Increased consumption combined with increasing risk to foodborne illnesses makes it necessary to identify potential sources of contamination in the food chain and apply intervention processes that prevent/minimize the risk of contamination. The current study investigated the effect of the decontamination treatments with chlorine and lactic acid on the survival of Salmonella on the rind and stem scar portions of inoculated mangoes. The presence of the pathogen in the treatment water, internalization and the effect of the treatments on the quality of the fruit were also determined. For scar (hydrothermal), a 3.0 log reduction was obtained for control and additional reductions of approximately 2.2 and 1.3 log cycles were obtained with lactic acid and chlorine respectively. Data indicates reduction in pathogen population in cooling for all the treatments except two (Control – increase of 0.3 logs, LA-LA – increase of 0.3 logs). A 0.5 log reduction was obtained for the control (initial - 4.4 log10 CFU/10 cm2) and additional reductions of approximately 1.7 and 1.3 log cycles were obtained for treatments with lactic acid and chlorine respectively during hydrothermal treatment on the rind. For cooling, lactic acid and chlorine gave an overall reduction of approximately 1.3 and 1.4 logs respectively compared to control. Although Salmonella was not detected in the core stem tissue by direct plating method for most of the samples, it was detected after the enrichment method. The pathogen was detected on the rind, stem scar and the stem tissue for most of the samples for as long as 12 days. Salmonella was detected in treatment water with and without sanitizers after dipping mangoes. Lactic acid was found to be more effective in reducing pathogen population compared to chlorine in all the treatment combinations; however, the sensory aspects (color and texture) of the fruit were compromised.

As a result of agreements negotiated at the World Trade Organisation (WTO), traditional trade protection measures such as tariffs and quotas are falling away. But to some extent they are being replaced by domestic technical regulations that permit countries to bar products from entering their markets if the products do not meet certain standards. To become and remain competitive, producers and suppliers must meet the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) requirements set by importers’ governments in importing countries. Some SPS measures are very simple and specific, but others are combined in extremely complex systems like the requirements governing the import of plants and plant products for entry in to the European Union (EU). The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytosanitary certification system currently used by the National Plant Protection Organisation (NPPO) of South Africa with regard to exports of agricultural produce to the European market and to develop an effective and efficient strategy to ensure compliance with the European Union’s phytosanitary regulations. The expansion of world trade has placed a huge responsibility on the National Plant Protection Organisation (NPPO) of South Africa to facilitate safe agricultural trade with its international trading partners. After putting the phytosanitary constraints/ weaknesses faced by the South African Export Regulatory System into perspective, numerous aspects of the export process were considered in this study. The NPPO of South Africa does experience capacity constraints in its phytosanitary export regulatory system mostly due to the recent restructuring of the Department of Agriculture (DOA). This information, combined with background information obtained from the personal experience of the author as a plant health officer for the past ten years at the Department of Agriculture and the analysis of questionnaires indicated that the current phytosanitary certification system are the most fundamental impediment to accessing foreign markets. This is followed by an evaluation of the export certification system to identify the major challenges experienced by the NPPO officials in phytosanitary certification to the European markets. Lack of fundamental scientific knowledge and the inability to interpret the phytosanitary import requirements of the European market were identified as the elementary barriers to phytosanitary compliance. Finally, the accuracy of phytosanitary certification is of paramount importance for international trade. If credibility is lost, this can result in stricter and lengthier inspection procedures in importing countries and eventually loss of markets. This study resulted in the development of a certification guide to equip the NPPO of South Africa with the necessary technical assistance to ensure compliance with the European Union’s phytosanitary regulations. This standard operating procedure (SOP) is currently in used by the certification officials of the DOA. / Dissertation (MInstAgrar)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Microbiology and Plant Pathology / unrestricted

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-01-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:37:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 reis_em_me_prud.pdf: 457113 bytes, checksum: 1e14d0c874fd9ea5c0cf226d8aa7f99c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a citricultura paulista a partir do aparecimento da doença de citros denomin ada cancro cítrico no município de Presidente Prudente – SP, no ano de 1957. O combate ao cancro cítrico mobilizou os poderes públicos e privados no Estado de São Paulo, desencadeando o maior embargo fitossanitário da história da agricultura brasileira. As conseqüências desse embargo refletem até os dias atuais um quadro de exclusão frente aos poucos produtores da Região de Presidente Prudente – SP. Além disso, provocou um intenso debate na região a respeito do papel desempenhado pelo FUNDECITRUS, em suas a ções de erradicação do cancro cítrico na região, promovendo assim de acordo com os produtores um tratamento desigual para os produtores da região em questão e os produtores da região nobre da citricultura ao Norte do Estado. / The objective of this research is to analyze the citriculture State São Paulo starting from the emergence of the disease of citric denominated citrus canker in the municipal district of Presidente Prudente - SP, in the year of 1957. The combat to the citrus canker mobilized the public and private powers in the State of São Paulo, unchaining the largest seizure phytosanitary of the history of the Brazilian agriculture. The consequences of that seizure contemplate little by little until the current days a picture and exclusion front producing Region of Presidente Prudente - SP. Besides, it provoked an intense debate in the area regarding the paper carried out by FUNDECITRUS, in their action s of erradication of the citrus canker in the area, promoting like this in agreement with the producers an unequal treatment for the producing of the area in subject and the producing of the noble area of the citriculture to the North of the State.

Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures are measures aimed at the protection of human, animal and plant life and health within specified territories from the risks associated with the introduction and spread of pests and diseases through trade. The World Trade Organisation (WTO) developed an agreement on the application of SPS measures. South Africa is a member of both the WTO and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). In SADC, SPS measures are provided for in the SADC Sanitary and Phytosanitary Annexure to the Protocol on Trade of 1996. International Standard Setting Bodies (ISSBs) facilitate the effective application of the main elements of the relevant SPS agreements, especially harmonization and equivalence by establishing scientifically justified standards on which members may base their SPS measures. The relevant ISSB’s in terms of SPS measures are the OIE, IPPC and Codex Alimentarius. SPS measures have the potential to become or be used as non-tariff barriers to trade (NTBs). The SADC Protocol on Trade 1996 stipulates that policies and measures are to be implemented by members to eliminate existing forms of NTBs. Additionally members may not enforce new NTBs affecting or related to intra-SADC trade. The most relevant South African legislation in the context of SPS measures and this study is as follows: Agricultural Pests Act 36 of 1983, the Agricultural Products Act 119 of 1990; the Fertilizers, Farm Feeds, Agricultural Remedies and Stock Remedies Act 36 of 1947, the Liquor Products Act 60 of 1989, Meat Safety Act 40 of 2000, Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act 54 of 1972, Medicines and Related Substances Act 101 of 1965 and National Regulator for Compulsory Specifications Act 5 of 2008. The purpose of this study is to establish to what extent the South African legal framework complies with its obligations in terms of the SADC SPS Annexure to the Protocol on Trade / LLM (Import and Export Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures are measures aimed at the protection of human, animal and plant life and health within specified territories from the risks associated with the introduction and spread of pests and diseases through trade. The World Trade Organisation (WTO) developed an agreement on the application of SPS measures. South Africa is a member of both the WTO and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). In SADC, SPS measures are provided for in the SADC Sanitary and Phytosanitary Annexure to the Protocol on Trade of 1996. International Standard Setting Bodies (ISSBs) facilitate the effective application of the main elements of the relevant SPS agreements, especially harmonization and equivalence by establishing scientifically justified standards on which members may base their SPS measures. The relevant ISSB’s in terms of SPS measures are the OIE, IPPC and Codex Alimentarius. SPS measures have the potential to become or be used as non-tariff barriers to trade (NTBs). The SADC Protocol on Trade 1996 stipulates that policies and measures are to be implemented by members to eliminate existing forms of NTBs. Additionally members may not enforce new NTBs affecting or related to intra-SADC trade. The most relevant South African legislation in the context of SPS measures and this study is as follows: Agricultural Pests Act 36 of 1983, the Agricultural Products Act 119 of 1990; the Fertilizers, Farm Feeds, Agricultural Remedies and Stock Remedies Act 36 of 1947, the Liquor Products Act 60 of 1989, Meat Safety Act 40 of 2000, Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act 54 of 1972, Medicines and Related Substances Act 101 of 1965 and National Regulator for Compulsory Specifications Act 5 of 2008. The purpose of this study is to establish to what extent the South African legal framework complies with its obligations in terms of the SADC SPS Annexure to the Protocol on Trade / LLM (Import and Export Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:23:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1323433 bytes, checksum: bee384a32e57198c4e07d87d837b034e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Fungal diseases of postharvest, mainly anthracnose, are one of the causes of papaya depreciation with losses in trading. The process normally used for this disease control in postharvest includes hydrothermal treatment at 49 °C for 20 minutes, followed by cooling for the same period, besides the application of fungicides. Disadvantages linked to conventional treatments lead to search for new methods to control postharvest anthracnose in papaya. One alternative is ozone gas (O3) usage, for being a strong oxidizing and antimicrobial agent, which can be generated on site by an electrical discharge, dismissing the need for handling, storage, or disposal of packaging. