The concept of silence in Ludwig Wittgenstein's early work Abstract The work deals with the concept of silence in the early work of Ludwig Wittgenstein (Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus). The aim is to explore the dichotomy of being silent-speaking and describe cases that fall into each category. Work will concentrate on the criteria of meaningfulness and meaninglessness, according to which the individual sentences classified in one category or the other. The work also offers a comparison of the reference theory in Tractatus and cognitive realism proposed by G. Lakoff and on their background shows the role and importance of silence in shaping the semantic theory of language.

A presente pesquisa pretende analisar o período do pensamento filosófico de B. Russell e L. Wittgenstein entre os anos de 1905 e 1914 descrevendo o desenvolvimento da filosofia do atomismo lógico presente no Tractatus logico-philosophicus de Wittgenstein. Para tanto, será observada a crítica deste à teoria do juízo desenvolvida por Russell, a qual seria fundamento para a teoria do conhecimento que o último elaborava. Reconhecemos, com base nas críticas, que Russell sofria uma forte influência do empirismo de sua época, o que tornou sua epistemologia frágil. Essa fragilidade é evidenciada por Wittgenstein, que, ao criticar alguns pontos fundamentais da teoria do juízo, fez com que Russell assumisse essa característica de suas teses e inevitavelmente parasse a produção de seu segundo projeto filosófico depois de Principia mathematica, intitulado atualmente Theory of knowledge e geralmente conhecido como \"o manuscrito de 1913\". Wittgenstein, por outro lado, produz nesse mesmo período sua primeira e única obra publicada em vida, o Tractatus logico-philosophicus, em que inaugura e propõe um novo entendimento da lógica da linguagem por meio de uma radicalização da teoria russelliana das descrições. Essa radicalização é feita mediante a postulação de nomes logicamente simples que designam objetos simples. Essa postulação é justificada pela teoria da figuração elaborada no Tractatus, a qual sustenta o elo necessário entre lógica e mundo e contribui para que o sentido de todo e qualquer pensamento seja mostrado sem a exigência de explicações atreladas ao empirismo. / This research aims to analyze the period of philosophical thought of B. Russell and L. Wittgenstein between the years of 1905 and 1914 describing the development of the philosophy of logical atomism present in the Tractatus logico-philosophicus of Wittgenstein. For this aim, will be observed the criticism of Wittgenstein to the theory of judgment developed by Russell and which would be grounds for the theory of knowledge that Russell was elaborating. We recognize, from the criticism, that Russell had a strong influence of the empiricism of his day, which made his epistemology fragile. This weakness is evidenced by Wittgenstein that, by criticizing some key points of the theory of judgment, made Russell take the fragility of his own arguments and inevitably stopped with the production of his second philosophical project after Principia mathematica, as currently entitled Theory of knowledge and usually known as \"the 1913 manuscript.\" Wittgenstein, on the other hand, produces in the same period his first and only book published in life, the Tractatus logico-philosophicus, which opens and proposes a new understanding of the logic of language through a radicalization of Russell\'s theory of descriptions. This radicalization is done through the postulation of logically simple names that designate simple objects. The postulation is justified by the picture theory drafted in the Tractatus, which maintains the necessary link between logic and world and contributes that the sense of any thought be shown without the requirement of explanations linked to empiricism.

A presente pesquisa pretende analisar o período do pensamento filosófico de B. Russell e L. Wittgenstein entre os anos de 1905 e 1914 descrevendo o desenvolvimento da filosofia do atomismo lógico presente no Tractatus logico-philosophicus de Wittgenstein. Para tanto, será observada a crítica deste à teoria do juízo desenvolvida por Russell, a qual seria fundamento para a teoria do conhecimento que o último elaborava. Reconhecemos, com base nas críticas, que Russell sofria uma forte influência do empirismo de sua época, o que tornou sua epistemologia frágil. Essa fragilidade é evidenciada por Wittgenstein, que, ao criticar alguns pontos fundamentais da teoria do juízo, fez com que Russell assumisse essa característica de suas teses e inevitavelmente parasse a produção de seu segundo projeto filosófico depois de Principia mathematica, intitulado atualmente Theory of knowledge e geralmente conhecido como \"o manuscrito de 1913\". Wittgenstein, por outro lado, produz nesse mesmo período sua primeira e única obra publicada em vida, o Tractatus logico-philosophicus, em que inaugura e propõe um novo entendimento da lógica da linguagem por meio de uma radicalização da teoria russelliana das descrições. Essa radicalização é feita mediante a postulação de nomes logicamente simples que designam objetos simples. Essa postulação é justificada pela teoria da figuração elaborada no Tractatus, a qual sustenta o elo necessário entre lógica e mundo e contribui para que o sentido de todo e qualquer pensamento seja mostrado sem a exigência de explicações atreladas ao empirismo. / This research aims to analyze the period of philosophical thought of B. Russell and L. Wittgenstein between the years of 1905 and 1914 describing the development of the philosophy of logical atomism present in the Tractatus logico-philosophicus of Wittgenstein. For this aim, will be observed the criticism of Wittgenstein to the theory of judgment developed by Russell and which would be grounds for the theory of knowledge that Russell was elaborating. We recognize, from the criticism, that Russell had a strong influence of the empiricism of his day, which made his epistemology fragile. This weakness is evidenced by Wittgenstein that, by criticizing some key points of the theory of judgment, made Russell take the fragility of his own arguments and inevitably stopped with the production of his second philosophical project after Principia mathematica, as currently entitled Theory of knowledge and usually known as \"the 1913 manuscript.\" Wittgenstein, on the other hand, produces in the same period his first and only book published in life, the Tractatus logico-philosophicus, which opens and proposes a new understanding of the logic of language through a radicalization of Russell\'s theory of descriptions. This radicalization is done through the postulation of logically simple names that designate simple objects. The postulation is justified by the picture theory drafted in the Tractatus, which maintains the necessary link between logic and world and contributes that the sense of any thought be shown without the requirement of explanations linked to empiricism.

