Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing food producing sectors in the world. Over the past few years, aquaculture research has focused on improving rearing protocols and standards for the culture of aquatic organisms. Probiotics are gaining increasing interest as an alternative to antibiotics to improve animal health and welfare. The effects of probiotics on the physiological and biochemical development of the digestive tract of commercially raised Argyrosomus japonicus (dusky kob) larvae were investigated. Two probiotic treatments were compared to a control where the standard rearing protocol was applied. The growth of the larvae and histological development of the digestive tract was studied. The specific enzyme activity of key digestive enzymes was determined. Amylase, trypsin, pepsin, alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase N and leucine-alanine peptidase were assayed. The mean growth of the control group of larvae differs from the CSIR and BactoSafe treatment groups (P = <0.001). There were no differences in the histological development between the control and two treatments. The histology did indicate a slight delay in development of the digestive tract when compared to previous studies on dusky kob. No significant differences were observed between the control and treatment groups for any of the enzyme assays. The effect of probiotics on the development of the digestive system of dusky kob larvae could not be definitively described as it was not determined to what extent the probiotics had established in the gut. What the study did conclude was that the enzyme assays need to be refined in order to determine the optimal reaction conditions required for the determination of specific enzyme activity in commercially raised dusky kob. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Akwakultuur is een van die vinnigste groeiende voedsel produserende sektore in die wêreld. Oor die laaste aantal jare het akwakultuur navorsing gefokus op die verbetering van grootmaak protokolle en standaarde vir die cultuur van akwatise organismes So het die belangstelling in pro-biotika, as alternatief tot antibiotika ten einde die gesondheid en welsyn van diere te verhoog, vermeerder. Die effekte van pro-biotika op die fisiologies en biochemiese ontwikkeling van die spysverteringskanaal van kommersieel geproduseer Argyrosomus japonicus larwes was ondersoek. Twee probiotiese behandelings is vergelyk met ʼn kontrole (standaard grootmaak protokol). Die groei van die larwes en die histologiese ontwikkeling van die spysverteringskanaal is ondersoek. Die spesifieke ensiem aktiwiteite van die sleutel verteringsensieme was ook bepaal. Amilase, tripsien, pepsien, alkaliese fosfatase, aminopeptidase N en leusien-alanien peptidase was ondersoek. Die gemiddelde groei van die kontrole groep was effe hoër as die van die ander twee behandelings. Daar was geen verskil in histologie van die groepe nie maar die tempo van ontwikkeling vir alle behandelinge blyk stadiger te wees as die wat in vorige studies vir A. japonicus rapporteer is. Geen betekenisvolle verskille is opgemerk tussen die kontrole en die behandelingsgroepe vir enige van die ensiem analises nie. Die invloed van die probiotika op die ontwikkeling van die spysverteringskanaal van die larwes kon nie onomwonde beskryf word nie aangesien die vestiging van die pro-biotika in die spysverteringkanaal nie omskryf is nie. Wat wel gevind was, is dat die analitiese tegnieke rakende die ensieme verfyn moet word ten einde die optimale reaksie omgewings te bepaal wat dit sal moontlik maak om spesifieke ensiemaktiwiteite in die kommersieel geproduseerde A. japonicus te bepaal.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-01-26T13:52:49Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Monik Maryelle Moreira da Silva - 2016.pdf: 2601377 bytes, checksum: 8763e743f85d4b59316383b6f268ca2c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-01-26T13:53:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Monik Maryelle Moreira da Silva - 2016.pdf: 2601377 bytes, checksum: 8763e743f85d4b59316383b6f268ca2c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-26T13:53:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Monik Maryelle Moreira da Silva - 2016.pdf: 2601377 bytes, checksum: 8763e743f85d4b59316383b6f268ca2c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-15 / The Brazilian Cerrado presents a multitude of native fruits, but little known. Among these, there is cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica), juicy and very pleasant taste. However, reports on the knowledge of its biochemical and bioactive processes involved in the development of fruit, are scarce. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate physical and chemical, including bioactive compounds, the physiological development of cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica), anthesis to its maturity. The fruits were collected 10 days after anthesis (DAA) in Abbey-GO, and subjected to physical and chemical analysis as well as analysis of bioactive compounds. The total fruit development comprised 37 days, being characterized the result of rapid growth, with double sigmoidal behavior. The respiratory rate in unripe fruits were high, with a decrease during the development, and verified increased ethylene induction from 31 DAA, leading to degradation of starch, chlorophyll, unmasking of carotenoids and solubilization of pectins. The sugar content was relatively low, since it is a fruit with slightly sweet flavor. The bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of cagaita contributed during the physiological development, as a result of the defense system, especially in unripe fruits. However, not ruling out the possibility of its beneficial health action, fighting free radicals. The proximal composition, evaluated from the 18th DAA, underwent changes during development. The crux of the changes occurred from the 27th DAA, when they occur the second growth phase of the fruit, with an increase in maximum rates, according to the double sigmoidal behavior. The climacteric period was also evaluated, with intuited whether the cagaita belonged to the respiratory pattern considered climacteric or not. For this study, the fruits were collected 31 DAA. respiratory climacteric peak was observed, indicating that cagaita is a climacteric fruit, may be harvested 31 DAA. This data is of great importance for both the academic community, and to farmers and agribusinesses working with the extraction of this fruit. / O Cerrado brasileiro apresenta uma infinidade de frutas nativas, porém, pouco conhecidas. Dentre estas, existe a cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica), suculenta e de sabor muito agradável. No entanto, relatos sobre o conhecimento dos seus processos bioquímicos e bioativos, envolvidos no desenvolvimento de frutos, são escassos. Desta forma, objetivou-se avaliar, físico e quimicamente, incluindo os compostos bioativos, o desenvolvimento fisiológico da cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica), da antese até seu amadurecimento. Os frutos foram coletados 10 dias após antese (DAA), em Abadia-GO, e submetidos a análises físicas e químicas, como também análises dos compostos bioativos. O desenvolvimento total do fruto compreendeu 37 dias, sendo caracterizado fruto de crescimento rápido, com comportamento sigmoidal duplo. A taxa respiratória nos frutos verdes foi elevada, com decréscimo ao longo do desenvolvimento, sendo verificado aumento da indução do etileno a partir dos 31 DAA, levando à degradação do amido, clorofila, desmascaramento dos carotenoides e solubilização das pectinas. O conteúdo de açúcares foi relativamente baixo, já que trata-se de um fruto com sabor levemente adocicado. Os compostos bioativos e atividade antioxidante da cagaita contribuíram, durante o desenvolvimento fisiológico, como sistema de defesa do fruto, principalmente, nos frutos verdes. No entanto, não descartando a possibilidade de sua ação benéfica a saúde, combatendo os radicais livres. A composição proximal, avaliada a partir do 18° DAA, sofreu modificações durante o desenvolvimento. O ponto crucial das mudanças ocorreram a partir do 27° DAA, momento em que ocorrem a segunda fase de crescimento do fruto, com acréscimo em taxas máximas, de acordo com o comportamento sigmoidal duplo. O período climatérico também foi avaliado, com intuíto de saber se a cagaita pertencia ao padrão respiratório considerado climatérico ou não. Para este estudo, os frutos foram coletados 31 DAA. Foi observado o pico climatério respiratório, indicando que a cagaita é um fruto climatérico, podendo ser colhido 31 DAA. Estes dados são de grande importância tanto para a comunidade acadêmica, como para agricultores e agroindústrias que trabalham com o extrativismo deste fruto.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-06-06T19:31:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Dianiny de Cássia Sousa Mendes - 2017.pdf: 2591524 bytes, checksum: c93ea03362a6f0dc5bdec34405710746 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-06-07T12:24:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Dianiny de Cássia Sousa Mendes - 2017.pdf: 2591524 bytes, checksum: c93ea03362a6f0dc5bdec34405710746 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-07T12:24:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Dianiny de Cássia Sousa Mendes - 2017.pdf: 2591524 bytes, checksum: c93ea03362a6f0dc5bdec34405710746 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The cerrado is a Brazilian biome that presents a high diversity of fruit species, with peculiar characteristics that are still little explored scientifically. Among these native species is murici (Byrsonima sp.), Which has a sui generis flavor, sweet, slightly acidic, with a yellowish coloration. The physiological development basically consists of the stages of growth, maturation, maturation and senescence, in which the fruits undergo several biochemical and physiological processes. Although there is great importance, studies on the physiological development of fruits, especially the native ones of the cerrado, are very scarce. Aiming at this context, the objective was to characterize the murici fruit, analyzing the physical, chemical, biochemical and bioactive parameters in the physiological development. Fruit collection was started 15 days after anthesis (DAA) in an area of the Emater Qda / Area / Lot AR3, Samambaia Campus of the Federal University of Goiás, located in Goiânia-GO, from August to November 2015 The complete development of murici occurred in 85 DAA, with constant increase of mass and transversal and longitudinal diameters, characterizing double sigmoidal behavior. The coloration changed from green to yellow, with changes in L *, Hue and chroma parameters, and the presence of carotenoids 38.11 ± 0.03 mg.g-1 and the degradation of chlorophyll 1 , 18 ± 0.34 mg.g-1 at the end of development. Breathing presented a constant decrease reaching level 0 at 85 DAA characterizing the non-climacteric behavior of the fruits. Firmness reduced at ripening 8.55 ± 0.09 N and pectin solubilization occurred at the end of development. The antioxidant compounds were present in a greater amount between 35 and 55 DAA and the ascorbic acid reduced reaching 38.34 ± 0.19 mg.g-1 at the end of the development. The marjority phenolic compounds identified in the development of murici were gallic acid, catechin and vanillin. A total of 31 volatile constituents were evaluated, with aldehydes between 15 and 45 DAA, carboxylic acids between 55 and 85 DAA, especially hexanoic acid with 90.7% at 85 ° DAA and ethyl hexanoate ester 1%, At the end of development with 85 DAAs. / O Cerrado é um bioma brasileiro que apresenta elevada diversidade de espécies frutíferas, com características peculiares que ainda são pouco exploradas cientificamente. Dentre estas espécies nativas, está o murici (Byrsonima sp.), que possui sabor sui generis, adocicado, levemente ácido, com coloração amarelada. O desenvolvimento fisiológico consiste basicamente nas etapas de crescimento, maturação, amadurecimento e senescência, nos quais os frutos passam por diversos processos bioquímicos e fisiológicos. Mesmo havendo grande importância, estudos sobre desenvolvimento fisiológico dos frutos, especialmente os nativos do cerrado, são bastante escassos. Visando este contexto, objetivou-se caracterizar o fruto murici, analisando os parâmetros físicos, químicos, bioquímicos e bioativos, no desenvolvimento fisiológico. A coleta dos frutos teve início com 15 dias após antese (DAA), em uma área da Emater Qda/Área/Lote AR3, Campus Samambaia da Universidade Federal de Goiás, localizada em Goiânia-GO, entre o período de Agosto a Novembro de 2015. O desenvolvimento completo do murici ocorreu em 85 DAA, com aumento constante de massa e diâmetros transversal e longitudinal, caracterizando comportamento sigmoidal duplo. A coloração alterou-se do verde para o amarelo, apresentando alterações nos parâmetros L*, °Hue e croma, e constatou-se ainda a presença de carotenoides 38,11±0,03 mg.g-1 e a degradação de clorofila 1,18±0,34 mg.g-1 ao final do desenvolvimento. A respiração apresentou decréscimo constante atingindo nível 0 aos 85 DAA caracterizando o comportamento não-climatérico dos frutos. A firmeza reduziu no amadurecimento 8,55±0,09 N e ocorreu a solubilização de pectinas ao final do desenvolvimento. Os compostos antioxidantes se mostraram presentes em maior quantidade entre 35 e 55 DAA e o ácido ascórbico reduziu atingindo 38,34±0,19 mg.g-1 ao final do desenvolvimento. Os compostos fenólicos marjoritários identificados no desenvolvimento do murici foram o ácido gálico, a catequina e a vanilina. Foram avaliados 31 constituintes voláteis, prevalecendo os aldeídos entre 15 e 45 DAA, ácidos carboxílicos entre 55 a 85 DAA, especialmente o ácido hexanóico com 90,7% no 85° DAA e o éster hexanoato de etila apresentou 1%, no final do desenvolvimento com 85 DAA.