoms sistemoms prieš ir po vieno šiaurietiškojo ėjimo užsiėmimo; 4) įvertinti tiriamųjų rodiklių pokyčius po septyniolikos šiaurietiškojo ėjimo užsiėmimų. Tiriamieji ir metodika: tyrime ištirtos 85 (20,69±0,18 metai) Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universiteto studentės. Tyrimas suskirstytas į dvi dalis – trumpalaikis tyrimas ir ilgalaikis tyrimas. Trumpalaikio tyrimo metu merginos turėjo sudalyvauti viename šiaurietiškojo ėjimo užsiėmime. Ilgalaikio tyrimo metu merginos turėjo du mėnesius du kartus per savaitę dalyvauti šiaurietiškojo ėjimo užsiėmimuose, jos taip pat buvo įtrauktos į trumpalaikį tyrimą. Prieš šiaurietiškojo ir po šiaurietiškojo ėjimo užsiėmimų buvo atliekami šie matavimai: širdies susitraukimų dažnis (ŠSD), arterinis kraujo spaudimas (AKS), forsuota gyvybinė... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Vaiciulytė O. The effects of Nordic walking for physical capasity of young women, final work of master/ research supervisor Doc. PhD. Laimonas Siupsinskas; Lihuanian University of Health Sciences, the faculty of Nursing, Insitute of Sports. – Kaunas, 2013, - 66 p. The aim of the research: To evaluate the short-term and long-term effects of Nordic walking for physical capasity of young women. Objectives of the study: 1) To determine the short-term and long-term effects of Nordic walking for cardiovascular systems’ parameters at rest and after session. 2) To determine the short-term and long-term effects of Nordic Walking for respiratory system. 3) To assess the impact of short-term session measuring before and after Nordic walking for these systems. 4) To assess effect of seventeen sessions of Nordic walking. Research methods: We had 85 students from Lihuanian University of Health Sciences aged (20,69±0,18 metai) taking part in the research. The study was divided into two parts - short-term and long-term research. For short-term the women take part in one of Nordic Walking workshop. For long-term the women had to participate in Nordic walking sessions for two months twice a week; they were also included in the short-term group. Before and after Nordic walking sessions the following indices were measured: heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure (BP), forced vital capacity (FVC), for long-term study we additionally involved measurements of strength of respiration muscle (PImax... [to full text]

Infecções pelos Papilomavirus Humanos (HPVs) estão relacionadas com uma série de malignidades nas regiões genitais, anais e recentemente a uma parcela dos tumores na região da cabeça e pescoço. Enquanto muito já fora explorado a respeito dessas infecções em mulheres, os fatores de risco virais e epidemiológicos para persistência da infecção e desenvolvimento de lesão em homens ainda estão sendo estabelecidos. Dessa forma, em meados de 2005, começou o Estudo HIM (HPV in men), um estudo multicêntrico envolvendo 4200 homens que tem como principal objetivo um melhor entendimento da história natural das infecções por esses vírus nessa população. Sabe-se que um importante evento no processo neoplásico em lesões do colo do útero é a integração do DNA viral no genoma da célula hospedeira. Embora o mecanismo de integração ainda não esteja claro, parece haver uma relação da progressão da doença com o aumento da proporção de lesões com genomas na forma integrada. Diante do exposto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi explorar as metodologias baseadas em PCR (convencional e em tempo real) e de sequenciamento de última geração (NGS) para verificar integração do DNA viral nas células de esfregaços genitais, do canal anal e cavidade oral de homens assintomáticos participantes do Estudo HIM. Além disso, teve como objetivo secundário verificar a carga viral nos diferentes sítios anatômicos. Foram inicialmente incluídas 125 amostras das quais 56 puderam ser incluídas nas análises de integração pela metodologia baseada em PCR e 90 amostras foram selecionadas para os ensaios de carga viral. Dentre as amostras testadas pela metodologia de PCR para integração, 11 foram desafiadas pela metodologia baseada em sequenciamento. Entre as 11 amostras sequenciadas, encontramos concordância entre os resultados em apenas 3 e isso pode ser atribuído à sensibilidade diferencial das metodologias diante de baixas cargas virais. Entre as amostras testadas pela metodologia baseada em PCR pudemos verificar que 30,4% das amostras apresentavam-se na forma puramente epissomal, 10,7% na forma puramente integrada e 58,9% das amostras apresentam as duas formas virais (classificadas como mistas). A amostra que se confirmou integrada pela metodologia de sequenciamento apresentou integração em 4 pontos do DNA humano com a ruptura no gene viral E2, conforme amplamente relatado na literatura. Grande variação na carga viral foi encontrada entre as amostras (0,00008 a 4200 cópias/célula), e isso se mostrou diretamente relacionado com as limitações das metodologias para verificar integração. Embora outras relações não puderam ser verificadas em nosso estudo pelo limitado número de amostras analisadas até o momento, estes dados ampliados poderão responder se a carga viral e integração seriam um fator de risco para a persistência da infecção ou o desenvolvimento de lesão em homens. / Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infections are associated with a range of malignancies in the genital and anal regions and recently, with an appreciable number of head and neck tumors. While much has been explored about these infections in women, viral and epidemiological risk factors for persistent infection and lesions development in men are still being established. Thus, in mid-2005, a multicenter study entitled HIM study (HPV in men) - involving 4200 men - which aims at a better