This dissertation attempts to develop a counter—memory, a cognitive strategy that provides an alternative to the most prevalent mode of political action by members of minority or subaltern groups: identity politics. It begins with Teresa de Lauretis’ semiotics of subjectivity, which posits the human subject as a shifting series of positions or habits formed through semiotic and cognitive “mapping” of, and being “mapped” by, its environment. De Lauretis maintains that the subject can transform social reality through an “inventive” mode of mapping. The first chapter of this study is a semiotic analysis of the memory system at work in Nicole Brossard’s Picture Theory. It argues that Brossard’s use of holographic technology is an invention that attempts to alter women’s maps of social reality. Quantum physicist David Bohm has also employed the hologram as a theoretical model. By merging Brossard’s holographic memory with Bohm’s theory of a “holomovement,” this study develops an epistemological strategy that alters not only the map of reality, but also the dominant representational mode of cognitive mapping. This enquiry then moves on to other novels written in Canada which have a strong political impetus based on gender, nationality, ethnicity, race and/or class: Margaret Atwood’s Surfacing, Marlene Nourbese Philip’s Looking for Livingstone, Beatrice Culleton’s In Search of April Raintree and Régine Robin’s La Ouébécoite. Through textual analysis, it attempts to establish that although these novels make no mention of holography, each of them employs a memory system that inscribes itself holographically. That holographic memory provides an alternative political strategy to the “identity politics” at work in each of these texts. Each text, in turn, like a fragment of a hologram, adds another structural and political dimension to the hologram. The processual structure of the holographic theory provides a ground for alliances between different political agendas while resisting closure. As an epistemological strategy, it promises to alter both the method and the ground of knowledge.

This dissertation attempts to develop a counter—memory, a cognitive strategy that provides an alternative to the most prevalent mode of political action by members of minority or subaltern groups: identity politics. It begins with Teresa de Lauretis’ semiotics of subjectivity, which posits the human subject as a shifting series of positions or habits formed through semiotic and cognitive “mapping” of, and being “mapped” by, its environment. De Lauretis maintains that the subject can transform social reality through an “inventive” mode of mapping. The first chapter of this study is a semiotic analysis of the memory system at work in Nicole Brossard’s Picture Theory. It argues that Brossard’s use of holographic technology is an invention that attempts to alter women’s maps of social reality. Quantum physicist David Bohm has also employed the hologram as a theoretical model. By merging Brossard’s holographic memory with Bohm’s theory of a “holomovement,” this study develops an epistemological strategy that alters not only the map of reality, but also the dominant representational mode of cognitive mapping. This enquiry then moves on to other novels written in Canada which have a strong political impetus based on gender, nationality, ethnicity, race and/or class: Margaret Atwood’s Surfacing, Marlene Nourbese Philip’s Looking for Livingstone, Beatrice Culleton’s In Search of April Raintree and Régine Robin’s La Ouébécoite. Through textual analysis, it attempts to establish that although these novels make no mention of holography, each of them employs a memory system that inscribes itself holographically. That holographic memory provides an alternative political strategy to the “identity politics” at work in each of these texts. Each text, in turn, like a fragment of a hologram, adds another structural and political dimension to the hologram. The processual structure of the holographic theory provides a ground for alliances between different political agendas while resisting closure. As an epistemological strategy, it promises to alter both the method and the ground of knowledge. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate