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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Using Phytolith Assemblages to Detect a Pastoral Landscape in Neolithic Wādī Sanā, Yemen

Buffington, Abigail Francesca January 2019 (has links)
No description available.
22

Dark Earth plant management in the Lower Tapajos

Alves, Daiana Travassos January 2017 (has links)
The highly fertile Amazonian Dark Earths (ADE) results from landscape transformations found in association with archaeological sites throughout Amazonia. In the Lower Tapajos region, ADEs are found in ancient Tapajó settlements dated to the Late Pre-Columbian period (AD 1000-1600). This research focuses on plant management associated with the regional formation of ADE. Three ADE sites are analysed for microbotanical remains. Phytolith and microcharcoal (< 125μm) from test pits and excavation profiles reveal diverse plant-use including food and non-food plants. Geochemical data indicated a variety of formations processes intra-site. The inter-site comparison indicated a gradiente of vegetation change related with the formation of ADEs. Aditionally, small changes folloed the adoption of cultigens together with ADE formation. These data suggest the practice of polyculture agroforestry in the investigated sites.
23

Pedogênese e indicadores pedoarqueológicos em terra preta de índio no município de Iranduba - AM / Pedogenesis and indicators pedoarchaeological of Indigenous Dark Earth in Iranduba city - AM

Rodrigo Santana Macedo 11 February 2014 (has links)
Uma evidência contundente da ocupação pré-histórica na Amazônia são os solos de cor escura com material arqueológico, conhecidos regionalmente como Terra Preta de Índio (TPI). Apesar de amplamente estudados, alguns de seus atributos permanecem ainda pouco conhecidos, especialmente os micromorfológicos, mineralógicos e geoquímicos. Esses estudos podem identificar os processos envolvidos na gênese e evolução desses solos, e quando empregados em conjunto com estudos fitolíticos, podem auxiliar na elucidação das suas formas de uso pretéritas. O objetivo desse estudo foi obter uma aproximação da hierarquia dos processos envolvidos na gênese desses solos e as suas prováveis formas de uso em tempos pré-colombianos. A pesquisa foi conduzida no Campo Experimental do Caldeirão, Iranduba - AM. Foram estudados dois perfis com TPI (P1 e P2) e um solo adjacente com horizonte A moderado (P3). Em cada horizonte foram coletadas amostras deformadas para análises físico-químicas, mineralógicas e geoquímicas e a cada 5 cm de profundidade para análise fitolítica e isotópica. Lâminas delgadas de amostras indeformadas de horizontes selecionados foram confeccionadas e descritas em sua micromorfologia, com posterior exame em microscópio eletrônico de varredura com microanálise química. A idade dos solos foi estabelecida com base em datações 14C de carvões. A microestrutura granular das TPI é de origem zoogenética e geoquímica. A gênese dos horizontes antrópicos envolveu: i) a ação do homem descartando e queimando resíduos (antropização); ii) espessamento do horizonte A e escurecimento dos horizontes subsuperficiais por bioturbação (cumulização e melanização); iii) dispersão e translocação de colóides (argiluviação); iv) condições pedoambientais diferentes das atuais (pedorrelíquia - nódulos ferruginosos). Revestimentos de argila com extinção forte, contínua e estriada nas cerâmicas indica que o processo de argiluviação é atual. O processo de elutriação predomina no solo não antrópico. A degradação dos nódulos de ferro na TPI favorece a xantização e atua como fonte de argila (pedoplasmação). Arecaceae e Cyperaceae são mais abundantes nos horizontes antrópicos, notadamente nos níveis com maior quantidade de cerâmica. A ausência de fitólitos de plantas domesticadas indica que a formação das TPI não está relacionada com práticas agrícolas. As evidências fitolíticas demonstram que as atividades antrópicas ocorreram de forma mais intensa no P1. A rápida ciclagem de silício, evidenciada pela presença de fitólitos com silicificação incompleta, favorece a estabilidade da mineralogia caulínitica. VHE, ilita e variscita-estrengita ocorrem somente nos perfis com TPI. P2O5-CaO-K2O-NaO-Cs-Co-Zn-Cu-Ba-Rb-Ni representa a assinatura geoquímica das TPI. A presença de