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ozone dissolved in water to control anthracnose in papaya and check the influence of this treatment on these fruits physical and chemical characteristics. Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Golden cultivar was used, harvested at maturity stage 1, with up to 15% yellow color. To evaluate the ozone effect in controlling anthracnose, fruits were inoculated with spore suspension of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and C. magna at a concentration of 2.3 x 106 CFU mL-1. Subsequently, fruits ozonation was performed in tank with water containing dissolved ozone at a concentration of 0.8 mg L-1 for periods of 40, 80, 120, and 160 minutes. Non-ozonated fruits were used as control. After this process, the fruits were stored in chambers at 11 °C and 80 to 85% RH for 15 days. Analyzes were performed in this period in the first and 15th days. Subsequently, the chamber temperature was changed to 25 °C and analyzes was made on the 17°, 19°, 21°, and 23° days of storage. Data were subjected to variance analysis using SAEG (SAEG, 2007) statistical software. The comparison of analysis mean values of the ozonated or non-ozonated fruit stored for zero and 15 days was performed by the F test at 5% probability. In the second step, fruits stored at 25 °C for eight days were analyzed from the 15th day. Split plot scheme was made and in the parcels there were five periods of exposure (0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 minutes) to Ozone dissolved in water; and in subplots there were five periods of fruits storage (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 days, except for CO2 production, that in subplot there were four storage periods, from the second day) in a completely randomized design (CRD) with two replicates, except percentage of injured area, with three replicates. Analyzes were of percentage of injured area, CO2 production, fresh mass loss, titratable acidity, soluble solids, skin color, vitamin C content, pulp firmness, and pH. During storage at 11 °C, there was no significant increase in lesioned area by anthracnose. The papayas showed increased respiratory rate with a trend towards smaller increase for those exposed to ozone. The firmness decreased during this period. Values of Hue° decreased and values of Chroma and Color Difference increased. Fruit fresh mass suffered a decrease and parameters suffered titratable acidity, soluble solids, and vitamin C content; pH showed no change during this period. During storage at 25 °C, lowest percentage of lesioned area in fruits treated with ozone was recorded in comparison to untreated fruits. The fruits exposed to ozone dissolved in water also showed less loss of firmness and lower respiration rate during storage. The color parameters (Chroma, Hue°, and Color Difference), pH, soluble solids, and titratable acidity of ozonated papayas did not differ from those observed in fruits exposed to ozone dissolved in water. It can be concluded that the application of ozone dissolved in water at a concentration of 0.8 mg L-1 for up to 160 minutes is efficient in reducing the severity of anthracnose in postharvest of papaya Golden cultivar without, however, adversely affecting fruits quality. / As doenças fúngicas de pós-colheita, principalmente a antracnose, constituem uma das causas de depreciação do mamão, com perdas na comercialização. O processo normalmente utilizado para controle dessa doença em pós-colheita inclui tratamento hidrotérmico dos frutos a 49 °C durante 20 min, com posterior resfriamento por igual período, além da aplicação de fungicidas. As desvantagens associadas aos tratamentos convencionais tornam necessária a busca de novos métodos de controle da antracnose na pós-colheita do mamão. Uma das alternativas é a utilização do gás ozônio (O3), por se tratar de forte agente oxidante e antimicrobiano, que pode ser gerado no local por meio de uma descarga elétrica, descartando a necessidade de manipulação, armazenamento ou eliminação de embalagens. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia do ozônio dissolvido em água para controle de antracnose em mamões, bem como verificar a influência desse tratamento nas características físs e químicas dos frutos. Foram utilizados mamões (Carica papaya L.) Golden , colhidos no estádio de maturação 1, com até 15% de cor da casca amarela. Para a avaliação do efeito do ozônio no controle de antracnose, os frutos foram inoculados com suspensão de conídios de Colletotrichum gloesporioides e C. magna, na concentração de 2,3 x 106 UFC mL-1. Posteriormente procedeu-se à ozonização dos frutos em tanque com água contendo ozônio dissolvido na concentração de 0,8 mg L-1, pelos períodos de 40, 80, 120 e 160 min. Como controle foram utilizados frutos não ozonizados. Após esse processo, os frutos foram armazenados em câmaras climáticas a 11 °C e 80 a 85% UR por 15 dias. Foram feitas análises nesse período no primeiro e no 15° dia. Posteriormente, a temperatura da câmara foi modificada para 25 °C, sendo feitas análises nos 17°, 19°, 21° e 23° dias de armazenamento. Foram analisados o percentual de área lesionada, produção de CO2, perda de massa fresca, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, cor da casca, teor de vitamina C, firmeza da polpa e pH. Durante o armazenamento a 11 °C, não houve aumento significativo de área lesionada por antracnose. Os mamões apresentaram aumento da taxa respiratória, com uma tendência de menor aumento para aqueles expostos ao ozônio. A firmeza da polpa apresentou redução nesse período. Os valores do ângulo Hue (h°) apresentaram decréscimo e os valores de Croma e Diferença de cor aumentaram. A massa fresca dos frutos sofreu decréscimo e os parâmetros acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, teor de vitamina C e pH não apresentaram variação nesse período. Durante o armazenamento a 25 °C, foi verificado menor percentual de área lesionada nos frutos tratados com ozônio, em comparação aos não tratados. Os frutos expostos ao ozônio dissolvido na água também apresentaram menor perda de firmeza da polpa e menor taxa respiratória ao longo do armazenamento. Os parâmetros de cor (Croma, Hue° e diferença de cor), pH, sólidos solúveis e acidez titulável dos mamões ozonizados não diferiram dos observados nos frutos expostos ao ozônio. Pode-se concluir que a aplicação do ozônio dissolvido na água, na concentração de 0,8 mg L-1, por até 160 min, é eficiente na diminuição da severidade de antracnose na pós-colheita de frutos de mamão Golden , sem, entretanto, afetar negativamente a qualidade dos frutos.

Orientador: Antonio Nivaldo Hespanhol / Banca: Edgar Aparecido da Costa / Banca: Sonia Maria N. Marangoni Montes / Resumo: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a citricultura paulista a partir do aparecimento da doença de citros denomin ada cancro cítrico no município de Presidente Prudente - SP, no ano de 1957. O combate ao cancro cítrico mobilizou os poderes públicos e privados no Estado de São Paulo, desencadeando o maior embargo fitossanitário da história da agricultura brasileira. As conseqüências desse embargo refletem até os dias atuais um quadro de exclusão frente aos poucos produtores da Região de Presidente Prudente - SP. Além disso, provocou um intenso debate na região a respeito do papel desempenhado pelo FUNDECITRUS, em suas a ções de erradicação do cancro cítrico na região, promovendo assim de acordo com os produtores um tratamento desigual para os produtores da região em questão e os produtores da região nobre da citricultura ao Norte do Estado. / Abstract: The objective of this research is to analyze the citriculture State São Paulo starting from the emergence of the disease of citric denominated citrus canker in the municipal district of Presidente Prudente - SP, in the year of 1957. The combat to the citrus canker mobilized the public and private powers in the State of São Paulo, unchaining the largest seizure phytosanitary of the history of the Brazilian agriculture. The consequences of that seizure contemplate little by little until the current days a picture and exclusion front producing Region of Presidente Prudente - SP. Besides, it provoked an intense debate in the area regarding the paper carried out by FUNDECITRUS, in their action s of erradication of the citrus canker in the area, promoting like this in agreement with the producers an unequal treatment for the producing of the area in subject and the producing of the noble area of the citriculture to the North of the State. / Mestre

This dissertation explores technical regulations (sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures, technical barriers to trade, and geographical indications) in Central American agricultural and food trade. In the first part, a framework to systematically evaluate the broad issues for developing countries is presented. Evaluation of the issues for Central America is based on interviews with about 100 persons in the region and in the United States (US), and on secondary sources. The topic is of significance in Central America, especially when related to SPS measures. The World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreements have had relatively little direct impact in improving Central America's response to technical regulations, while homologous Central American regional institutions may have been more successful, with indirect support from the WTO and the US, in reducing the incidence of illegitimate regulations in