understanding of the natural history of infection by these viruses in this population, was started. It is known that a key event in the transformation process in cervical lesions is the integration of viral DNA into the host cell genome. Although the integration mechanism is not yet clear, there seems to be a relationship of the disease progression with an increase of the proportion of lesions with integrated viral genomes. In view of the above, the aim of this study was to explore the methodologies based on PCR (conventional and real-time) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) to verify integration of viral DNA into cells from genital swabs, anal canal and oral cavity of asymptomatic men participating in the HIM study. Furthermore, the secondary objective was to verify the viral load in cells from different anatomical sites. Initially, 125 samples were selected of which 56 could be included in integration tests with the methodology based on PCR and 90 samples were selected for viral load determination. Of the samples tested by PCR method for integration, 11 were subjected DNA sequencing. We found correlation between the results in only 3 of the 11 samples and this can be attributed to the methodologies\' differential sensitivity to low viral loads. Among the samples tested by PCR-based methodology, we observed that 30.4% of the samples harbored purely episomal viral DNA, 10.7% were integrated and 58.9% of the samples showed the two viral forms (classified as mixed). The sample which was confirmed as integrated by sequencing presented integration into 4 human DNA points with the breakpoint within the E2 viral gene, as widely reported in literature. Large variation in viral load was observed among the samples (0.00008 to 4200 copies / cell), and this was shown to be directly related to the limitations of the methods used to verify integration. Evaluation of a larger number of samples may contribute to define the role of HPV DNA integration as a risk factor for the persistence of HPV infection or development of lesions in men.

Les travaux entrepris dans le cadre de cette thèse portent sur l’étude de la représentativité du vieillissement thermique accéléré par rapport au vieillissement en conditions d’usage de mélanges de polyéthylènes utilisés comme isolant de câbles qualifiés K1 de dernière génération dans les bâtiments réacteurs des centrales nucléaires. L’influence de l’état physique des constituants du mélange pendant le vieillissement sur les cinétiques et les mécanismes de vieillissement est également étudiée. Le matériau est un mélange de deux polyéthylènes : un polyéthylène linéaire (PE) et un polyéthylène ramifié (PEcB) réticulé au peroxyde. Une approche basée sur l’analyse multi-échelle (moléculaire, microstructurale, macromoléculaire et macroscopique) a été mise en place. Plusieurs températures de vieillissement ont été choisies afin de faire varier l’état physique de l’un ou des deux polyéthylènes du mélange au cours du vieillissement. Les résultats à l’échelle moléculaire montrent les mêmes produits d’oxydation et les mêmes cinétiques pour le PE et le PEcB. En revanche, on observe une oxydation plus rapide du mélange 5050. Les cinétiques d’oxydation obéissent à une loi d’Arrhenius pour des vieillissements compris entre 80°C et 110°C, mais l’extrapolation à la température d’utilisation (60°C) n’est pas représentative du résultat expérimental. L’état physique (solide ou fondu) des échantillons au moment du vieillissement n’explique pas la non-représentativité des vieillissements accélérés. Les variations des propriétés mécaniques peuvent être reliées à l’évolution de la microstructure de chaque polymère et de leur architecture macromoléculaire au cours du vieillissement thermo-oxydant. Néanmoins, il apparaît difficile de corréler l’évolution de la structure chimique au cours du vieillissement avec l’évolution des propriétés mécaniques. Cette étude souligne l’importance de l’approche multi-échelle pour avoir une compréhension globale des phénomènes de vieillissement. / This work is devoted to the study of the representativeness of accelerated thermal ageing compared to ageing in use conditions of polyethylene blends used as insulant in the lastest-generation K1 qualified cables in nuclear power plants’ reactor buildings. The influence of the physical state of the components in the blends during ageing on the kinetics and ageing mechanisms is also studied. The material is a blend of two polyethylenes: a linear polyethylene (PE) and a branched polyethylene (PEcB) crosslinked with peroxides. An approach based on the multi-scale analysis (molecular, microstructural, macromolecular and macroscopic) was set up. Several ageing temperatures were chosen in order to vary the physical state of one or both polyethylenes in the blend during ageing. The results at molecular scale show the same oxidation products and kinetics for PE and PEcB. However, one can observe a faster degradation for the 5050 blend. The oxidation kinetics obey the Arrhenius law for thermal ageing between 80°C and 110°C, but extrapolation to the operating temperature (60°C) is not representative of the experimental data. The physical state (solid or molten) of the samples during thermal ageing does not explain the non-representativeness of accelerated ageing. The variations of mechanical properties can be linked to the evolution of the microstructure of each polymer and of their macromolecular architecture during thermo-oxidative ageing. Nevertheless, it is difficult to correlate the evolution of the chemical structure during ageing with the evolution of the mechanical properties. This study emphasizes the importance of the multi-scale analysis in order to have a comprehensive understanding of the ageing phenomena.

