Orientador: José Roberto Sartori / Resumo: A utilização de produtos fitogênicos tem aumentado na avicultura industrial, buscando alternativas à utilização de antibióticos e, dentre os produtos utilizados, encontrase o óleo da semente de maracujá (OSM). Dessa forma, foram realizados três estudos com objetivo de avaliar comportamento, desempenho, saúde e qualidade de carne de frangos de corte alimentados com o OSM. Estudo I - foram utilizados 70 frangos de corte machos, Cobb, com 21 dias de idade, distribuídos em gaiolas de metabolismo, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos, sete repetições e cinco aves por unidade experimental. Para determinar a energia metabolizável do OSM foi utilizado o método de coleta total de excretas. Os tratamentos foram: ração referência e ração com 10% de substituição por OSM. A energia bruta do OSM foi de 9.837kcal e 9.378 kcal/kg de EMA. Estudo II - foram utilizados 1.680 frangos de corte, Cobb, machos, criados de 1 a 42 dias de idade em galpão climatizado com ventilação negativa, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com sete tratamentos: controle positivo e negativo (com e sem antibiótico, respectivamente) e cinco níveis de inclusão de OSM (0,10; 0,20; 0,30; 0,40 e 0,50%) com oito repetições. Não foi observada diferença para o desempenho das aves no período de 1 a 21 dias, já para o período de 1 a 42 dias houve melhora linear para conversão alimentar com a inclusão do OSM. Não foi encontrada diferença para rendimento de carcaça e cortes, foi... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

The prophylactic use of antibiotics is rapidly being phased out of poultry operations. Diseases such as coccidiosis are extremely costly, and typically prevented with coccidiostats and antibiotics. New regulation banning antibiotics is mandating a search for new alternatives, such as probiotics and phytogenic feed additives (PFAs). Two separate studies were performed to evaluate the performance and microbial profiles of commercial broilers fed either PFAs or Eimeria challenged broilers fed probiotics. During the probiotics study, 1056 day-old male Ross broiler chicks were assigned to one of 6 treatments, 8 replicates per treatment, with 22 birds per floor pen in a 2x3 factorial arrangement, with DFM mix and coccidiosis challenge being the main factors. Treatments included a non-infected control (NC), a non-infected low level DFM-fed group (DL), a non-infected high level DFM-fed group (DH), an infected control (PC), an infected low level DFM-fed group (DL+), and an infected high level DFM-fed group (DH+). Performance measurements were taken on d0, d7, d14, d21, and d28. Mucosal scrapings from the ileum were obtained on d7, d14, d21, and d28 to determine microbial profiles. On d15, birds in the three infected groups were challenged with a mixed inoculum containing Eimeria maxima, E. tenella, and E. acervulina. Lesion scores were assessed on d21. Body composition was analyzed via Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) on d28. Results indicated a trend (P < 0.1) toward improved D28 body composition, lower Clostridium in DFM-fed challenged broilers compared to PC, and higher Bacillus in DH compared to DH+. Results were not significant for BW, BWG, FI, or lesion scores. The second study evaluated the effects of PFA provided as a dietary supplement over a 6-week period on performance and immune responses in broilers. In total, 1056 day-old male chicks were randomly assigned to 8 replicate pens (22 birds/pen) with 6 treatments including a standard corn/wheat basal diet, a basal with antibiotics, and 4 various combinations of PFA (PHY 1, 2, 3, and 4). Performance was assessed on day 7 (D7), 14, 28, and 42. Starter diet was fed D0-14, grower D14-28, and finisher D28-42. Microbial profiling was assessed on D7, 14, and 42, and body composition measured on D42 using Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA). Results varied by week, but cumulatively, body weight gain (BWG) per bird was higher in PHY1 and 4, statistically similar to AGP and CTRL. With feed conversion ratio (FCR), PHY2 was higher than any other treatment between D0-42, while all other treatments were similar. PCR results were not statistically significant; however, DXA results indicated a higher lean to fat ratio in birds from PHY1-4 when compared to AGP, indicating an overall leaner bird in PHY treatments. The results of these studies suggest that diets supplemented with DFMs or PFAs result in improved