variscita-estrengita, tridimita e maghemita nas TPI, notadamente nas cerâmicas, confirma a formação de minerais em decorrência das práticas antrópicas. As cerâmicas apresentam predominantemente cauixi (Tubella reticulata e Parnula betesil) e cariapé (Licania utilis). A presença comum de micas primárias nesses artefatos sugere material alóctone em seu fabrico. As TPI resultam da adição de artefatos arqueológicos e melanização de horizontes pedogenéticos não antropizados. Tais atividades enriqueceram em nutrientes e alteraram a assinatura geoquímica do solo, assim como promoveram a formação de minerais. Essa antropização acelerou os processos de argiluviação e de degradação de petroplintitas. No decorrer de sua evolução, foram utilizados e adicionados resíduos de plantas, destacadamente de palmeiras e Cyperaceae. / A remarkable evidence of human occupation in Amazonian region is the existence of soils with dark colors and presence of ceramic materials, known as Indigenous Dark Earth (IDE). Despite of widely studied some of their features are still poorly understood, mainly that related to micromorphology, mineralogy and geochemical aspects. Such approach, in combination to phytolytic studies, is able to identify soil genesis processes and unravel the comprehension of occupation mechanisms of human. The aim of this study was to establish the hierarchy of these processes and their association with ancient activities of pre-Columbian populations. The research was carried out in the experimental site of Caldeirão, Iranduba city (Amazon state, Brazil). Two pedons containing surface anthropogenic horizons (P1 and P2) were directly compared to a non-anthropogenic soil (P3). In each soil horizon disturbed soil samples were sampled in order to perform physical, chemical, mineralogical and geochemical analyses. For phytolitic analyses samples were taken each 5 cm of depth. Micromorphological samples were studied in thin sections in the optical microscope and further analyzed in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The chronology was accomplished after 14C dating. The microaggregates in anthropogenic horizon are related to geochemical and biological processes. The genesis of IDE implicates in the following mechanisms: i) disposal and burning of residues by humans (anthropization); ii) deepening A horizons and darkening subsurface horizons by bioturbation (cumulization and melanization processes); iii) dispersion and migration of colloidal particles leading to argiluviation process; iv) different condictions of environment that not occur nowdays (pedorelict - ferruginous nodules). Clay coatings with extinction bands and continuous orientation in the ceramic artifacts suggest a current argiluviation process. The degradation of Fe nodules enhances the xantization process also providing clay (source of clay). The prevalent soil genesis in non-anthropic soil is the elutriation. The degradation of Fe nodules in the IDE enhances the xantization process also providing clay (pedoplasmation). The number of phytoliths of Arecaceae and Cyperaceae is higher in IDE than non-IDE, mainly in the horizons with more ceramics. The phytolitic evidence demonstrate that activities anthropic was more intense in the P1. The rapid Si cycling, highlighted by the presence of phytoliths without complete silicification, contribute to stability of kaolinitic mineralogy. HIV, illite and variscite-strengite are constrained to IDE pedons. P2O5-CaO-K2O-NaO-Cs-Co-Zn-Cu-Ba-Rb-Ni represents the geochemical signature of IDE. The presence of maghemite, variscite-strengite and tridimite strengthen a mineral forming process linked to human activity. In ceramic materials there is a prevalence of phytoliths from cauixi (Tubella reticulata and Parnula betesil) and cariapé (Licania utilis). The presence of mica suggests an alloctone material for their manufacturing. Hence the anthropic horizons result from the addition of archeological artifacts and melanization of non-anthropic horizons. These activities chemically enriched and modify the geochemical signature of soil, as soon as promoted formation of minerals. The anthropic activities conducted the argiluviation and degradation of Fe nodules. During their evolution there was a clear addition of plant residues, notably related to palm trees and Cyperaceae species.
24