Infecções pelos Papilomavirus Humanos (HPVs) estão relacionadas com uma série de malignidades nas regiões genitais, anais e recentemente a uma parcela dos tumores na região da cabeça e pescoço. Enquanto muito já fora explorado a respeito dessas infecções em mulheres, os fatores de risco virais e epidemiológicos para persistência da infecção e desenvolvimento de lesão em homens ainda estão sendo estabelecidos. Dessa forma, em meados de 2005, começou o Estudo HIM (HPV in men), um estudo multicêntrico envolvendo 4200 homens que tem como principal objetivo um melhor entendimento da história natural das infecções por esses vírus nessa população. Sabe-se que um importante evento no processo neoplásico em lesões do colo do útero é a integração do DNA viral no genoma da célula hospedeira. Embora o mecanismo de integração ainda não esteja claro, parece haver uma relação da progressão da doença com o aumento da proporção de lesões com genomas na forma integrada. Diante do exposto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi explorar as metodologias baseadas em PCR (convencional e em tempo real) e de sequenciamento de última geração (NGS) para verificar integração do DNA viral nas células de esfregaços genitais, do canal anal e cavidade oral de homens assintomáticos participantes do Estudo HIM. Além disso, teve como objetivo secundário verificar a carga viral nos diferentes sítios anatômicos. Foram inicialmente incluídas 125 amostras das quais 56 puderam ser incluídas nas análises de integração pela metodologia baseada em PCR e 90 amostras foram selecionadas para os ensaios de carga viral. Dentre as amostras testadas pela metodologia de PCR para integração, 11 foram desafiadas pela metodologia baseada em sequenciamento. Entre as 11 amostras sequenciadas, encontramos concordância entre os resultados em apenas 3 e isso pode ser atribuído à sensibilidade diferencial das metodologias diante de baixas cargas virais. Entre as amostras testadas pela metodologia baseada em PCR pudemos verificar que 30,4% das amostras apresentavam-se na forma puramente epissomal, 10,7% na forma puramente integrada e 58,9% das amostras apresentam as duas formas virais (classificadas como mistas). A amostra que se confirmou integrada pela metodologia de sequenciamento apresentou integração em 4 pontos do DNA humano com a ruptura no gene viral E2, conforme amplamente relatado na literatura. Grande variação na carga viral foi encontrada entre as amostras (0,00008 a 4200 cópias/célula), e isso se mostrou diretamente relacionado com as limitações das metodologias para verificar integração. Embora outras relações não puderam ser verificadas em nosso estudo pelo limitado número de amostras analisadas até o momento, estes dados ampliados poderão responder se a carga viral e integração seriam um fator de risco para a persistência da infecção ou o desenvolvimento de lesão em homens. / Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infections are associated with a range of malignancies in the genital and anal regions and recently, with an appreciable number of head and neck tumors. While much has been explored about these infections in women, viral and epidemiological risk factors for persistent infection and lesions development in men are still being established. Thus, in mid-2005, a multicenter study entitled HIM study (HPV in men) - involving 4200 men - which aims at a better understanding of the natural history of infection by these viruses in this population, was started. It is known that a key event in the transformation process in cervical lesions is the integration of viral DNA into the host cell genome. Although the integration mechanism is not yet clear, there seems to be a relationship of the disease progression with an increase of the proportion of lesions with integrated viral genomes. In view of the above, the aim of this study was to explore the methodologies based on PCR (conventional and real-time) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) to verify integration of viral DNA into cells from genital swabs, anal canal and oral cavity of asymptomatic men participating in the HIM study. Furthermore, the secondary objective was to verify the viral load in cells from different anatomical sites. Initially, 125 samples were selected of which 56 could be included in integration tests with the methodology based on PCR and 90 samples were selected for viral load determination. Of the samples tested by PCR method for integration, 11 were subjected DNA sequencing. We found correlation between the results in only 3 of the 11 samples and this can be attributed to the methodologies\' differential sensitivity to low viral loads. Among the samples tested by PCR-based methodology, we observed that 30.4% of the samples harbored purely episomal viral DNA, 10.7% were integrated and 58.9% of the samples showed the two viral forms (classified as mixed). The sample which was confirmed as integrated by sequencing presented integration into 4 human DNA points with the breakpoint within the E2 viral gene, as widely reported in literature. Large variation in viral load was observed among the samples (0.00008 to 4200 copies / cell), and this was shown to be directly related to the limitations of the methods used to verify integration. Evaluation of a larger number of samples may contribute to define the role of HPV DNA integration as a risk factor for the persistence of HPV infection or development of lesions in men.

Po zhrnutí potrebných teoretických základov a predošlého výskumu v ob- lasti, prezentujeme semi-klasickú kvantovaciu schému pre uzavretú Nambuovu- Gotovu strunu. Týmto zovšeobecňujeme predošlú prácu, ktorá bola vykonaná pre otvorenú strunu a uzavretú strunu kruhového tvaru. Pomocou metód kvan- tovej teórie po©a v zakrivených priestoročasoch počítame strednú hodnotu vo©- ného Hamiltoniánu struny rotujúcej v dvoch na seba kolmých priestorových rovinách v priestoročase všeobecnej dimenzie. Táto hodnota je priamo úmerná kvantovej korekcii k celkovej energii struny, ktorá má formu tzv. Reggeovho interceptu. Výslednú hodnotu Reggeovho interceptu porovnávame s predošlým výskumom. Taktiež uvádzame porovnanie získaného spektra fyzikálnych stavov struny kvantovanej našou metódou so spektrom odvodeným pomocou kovariant- ného kvantovania. 1

La notion de ‘système’ est omni présente dans nos conceptualisations du Réel et dans l’élaboration de nos projets. L’incapacité de lui conférer pourtant une définition généralement et scientifiquement acceptable questionne les traits les plus profonds de la conceptualisation classique, ceux qui fondent les langages courants, les grammaires et la logique classique. Ces traits sont rigidement liés à la croyance que ce que nous connaissons est ce qui existe ‘vraiment’, tel que nous le connaissons. Or cette croyance est démentie par la microphysique où il apparaît que nous engendrons nos connaissances de fond en comble, aussi bien les ‘entités’ que nous examinons, que les qualifications de celles-ci. La Méthode de Conceptualisation Relativisée (MCR) de M. Mugur-Schächter établit que ces processus d’engendrement sont soumis à des relativisations dont l’explicitation précise les significations et permet de maîtriser les finalités. Il est frappant de percevoir à quel point MCR dissout les ambiguïtés intrinsèques à la notion de système. Mais cette mise au clair implique au préalable la mise en évidence des relativisations qui agissent dans la genèse conceptuelle-factuelle des notions fondamentales de persistance, de continuité, d’état et de causalité. Elle entraine la redéfinition relativisée des concepts de loi de probabilité, d’entropie et de complexité. Le résultat est dénommé Systémique Relativisée (SR). Il possède le caractère d’un infra-cadre méthodologique au développement de méthodes technico-scientifiques spécifiquement adéquates à des domaines d’application particuliers, telle l’Ingénierie Système Relativisée, appliquée à la conception d’artefacts à buts utilitaires. / The idea of ‘system’ is pervasive in our descriptions and in our projects. The impossibility to come up with a generally and scientifically valid definition of this idea touches the most profound features of the classical conceptualization, those that underlie the current languages, the grammars and the classical logic. These features are rigidly tied with the belief that what we know is what ‘really’ exists, such as we know it. But this belief is refuted by microphysics, where it appears that that we create our knowledge entirely, as much the ‘entities’ that we examine as the qualifications of these entities. The Method of Relativized Conceptualisation of M. Mugur-Schächter establishes that the processes of creation of knowledge are subjected to relativizations, and that making them explicit clarifies the involved significances and permit to dominate the finalities. It is surprising to perceive to what a point the relativizations required by the method winds up the ambiguities commonly tied up to the idea of system. But such a clarification requires first to bring into light the relativizations acting in the conceptual-factual genesis of such basic concepts as persistence, continuity, state or causality. It brings about the relativized redefinitions of the concepts oflaw of probability, of entropy and of complexity. The global result is called Relativised Systemic (RS). It possesses the character of a methodological infra-frame for the design of technical-scientific constructivist methods, specifically appropriate for particular domains of application, such as the Relativised System Engineering method (RSE), dedicated to the design of utilitarian artefacts.