broiler performance. / Master of Science / The prophylactic use of antibiotics is rapidly being phased out of poultry operations. Diseases such as coccidiosis are extremely costly, and typically prevented with coccidiostats and antibiotics. New regulation banning antibiotics is mandating a search for new alternatives, such as probiotics and phytogenic feed additives (PFAs). Two separate studies were performed to evaluate the performance and microbial profiles of commercial broilers fed either PFAs or Eimeria challenged broilers fed probiotics. During the probiotics study, 1056 day-old male Ross broiler chicks were assigned to one of 6 treatments, 8 replicates per treatment, with 22 birds per floor pen in a 2x3 factorial arrangement, with DFM mix and coccidiosis challenge being the main factors. Treatments included a non-infected control (NC), a non-infected low level DFM-fed group (DL), a non-infected high level DFM-fed group (DH), an infected control (PC), an infected low level DFM-fed group (DL+), and an infected high level DFM-fed group (DH+). Performance measurements were taken on d0, d7, d14, d21, and d28. Mucosal scrapings from the ileum were obtained on d7, d14, d21, and d28 to determine microbial profiles. On d15, birds in the three infected groups were challenged with a mixed inoculum containing Eimeria maxima, E. tenella, and E. acervulina. Lesion scores were assessed on d21. Body composition was analyzed via Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) on d28. Results indicated a trend (P < 0.1) toward improved D28 body composition, lower Clostridium in DFM-fed challenged broilers compared to PC, and higher Bacillus in DH compared to DH+. Results were not significant for BW, BWG, FI, or lesion scores. The second study evaluated the effects of PFA provided as a dietary supplement over a 6-week period on performance and immune responses in broilers. In total, 1056 day-old male chicks were randomly assigned to 8 replicate pens (22 birds/pen) with 6 treatments including a standard corn/wheat basal diet, a basal with antibiotics, and 4 various combinations of PFA (PHY 1, 2, 3, and 4). Performance was assessed on day 7 (D7), 14, 28, and 42. Starter diet was fed D0-14, grower D14-28, and finisher D28-42. Microbial profiling was assessed on D7, 14, and 42, and body composition measured on D42 using Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA). Results varied by week, but cumulatively, body weight gain (BWG) per bird was higher in PHY1 and 4, statistically similar to AGP and CTRL. With feed conversion ratio (FCR), PHY2 was higher than any other treatment between D0-42, while all other treatments were similar. PCR results were not statistically significant; however, DXA results indicated a higher lean to fat ratio in birds from PHY1-4 when compared to AGP, indicating an overall leaner bird in PHY treatments. The results of these studies suggest that diets supplemented with DFMs or PFAs result in improved broiler performance.

With increasing world population, the demand for fish is growing thus there is a need to identify products with potential to increase the efficiency of fish production. Phytogenics are among the products being investigated as potential naturally derived growth promoters. The aim of this study was to identify phytogenic compounds and doses with growth-promoting effects in Nile tilapia and investigate relevant pathways underlying their growth promotion effects. The phytogenic compounds limonene, carvacrol and thymol, major constituents of essential oils from the plants citrus, oregano and thyme, respectively, were evaluated. Six Trials (Trials I, II, III, IV, V and VI) were carried out using diets supplemented with varying concentrations of the phytogenic compounds. In Trials I, II and III (Chapter 3), the effects of either limonene (Trial I), carvacrol (Trial II) or thymol (Trial III) on growth performance of Nile tilapia were investigated (objective 1) and performance parameters including final fish weight, daily growth coefficient, growth rate per metabolic body weight, percentage (%) weight gain, % survival, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio were evaluated. Results from Trials I, II and III indicated that dietary supplementation of 400 and 500 ppm limonene and 750 ppm thymol had growth-promoting effects in Nile tilapia but the somatic growth was not associated with enhanced feed intake and feed utilisation efficiency. Trials IV and V (Chapter 4) investigated growth and nutritional physiology pathways in Nile tilapia regulated by individual phytogenic compounds (objective 2). This was accomplished by analysing the effects of limonene (Trial IV) and thymol (Trial V) supplemented diets on the expression of key genes participating in selected pathways of somatotropic axis-mediated growth, appetite regulation, nutrient digestion, absorption and transport, lipid metabolism, and antioxidant enzyme defence system. Limonene was supplemented in the diet at 0, 200, 400 and 600 ppm while thymol was supplemented at 0, 250 and 500 ppm. Trials IV and V found that growth-promoting effects of limonene (400 and 600 ppm) in Nile tilapia involved up-regulation of key genes within pathways including somatotropic axis-mediated growth, nutrient digestion, absorption and transport, lipid metabolism and antioxidant enzyme defence system. Dietary thymol at 250 and 500 ppm did not significantly enhance growth of Nile tilapia nor regulate the nutritional physiology pathways listed above. In Trial VI (Chapter 5), the effects of combined phytogenic compounds (limonene and thymol) on growth and nutritional physiology of Nile tilapia was tested (objective 3) to establish if the compounds had synergistic or additive effects on the growth of the fish as well as complementary effects on the selected nutritional physiology pathways. A candidate gene approach was also used for the selected pathways. Results from Trial VI showed that a diet supplemented with a combination of limonene (400 ppm) and thymol (500 ppm) has neither synergistic nor additive effects on the growth performance of Nile tilapia, with limonene mainly influencing the attained somatic growth. The analysed candidate genes involved in the pathways of nutrient digestion, absorption and transport, lipid metabolism, antioxidant enzymes and somatotropic axis growth also showed no synergistic or additive effects of a dietary combination of limonene and thymol in Nile tilapia. Overall, results from the study suggest approaches for developing functional diets for Nile tilapia using limonene and thymol growth promoters.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2018-10-01T20:16:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Aleane Francisca COrdeiro Barbosa - 2015.pdf: 1373807 bytes, checksum: 852f86f6142c6ac9c85c8ba972d4cfb5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-10-02T11:41:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Aleane Francisca COrdeiro Barbosa - 2015.pdf: 1373807 bytes, checksum: 852f86f6142c6ac9c85c8ba972d4cfb5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-02T11:41:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Aleane Francisca COrdeiro Barbosa - 2015.pdf: 1373807 bytes, checksum: 852f86f6142c6ac9c85c8ba972d4cfb5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-17 / The present study was performed to evaluate the supplementation of copaiba oleo resin or barbatimão extract in the diet of laying hens challenged with Escherichia coli. A total of 200 Isa Brown laying hens (64-76 weeks old) were used, and all the birds were intravaginally inoculated with 0.5 mL of 0.85% sterile saline solution containing 8.8 x 109 CFU / mL of Escherichia coli. It was adopted the randomized complete block design (birds weight used as block criteria), with four treatments and five replicates of 10 birds. The treatments consisted of: basal diet without additives (control); basal diet + 30 mg / kg of antibiotic (halquinol); basal diet + 30 mg / kg of copaiba oleo resin and basal diet + 40 mg / kg barbatimão extract. The experiment lasted three periods of 28 days. At the end of each period, the performance and the external and internal egg quality were evaluated as the search for the presence of Escherichia coli in eggs; and at the end of the total period, the search for Escherichia coli in ovarian follicles and oviduct. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means, when necessary, were compared by Tukey test (5%). For the Escherichia coli searching in eggs, follicles and oviduct, it was applied descriptive analysis (absolute and relative frequency). The inclusion of 40 mg / kg diet of barbatimão extract lead to worse feed conversion than the control treatment and decreased egg production compared to antibiotic treatment. The addition of 30 mg / kg diet of copaiba oleo resin did not influence the hens performance. The use of barbatimão extract lead to production of heavier eggs, and worse shell thickness and internal quality (UH) when compared to antibiotic treatment. Egg weight, the albumen percentage and the yolk index in the treatment with copaiba oleo resin were better than those of antibiotic treatment. However, the inclusion of copaiba oleo resin resulted in a lower yolk percentage when compared to antibiotic treatment. There was a lower frequency of isolation of Escherichia coli in intra-vaginal swabs samples from treatment with copaiba. The inclusion of barbatimão or copaiba provided lower frequency of isolation of E. coli in ovarian follicles in relation to antibiotic treatment. There was a lower frequency of isolation of E. coli in the oviduct with the addition of barbatimão extract when compared to antibiotic treatment. The treatment with copaiba oleo resin showed higher frequency of isolation of E. coli in the oviduct than the other treatments. The use of copaiba oleo resin or barbatimão extract resulted in lower frequency of isolation of Escherichia coli in the shell, albumen and yolk samples, in relation to antibiotic treatment. The inclusion of copaiba oleo resin may be an alternative to antibiotics in laying hens commercial diets. / A realização do presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da suplementação de óleoresina de copaíba ou extrato de Barbatimão na ração de poedeiras comerciais desafiadas com Escherichia coli. Foram utilizadas 200 poedeiras comerciais da linhagem Isa Brow (64 a 76 semanas de idade) sendo todas as aves inoculadas via intravaginal (0,5 mL de solução salina esterilizada a 0,85% contendo 8,8 x 109UFC/mL de Escherichia coli), alojadas em gaiolas e distribuídas em delineamento em blocos ao acaso (sendo o peso das aves blocado), com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições de 10 aves. Os tratamentos foram: aves desafiadas recebendo: A – ração basal sem aditivos; B – ração basal + 30 mg/kg de antibiótico (halquinol); C – ração basal + 30 mg/kg de óleo-resina de copaíba; D – ração basal + 40 mg/kg de barbatimão. O experimento teve duração de três períodos de 28 dias. Ao final de cada período foi avaliado desempenho, qualidade externa e interna de ovos e pesquisa de Escherichia coli em ovos, e ao final do último período foi realizado pesquisa de Escherichia coli em folículos ovarianos e oviduto, e biometria de ovário e oviduto. Os dados de desempenho, qualidade externa e interna de ovos e biometria, foram submetidos a análise de variância e as médias, quando necessário, comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (5%). Para a pesquisa de Escherichia coli em ovos, folículos e oviduto foi aplicada análise descritiva (frequência absoluta e relativa). A inclusão de 40 mg/kg de ração, do extrato de barbatimão proporcionou pior conversão alimentar em relação ao tratamento controle e prejudicou a produção de ovos em relação ao tratamento com antibiótico. A adição de 30 mg/kg de ração, do óleo-resina de copaíba não influenciou no desempenho produtivo. A utilização do extrato de barbatimão proporcionou ovos mais pesados e pior espessura de casca e qualidade interna (UH) em relação ao tratamento com antibiótico. O peso do ovo, a porcentagem de albúmen e o índice de gema do tratamento com óleo-resina de copaíba se apresentaram melhores que o tratamento com antibiótico. No entanto a inclusão do óleo-resina de copaíba resultou em porcentagem de gema inferior em relação ao tratamento com antibiótico. Houve menor frequência de isolamento de Escherichia coli em amostras de suabes intravaginal do tratamento com copaíba. A inclusão do barbatimão ou da copaíba proporcionou menor frequência de isolamento de E. coli nos folículos ovarianos em relação ao tratamento com antibiótico. Houve menor frequência de isolamento de E. coli no oviduto com a adição do extrato de barbatimão em relação ao tratamento com antibiótico. Já o tratamento com óleoresina de copaíba apresentou maior frequência de isolamento de E. coli no oviduto que os demais tratamentos. A utilização do óleo-resina de copaíba ou extrato de barbatimão resultou em menor frequência de isolamento de Escherichia coli nas amostras de casca, albúmen e gema que o tratamento com antibiótico. Rações contendo óleo-resina de copaíba ou barbatimão promoveram peso de ovário semelhante ao tratamento com antibiótico. O peso do oviduto do tratamento com copaíba foi superior ao tratamento com antibiótico. A inclusão de óleo-resina de copaíba ou extrato de -barbatimão pode ser alternativa ao uso de antibióticos melhoradores de desempenho em dietas de poedeiras comercias.