Pedogênese e indicadores pedoarqueológicos em terra preta de índio no município de Iranduba - AM / Pedogenesis and indicators pedoarchaeological of Indigenous Dark Earth in Iranduba city - AM

Macedo, Rodrigo Santana 11 February 2014 (has links)
Uma evidência contundente da ocupação pré-histórica na Amazônia são os solos de cor escura com material arqueológico, conhecidos regionalmente como Terra Preta de Índio (TPI). Apesar de amplamente estudados, alguns de seus atributos permanecem ainda pouco conhecidos, especialmente os micromorfológicos, mineralógicos e geoquímicos. Esses estudos podem identificar os processos envolvidos na gênese e evolução desses solos, e quando empregados em conjunto com estudos fitolíticos, podem auxiliar na elucidação das suas formas de uso pretéritas. O objetivo desse estudo foi obter uma aproximação da hierarquia dos processos envolvidos na gênese desses solos e as suas prováveis formas de uso em tempos pré-colombianos. A pesquisa foi conduzida no Campo Experimental do Caldeirão, Iranduba - AM. Foram estudados dois perfis com TPI (P1 e P2) e um solo adjacente com horizonte A moderado (P3). Em cada horizonte foram coletadas amostras deformadas para análises físico-químicas, mineralógicas e geoquímicas e a cada 5 cm de profundidade para análise fitolítica e isotópica. Lâminas delgadas de amostras indeformadas de horizontes selecionados foram confeccionadas e descritas em sua micromorfologia, com posterior exame em microscópio eletrônico de varredura com microanálise química. A idade dos solos foi estabelecida com base em datações 14C de carvões. A microestrutura granular das TPI é de origem zoogenética e geoquímica. A gênese dos horizontes antrópicos envolveu: i) a ação do homem descartando e queimando resíduos (antropização); ii) espessamento do horizonte A e escurecimento dos horizontes subsuperficiais por bioturbação (cumulização e melanização); iii) dispersão e translocação de colóides (argiluviação); iv) condições pedoambientais diferentes das atuais (pedorrelíquia - nódulos ferruginosos). Revestimentos de argila com extinção forte, contínua e estriada nas cerâmicas indica que o processo de argiluviação é atual. O processo de elutriação predomina no solo não antrópico. A degradação dos nódulos de ferro na TPI favorece a xantização e atua como fonte de argila (pedoplasmação). Arecaceae e Cyperaceae são mais abundantes nos horizontes antrópicos, notadamente nos níveis com maior quantidade de cerâmica. A ausência de fitólitos de plantas domesticadas indica que a formação das TPI não está relacionada com práticas agrícolas. As evidências fitolíticas demonstram que as atividades antrópicas ocorreram de forma mais intensa no P1. A rápida ciclagem de silício, evidenciada pela presença de fitólitos com silicificação incompleta, favorece a estabilidade da mineralogia caulínitica. VHE, ilita e variscita-estrengita ocorrem somente nos perfis com TPI. P2O5-CaO-K2O-NaO-Cs-Co-Zn-Cu-Ba-Rb-Ni representa a assinatura geoquímica das TPI. A presença de variscita-estrengita, tridimita e maghemita nas TPI, notadamente nas cerâmicas, confirma a formação de minerais em decorrência das práticas antrópicas. As cerâmicas apresentam predominantemente cauixi (Tubella reticulata e Parnula betesil) e cariapé (Licania utilis). A presença comum de micas primárias nesses artefatos sugere material alóctone em seu fabrico. As TPI resultam da adição de artefatos arqueológicos e melanização de horizontes pedogenéticos não antropizados. Tais atividades enriqueceram em nutrientes e alteraram a assinatura geoquímica do solo, assim como promoveram a formação de minerais. Essa antropização acelerou os processos de argiluviação e