<p>Abstrakt: Jag har undersökt hur älvreglering påverkar mängden knott (Tvåvingar: <i>Simuliidae</i>) längs flera norrlandsälvar och vilka konsekvenser denna påverkan får för den landlevande fågelfaunan. Studien visar att utbyggnad av älvar har en negativ effekt på mängden knott. Det fanns sju gånger högre tätheter av knott längs "orörda älvar" jämfört med utbyggda älvar.</p><p>Skillnaden i antal knott mellan älvtyperna var mycket större för knotthanar än för knotthonor, vilket förklaras av att honorna är rörligare eftersom de flyger och letar efter blod. Knott lever av blod från ett flertal däggdjur och fåglar och visar en stor variation i värd-specificitet mellan olika arter. Jag fann en högre frekvens av haemosporida blod parasiter (<i>Leucocytozoon</i>) i fåglar längs "orörda" Vindelälven jämfört med den reglerade Umeälven. Detta mönster stämmer väl överens med tätheten fågelparasiterande knott som är lägre längs Umeälven. Knott attackerade främst värdar som var stora och vanliga. Fågelsamhällets sammansättning skiljde sig mellan orörda och utbyggda älvdalar. Tätheten av icke insektsätande fåglar tenderade att minska, efter häcksäsongen, längs orörda älvar medan den ökade längs utbyggda älvar. Den insektsätande fågeln svartvit flugsnappare (<i>Ficedula hypoleuca Pallas</i>) uppvisade större häckningsframgång längs orörda älvar jämfört med utbyggda älvar. Detta är förmodligen en effekt av den större mängden insekter som finns längs orörda älvar.</p> / <p>The effects of river regulation on blackfly (Diptera: <i>Simuliidae</i>) abundances and consequences for the avifauna in terrestrial environments were studied along multiple rivers in northern Sweden. I found that impoundment of rivers has detrimental effect to blackfly abundances. The densities of large-river breeding blackfly species were several-fold higher along free-flowing than along regulated rivers. The difference in abundances was much larger in males than blood-seeking females. Blackflies attacked a variety of mammalian and avian hosts and showed different levels of host-specificity between species. I found higher prevalence of haemosporidian blood parasites (<i>Leucocytozoon</i>) in birds along the free-flowing Vindel River in comparison to the regulated Ume River, where the lower densities of ornithophilic blackflies were reduced. Blood-seeking blackflies predominantly attacked large and/abundant hosts.</p><p>Assemblages of birds differed between valleys of regulated and free-flowing rivers. Densities of noninsectivorous birds tended to decrease along free-flowing rivers in the post-breeding season, but increased along regulated rivers at the same time. Insectivorous European pied flycatcher (<i>Ficedula hypoleuca Pallas</i>) showed greater fledging success along free-flowing than regulated rivers, which probably reflects the higher insect abundances found along freeflowing rivers.</p>

Abstrakt: Jag har undersökt hur älvreglering påverkar mängden knott (Tvåvingar: Simuliidae) längs flera norrlandsälvar och vilka konsekvenser denna påverkan får för den landlevande fågelfaunan. Studien visar att utbyggnad av älvar har en negativ effekt på mängden knott. Det fanns sju gånger högre tätheter av knott längs "orörda älvar" jämfört med utbyggda älvar. Skillnaden i antal knott mellan älvtyperna var mycket större för knotthanar än för knotthonor, vilket förklaras av att honorna är rörligare eftersom de flyger och letar efter blod. Knott lever av blod från ett flertal däggdjur och fåglar och visar en stor variation i värd-specificitet mellan olika arter. Jag fann en högre frekvens av haemosporida blod parasiter (Leucocytozoon) i fåglar längs "orörda" Vindelälven jämfört med den reglerade Umeälven. Detta mönster stämmer väl överens med tätheten fågelparasiterande knott som är lägre längs Umeälven. Knott attackerade främst värdar som var stora och vanliga. Fågelsamhällets sammansättning skiljde sig mellan orörda och utbyggda älvdalar. Tätheten av icke insektsätande fåglar tenderade att minska, efter häcksäsongen, längs orörda älvar medan den ökade längs utbyggda älvar. Den insektsätande fågeln svartvit flugsnappare (Ficedula hypoleuca Pallas) uppvisade större häckningsframgång längs orörda älvar jämfört med utbyggda älvar. Detta är förmodligen en effekt av den större mängden insekter som finns längs orörda älvar. / The effects of river regulation on blackfly (Diptera: Simuliidae) abundances and consequences for the avifauna in terrestrial environments were studied along multiple rivers in northern Sweden. I found that impoundment of rivers has detrimental effect to blackfly abundances. The densities of large-river breeding blackfly species were several-fold higher along free-flowing than along regulated rivers. The difference in abundances was much larger in males than blood-seeking females. Blackflies attacked a variety of mammalian and avian hosts and showed different levels of host-specificity between species. I found higher prevalence of haemosporidian blood parasites (Leucocytozoon) in birds along the free-flowing Vindel River in comparison to the regulated Ume River, where the lower densities of ornithophilic blackflies were reduced. Blood-seeking blackflies predominantly attacked large and/abundant hosts. Assemblages of birds differed between valleys of regulated and free-flowing rivers. Densities of noninsectivorous birds tended to decrease along free-flowing rivers in the post-breeding season, but increased along regulated rivers at the same time. Insectivorous European pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca Pallas) showed greater fledging success along free-flowing than regulated rivers, which probably reflects the higher insect abundances found along freeflowing rivers.