intra-regional trade. Central America may implement illegitimate barriers more against others in the region than against the US. Although the Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) may support Central America's capacity to meet more stringent technical regulations, the improvement may not be sufficiently perceptible. The potential for Central American greenhouse tomato exports to the US is analytically evaluated in the second part. These tomatoes may be admitted as the ban based on the risk of introduction of the Mediterranean fruit fly is partially lifted, due in part on discussions in the CAFTA negotiations. Mature green, vine-ripe and greenhouse tomatoes are heterogeneous in demand, and vine-ripe tomatoes are but greenhouse tomatoes are not heterogeneous by origin. A static partial equilibrium model is constructed for the US tomato market, where demand is based on multi-stage budgeting and supply is a function of own tomato price. When the Central American greenhouse excess supply function is introduced to the model, the region exports to the US, the aggregate greenhouse quantity increases, and its prices decrease. As greenhouse preference increases, greenhouse quantity and prices also increase. Changes are perceptible but small in the mature green and vine-ripe markets in the expected direction. Access by Central America is particularly beneficial when US consumer preferences shift further toward greenhouse over other tomatoes. / Ph. D.

This thesis examines the effects on demand, supply, imports, and prices of partial easing of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) barriers to trade in the U.S. market in the case of Mexican avocados. The SPS Agreement plays a role in the avocado market studied here through its implications for negotiations between countries that have not utilized the formal channels of the WTO for resolving disputes. A quarantine in place from 1914 until very recently banned entry of Mexican avocados into the U.S. market on grounds of risk of pest infestation. Since the early 1970s this quarantine has been a cause of dispute between the Mexican and U.S. governments, resulting in elaborate evaluations of possible pest risks and risk mitigation procedures that might be carried out. However, after the initiation of negotiations for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1991, the import ban was partially eased in 1995 allowing Mexico access to the Northeastern part of the U.S. during four winter months. After three years of successfully exporting without any pest outbreaks, Mexico requested increased access to an additional part of the U.S. market, which it was granted in 2001. This study develops a partial equilibrium trade model to investigate the effects that this increased access will have on the avocados markets. Hypothesized further increases in access are described, and their potential effects are evaluated as well. / Master of Science

Imports of fresh fruits and vegetables to the United States have grown by more than 350 percent since 1989. Factors such as rising consumer incomes, the desire for greater variety and availability of fresh produce throughout the year, and a reduction in trade barriers through multi-lateral and bi-lateral trade agreements have contributed to this growth in imports. In addition, since the implementation of the Agreement on Agriculture and the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures from the Uruguay Round of the World Trade Organization negotiations, there have been numerous requests to export fresh fruits and vegetables to the United States. From 1996 to 2008, the United States has granted new market access to 204 exporter/commodity combinations. Given this large increase in new market access, this thesis assesses the success of the new entrants in terms of contributing to the increase in fresh fruit and vegetable imports and whether they exported on a continual basis after gaining import eligibility. In addition, this thesis estimates a gravity model to assess the differences in fresh fruit and vegetable exports from new entrants subject to phytosanitary measures relative to those with no such restrictions in place and to determine whether these effects vary by commodity sector and exporter's size. The major finding of this thesis is that in general, new entrants have contributed little to the growth in U.S. fresh fruit and vegetable imports. For most commodities, new entrants do not provide a significant proportion of imports potentially because new entrants are not able to compete with existing suppliers. This study finds differences in fresh fruit and vegetable exports from new entrants subject to specific phytosanitary treatments relative to entrants with no such restrictions in place. / Master of Science