de degradação de petroplintitas. No decorrer de sua evolução, foram utilizados e adicionados resíduos de plantas, destacadamente de palmeiras e Cyperaceae. / A remarkable evidence of human occupation in Amazonian region is the existence of soils with dark colors and presence of ceramic materials, known as Indigenous Dark Earth (IDE). Despite of widely studied some of their features are still poorly understood, mainly that related to micromorphology, mineralogy and geochemical aspects. Such approach, in combination to phytolytic studies, is able to identify soil genesis processes and unravel the comprehension of occupation mechanisms of human. The aim of this study was to establish the hierarchy of these processes and their association with ancient activities of pre-Columbian populations. The research was carried out in the experimental site of Caldeirão, Iranduba city (Amazon state, Brazil). Two pedons containing surface anthropogenic horizons (P1 and P2) were directly compared to a non-anthropogenic soil (P3). In each soil horizon disturbed soil samples were sampled in order to perform physical, chemical, mineralogical and geochemical analyses. For phytolitic analyses samples were taken each 5 cm of depth. Micromorphological samples were studied in thin sections in the optical microscope and further analyzed in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The chronology was accomplished after 14C dating. The microaggregates in anthropogenic horizon are related to geochemical and biological processes. The genesis of IDE implicates in the following mechanisms: i) disposal and burning of residues by humans (anthropization); ii) deepening A horizons and darkening subsurface horizons by bioturbation (cumulization and melanization processes); iii) dispersion and migration of colloidal particles leading to argiluviation process; iv) different condictions of environment that not occur nowdays (pedorelict - ferruginous nodules). Clay coatings with extinction bands and continuous orientation in the ceramic artifacts suggest a current argiluviation process. The degradation of Fe nodules enhances the xantization process also providing clay (source of clay). The prevalent soil genesis in non-anthropic soil is the elutriation. The degradation of Fe nodules in the IDE enhances the xantization process also providing clay (pedoplasmation). The number of phytoliths of Arecaceae and Cyperaceae is higher in IDE than non-IDE, mainly in the horizons with more ceramics. The phytolitic evidence demonstrate that activities anthropic was more intense in the P1. The rapid Si cycling, highlighted by the presence of phytoliths without complete silicification, contribute to stability of kaolinitic mineralogy. HIV, illite and variscite-strengite are constrained to IDE pedons. P2O5-CaO-K2O-NaO-Cs-Co-Zn-Cu-Ba-Rb-Ni represents the geochemical signature of IDE. The presence of maghemite, variscite-strengite and tridimite strengthen a mineral forming process linked to human activity. In ceramic materials there is a prevalence of phytoliths from cauixi (Tubella reticulata and Parnula betesil) and cariapé (Licania utilis). The presence of mica suggests an alloctone material for their manufacturing. Hence the anthropic horizons result from the addition of archeological artifacts and melanization of non-anthropic horizons. These activities chemically enriched and modify the geochemical signature of soil, as soon as promoted formation of minerals. The anthropic activities conducted the argiluviation and degradation of Fe nodules. During their evolution there was a clear addition of plant residues, notably related to palm trees and Cyperaceae species.
25

Laying the Foundation for a Fremont Phytolith Typology Using Select Plant Species Native to Utah County

Pearce, Madison Natasha 01 December 2017 (has links)
Archaeobotanical evidences for the presence of wild plants at Fremont archaeological sites are numerous. However, little can be positively argued for why those plants are present, if they were used by site inhabitants, and how they were used. Additionally, there are likely several wild plants that were used but that do not appear in the archaeobotanical record as pollen or macrobotanicals, the two most commonly identified plant remains. I argue that it is possible to provide better interpretations for how and why the Fremont used plants by researching how their historic counterparts, the Goshute, Shoshone, Ute, and Southern Paiute, used the same plants that are identified at prehistoric sites. I further argue that a phytolith typology for Fremont archaeology can provide more insight into prehistoric plant use. I demonstrate its utility through a phytolith analysis of ground stone tools from Wolf Village, a Fremont site in Utah County.
26

Palynology, phytoliths, diatoms and wood in the West Mouth: stratigraphic and taphonomic studies of Late Quaternary vegetation history

Hunt, C., Kealhofer, L., Premathilake, R., Rushworth, Garry, Gilbertson, D., Jones, S., Thompson, Gill B. January 2016 (has links)
No
27

Vibrational spectroscopy as a tool to understand plant silicification

Rodriguez Zancajo, Victor Manuel 28 October 2021 (has links)
Die Ablagerung von Siliziumdioxid ist ein verbreitetes Phänomen, das mit der Toleranz von Pflanzen gegenüber Belastungen korreliert. Die Pflanzen akkumulieren das amorphe Siliziumdioxid in mikroskopischen Partikeln, den Phytolithen, jedoch ist der exakte Mechanismus nicht vollständig aufgeklärt. Um ein besseres Verständnis über die Ablagerung von Siliziumdioxid zu erlangen, wurden verschiedene spektroskopische Techniken an Sorghumblättern und molekularen Modellen angewandt. Festkörper Kernspinresonanz und thermogravimetrische Analysen zeigen, dass die Siliziumdioxidstruktur von der Phytolithe-Extraktion abhängt. Basierend auf Raman- und IR-Daten einzelner Phytolithe lassen sich die Änderungen dieser Strukturen ermitteln. Das deutet auf unterschiedliche biologische Prozesse der Ablagerung des Siliciumdioxids hin. Die Pflanzengewebe in denen Siliciumdioxid abgelagert ist, wurden mit einem multimodalen Ansatz charakterisiert, welcher Fluoreszenz-, Hellfeld- und Rasterelektronenmikroskopie beinhaltet. Die chemische Zusammensetzung der Pflanzengewebe wurden mit Raman- und FTIR-Mikrospektroskopie kartiert. Ein neuartiger Ansatz zur Untersuchung von Pflanzengeweben wurde verwendet, basierend auf der optischen Nahfeldmikroskopie im mittleren IR-Bereich. Dieser ermöglicht eine kombinierte Analyse von mechanischen Materialeigenschaften sowie der chemischen Zusammensetzung und Struktur. Um die Rolle der organischen Matrix zu verstehen, wurden Modellverbindungen betrachtet, die die Ablagerung von Kieselsäure in den Pflanzen induzieren können. In-vitro-Reaktionen konnten eine gleichzeitige Präzipitation von Lignin und Siliciumdioxid sowie eine Polymerisation zusammen mit Peptiden simulieren. Die Ergebnisse lassen starke Wechselwirkungen zwischen diesen Verbindungen vermuten. Neben einem besseren Verständnis verschiedener Aspekte der Silifizierung von Pflanzen werden in dieser Arbeit neue Methoden zur Charakterisierung von Pflanzenproben vorgeschlagen. / Silica deposition is a common phenomenon that correlates with plant tolerance to various stresses. Plants accumulate amorphous silica in microscopic particles termed phytoliths, through yet unclear mechanisms. With the aim to gain better understanding of the processes that govern silica deposition, different vibrational techniques were used on sorghum leaves and molecular models to obtain chemical and structural information addressing different length scales. Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and thermogravimetric analysis showed that phytolith extraction methods affect silica structure. Nevertheless, Raman and IR analysis of individual phytoliths revealed differences in the structure and composition between phytolith types, suggesting the existence of different biological pathways for silica deposition. The environment of sorghum tissues where silica is deposited was assessed using a multimodal approach consisting of fluorescence, brightfield and scanning electron microscopies, while chemical composition was mapped using Raman and Fourier transformed Infrared microspectroscopy. Scattering-type near-field optical microscopy in the mid-infrared region was used to characterize the plant tissues, in both fixed and native plant samples. The nano-IR images and the mechanical phase image enabled a combined probing of mechanical material properties together with the chemical composition and structure of both the cell walls and the phytolith structures. In vitro reactions simulating lignin-silica co-precipitation and silica polymerization with peptides revealed strong interaction between these compounds and silica, and their possible involvement in silica deposition in the plant. This thesis provides a better understanding of the chemical process that control plant silicification, suggests new methodologies to characterize plant samples, and evaluates the current methods used in plant science.
28

Caracterização paleoclimática do quaternário tardio em áreas planálticas do Estado do Paraná

Silva, Deyvis Willian da 14 September 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-11-14T19:00:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Deyvis Willian.pdf: 3401576 bytes, checksum: a6d75e7142dc9d25810cea59f381554b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-14T19:00:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Deyvis Willian.pdf: 3401576 bytes, checksum: a6d75e7142dc9d25810cea59f381554b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-14 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo em escala de detalhe regional para a compreensão das configurações paleoambientais do Quaternário em três regiões planálticas do estado do Paraná, sul do Brasil (Ponta Grossa, Guarapuava e Palmas). Para tanto utilizou-se como principal objeto de análise assembleias fitolíticas, aliados a dados isotópicos da matéria orgânica do solo e datações 14C, extraídos de testemunhos de Organossolo em altitudes que variaram de 850 a 1.280 metros. Para o reverso da Escarpa Devoniana, em Ponta Grossa, os resultados sugerem que desde 34.550 anos cal. AP até 11.000 anos cal. AP vigorou na região um clima mais frio e seco que o atual, dominado por vegetação campestre. Diferentemente, na Serra da Esperança, em Guarapuava, no período entre 13.660 e 10.000 anos AP, apesar do clima mais frio que o atual, havia umidade suficiente para que vegetação do tipo florestal predominasse. Para ambos os locais, no entanto, o intervalo entre 10-11.000 e 5-6.000 anos AP é marcado por um ambiente de maior aridez, ocupado por um mosaico floresta/campo com prevalência campestre. A partir de 6.000 anos AP inicia-se uma mudança significativa no sentido de um clima mais quente e úmido. Mas, enquanto na Escarpa Devoniana a vegetação assume configuração semelhante a atual, propícia a formação de um mosaico campo/floresta, na Serra da Esperança a vegetação tende a ser bem mais fechada, num mosaico floresta/campo. O testemunho de Palmas abrange apenas os últimos 4.920 anos cal. AP e sugere o estabelecimento de um ambiente característico de mosaico campo/floresta, gradativamente mais aberto. A partir dos últimos 1.500 anos AP, mudanças na configuração de gramíneas sugerem um ambiente mais úmido, sob condições climáticas mais próximas às atuais, uma típica paisagem de campo entremeada por agrupamentos florestais. Os dados apontam possíveis variações na intensidade de mudanças climáticas no Pleistoceno Tardio em função de diferenças no relevo planáltico e sua capacidade de interferência microclimática. / This paper presents a study on a detailed regional scale for understanding the Quaternary paleoenvironmental settings in the Paraná Highlands, Southern Brazil (Ponta Grossa, Guarapuava, and Palmas. The main object of analysis was phytolitc assemblies, combined with isotopic data of soil organic matter and carbon-14 dating, sampled from peat testimonies at altitudes that ranged from 850 to 1,280 m. For the reverse of the Escarpa Devoniana, in Ponta Grossa, the results suggest that since 34,550 yrs. cal BP up to 11,000 yrs. cal BP the region had a colder and dryer climate than the current one, dominated by grassland. In contrast, in Serra da Esperança, in Guarapuava, in the period between 13,660 yrs. cal BP up to 10,000 yrs. cal BP despite the colder climate than the current, there was enough moisture for a kind of forest predominance. For both locations, however, the interval between 10-and 56,000 yrs. 11,000 BP is marked by greater aridity, occupied by a mosaic forest/field with prevalence of grasses. From 6,000 yrs. BP, it begins a significant shift towards a warmer moister climate. Nevertheless, while in the Escarpa Devoniana vegetation takes similar configuration to the current one, favorable to a mosaic field/forest, in Serra da Esperança the vegetation tends to be much more closed, as a mosaic forest/field. The Palmas testimony only comprises the last years 4,920 yrs. cal BP and suggests the establishment of an environment of mosaic field/forest, gradually more open. From the past 1,500 yrs., changes in grassland configuration suggest a moister environment under climatic conditions closer to the present, a typical grassland landscape with forest patches. The data indicate possible variations in the intensity of climate change in the Late Pleistocene due to differences in the Highlands’ relief and its capacity of microclimatic interference.
29

Microvestígios botânicos em artefatos líticos do sítio Lapa do Santo (Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais) / Botanical microremains in lithic artifacts from the site of Lapa do Santo (LAGOA Santa, Minas Gerais)

Ortega, Daniela Dias 25 June 2019 (has links)
A região cárstica de Lagoa Santa (Minas Gerais) contém dezenas de sítios arqueológicos, cujos mais antigos datam do Holoceno Inicial (período entre 10.000 e 7000 anos A.P.), com coleções numerosas de remanescentes esqueletais humanos bem preservados. O sítio em abrigo Lapa do Santo, localizado ao norte do carste, contém mais de 30 sepultamentos humanos escavados, tendo sido identificadas práticas funerárias complexas que incluem o descarnamento, a decapitação e a remoção intencional de dentes. A matriz sedimentar que contém os vestígios é constituída de cinzas de antigas estruturas de combustão, acesas em um período de 3000 anos. Muitos artefatos líticos foram escavados no sítio, a maioria com pequenas dimensões (comprimento com cerca de 22 mm). Os líticos do sítio são lascas (raramente retocadas), núcleos e resíduos de lascamento, grande parte produzidos com cristais de quartzo hialino. Estudos tecnológicos e experimentais prévios sugerem que os líticos seriam usados para cortar e raspar materiais pequenos e macios, como plantas. Nesta pesquisa, para verificar o uso dos líticos da Lapa do Santo para o processamento de plantas, foram realizadas análises de microvestígios botânicos (fitólitos e amido) recuperados em 20 líticos do sítio. Esses artefatos foram recuperados de três unidades de escavação diferentes e do contexto de um sepultamento, seguindo um protocolo específico para evitar a contaminação durante a coleta. Amostras de sedimento do sítio também foram analisadas para verificar a possível contaminação dos microvestígios retidos nos líticos com os microvestígios presentes no sedimento. As análises revelaram fitólitos nos líticos (n = 19) e no sedimento (em todas as amostras), assim como amido na maioria dos líticos (n = 16) e em uma única amostra de sedimento. Os morfotipos de fitólitos identificados são diagnósticos dos seguintes táxons de plantas: Aristidoideae, Bambusoideae, Chloridoideae, Arecaceae (palmeiras), Poaceae (gramíneas) incluindo Panicoideae e, dentre essas, Zea mays (milho), Cyperaceae, inclusive Cyperus/Kyllinga sp; Zingiberales e Eudicotiledôneas (arbóreas). Os grãos de amido identificados apresentam semelhanças, embora nem sempre totalmente, com aqueles pertencentes aos táxons: Araceae (taioba), Arecaceae, Poaceae incluindo gramíneas selvagens e Zea mays; Ipomoea batatas (batata-doce), Capsicum sp. (pimenta e pimentão) e Dioscorea sp. (cará). Os resultados indicam que os instrumentos foram usados para processar plantas amiláceas cruas. Na quadra N23 quase todos os fitólitos que estão presentes nos líticos estão presentes também no sedimento (com exceção de Cyperaceae, presentes nos líticos, mas não no sedimento). Isso sugere uma possível contaminação dos líticos com os fitólitos do sedimento. Na quadra P11 há fitólitos de dois táxons de plantas (Aristidoideae e Zingiberales) nos líticos que não estão presentes no sedimento. Na quadra AE1 há fitólitos de quatro táxons de plantas (Bambusoideae, Chloridoideae, Cyperus/Kyllinga sp. e Zingiberales) nos líticos, que não estão presentes no sedimento ao redor. A presença exclusiva desses fitólitos nos líticos das quadras P11 e AE1, mas não no sedimento, indica que tais plantas foram, de fato, processadas com os artefatos. / The karstic region of Lagoa Santa (Minas Gerais state) contains several archaeological sites dating back to the early Holocene with an astonishing number of well-preserved human remains. The Lapa do Santo rockshelter site, in the northern part of the karst, contains more than 30 human interments in which complex funerary rituals were identified, including defleshing, decapitation and intentional teeth removal. The sedimentary matrix containing the skeletal remains is mostly made of ashes from ancient combustion structures, lit within a period of about 3000 years. Several lithic artifacts have been recovered from the site, most of them of small dimensions (length around 22 mm). Lithics are mostly flakes (rarely retouched), cores and splinters made from single crystals of hyaline quartz. Previous technological research suggests that lithic artifacts were used to cut and scrape small and soft materials, like plants. To verify whether the lithics from Lapa do Santo were indeed used to process plant resources, analyses of plant microremains (phytoliths and starch) were undertaken in 20 artifacts from the site. The artifacts were recovered from three different excavation units (1 m x 1 m) and one interment, following a specific protocol to prevent contamination during collection. Sediment samples from the site were also analyzed in order to differentiate between microremains retained in the lithics after their use or incorporated later from the surrounding sediments. The analyses revealed a larger amount of phytoliths in the lithics (19 of them) and sediment (all samples) and starch in most of the artifacts (16 of them) and in one sediment sample. The identified phytolith morphotypes are diagnostic of the following plant taxa: Aristidoideae, Bambusoideae, Chloridoideae, Arecaceae, Poaceae, including Panicoideae and among these, Zea mays (corn), Cyperaceae, including Cyperus/Kyllinga sp; Zingiberales and Eudicots. The starch grains show resemblances (even though not completely sometimes) to those belonging to: Araceae, Arecaceae, Poaceae, including wild grasses and Zea mays, Ipomoea batatas, Capsicum sp. and Dioscorea sp. The results indicate that the instruments were used to process raw (non cooked) starchy plants. Almost every phytolith from the N23 excavation unit that are present in lithics, are also present in the sediment from this unit (except the ones of Cyperaceae, present in lithic but not in the sediment), which strongly suggest contamination of the lithics with the phytoliths and starch from the sediment. From the P11 excavation unit there are phytolithis of two plant taxa (Aristidoideae and Zingiberales) in the lithics that are not present in the sediment. From the AE1 excavation unit there are phytoliths from four plant taxa (Bambusoideae, Chloridoideae, Cyperus/Kyllinga sp. and Zingiberales) in the lithics that are not present in the sediment. This suggests that the phytoliths in these artifacts may have been originated by their use and not by contamination with the sediment.
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Combining Environmental History and Soil Phytolith Analysis at the City of Rocks National Reserve: Developing New Methods in Historical Ecology

Morris, Lesley 01 December 2008 (has links)
Historical ecology is an emerging and interdisciplinary field that seeks to explain the changes in ecosystems over time through a synthesis of information derived from human records and biological data. The methods in historical ecology cover a wide range of temporal and spatial scales. However, methods for the more recent past (about 200 years) are largely limited to the human archive and dendrochronological evidence which can be subject to human bias, limited in spatial extent or not appropriate for non-forested systems. There is a need to explore new methods by which biological data can be used to understand historic vegetation and disturbance regimes over the recent past especially in arid ecosystem types. Soil phytolith analysis has the potential to provide much needed information regarding historical conditions in both areas. Phytoliths are structures formed in plants through deposition and accumulation of silica within and around cell walls that are released from plants and preserved in sediments long after death and decay of plant material. The City of Rocks National Reserve in southern Idaho was an excellent place to develop new methods in historical ecology because the human records of historic environmental conditions were so rich. There were two overarching and interconnected objectives for this dissertation research. The first was to reconstruct an ecological history of the City of Rocks National Reserve from the period of overland emigration to present. The second objective was to explore the utility of soil phytolith analysis for inferring vegetation and disturbance regime change over the recent past by testing its sensitivity to record known changes. I employed modern analogue studies, a multi-core approach and detailed core analysis to test for known changes through analysis of extraction weights, relative abundance of phytolith assemblages, microscopic charcoal and burned (darkened) phytoliths. My results showed that this combination of history and soil phytolith analysis would be a useful approach for inferring vegetation changes (e.g. increases in introduced grasses) and disturbances (e.g. fire) in ecological histories.

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