The aim of this study was to evaluate weight losses of pork meat during storage, especially during the chilling proces 24 hours after slaughter. In the theoretical part there are described the history of the origin and development of Prestice black-pied pig, the chemical composition of meat, slaughtering and chilling. The practical part dealt with the evaluation of weight losses in pig carcasses after twenty four hours of chilling. Data for this study was obtained from the carcasses of Prestice black-pied pig breed.

The aim of the thesis was to capture trends in population of Prestice Black Pied breed. In the literature section there was described formation and regeneration of breed characteristics and typical features of Prestice Black Pied breed, breed performance, the structure of the breeding base and the expected utilization and marketing. In own work there were described changes in the breeding base, which were in western Bohemia and moved to other places in the country. The largest companies that breed Prestice Black Pied breed are the ZD Mladotice and Žihelský statek SpA, located in the Plzeň region and Zemet Ltd. Tečovice, based in Zlin region and Chovservis Inc. Radostov breeding, based in Hradec Kralove region. In 2013 it was bred 348 sows, in 2014 404 sows, 2015 sows and 413 in 2016, 369 sows. Furthermore, the age structure was evaluated in basic herd of sows. The farmers had the most sows in the first and second litter, compared to that of the fifth litter sows had a few breeders. The requirement for longevity therefore not been complied with. The results of performance tests were evaluated reproductive performance of sows of basic herd in collections (the number of all born piglets, the number of live born piglets, the number of surviving piglets and milkiness). The average value of a breeding population did not meet the target. Some companies, however, had excellent results, especially ZD Mladotice and Zemet Ltd. Tečovice. In field tests were evaluated gain, the percentage of lean meat and backfat thickness. Breeding goal was achieved with values backfat thickness and percentage of lean meat. Gilts had lower gain than required by breeding goal. The gain for young boars has been in 2013 and 2016 higher than the required target and breeding in 2014 and 2015 below the required target. There were also evaluated linear track sires in breeding. It was found that, of the 10 extant lines has long represented the biggest line Wiskont and least represented of the Sudet line. The entire work was focused on monitoring results of individual breeders and their comparison with the breeding goal for Prestice Black Pied breed. Furthermore, the evaluation of the quality of semen of boars Prestice Black Pied breed, operating in the artificial insemination center in Kout Na Šumavě. All boars met the minimum parameters.

Este trabalho é uma análise formal da construção das orações relativas em contextos de sintagmas preposicionais no português oral culto de Porto Alegre em que a preposição não está visível na forma fonética, apesar de a gramática normativa exigi-la. Antes da realização da análise propriamente dita, relembramos a estrutura e a classificação das orações relativas, os pronomes relativos empregados com ou sem preposições e algumas particularidades e inovações dessas estruturas que vêm surgindo no PB, além de apresentar o panorama da gramática gerativa até o modelo de Princípios e Parâmetros, destacando as abordagens gerativas mais relevantes sobre a construção Relativa Cortadora. A análise baseia-se em dados coletados em 24 (vinte e quatro) inquéritos, que correspondem a 24 (vinte e quatro) informantes, registrados no corpus do projeto NURC – Norma Urbana Culta – que totalizam 300 (trezentos) períodos de análise. Seguindo o modelo de pesquisa gerativa – Princípios e Parâmetros –, são levantadas as estratégias de construção das orações padrão e não-padrão, sendo estas classificadas em Relativas Cortadoras e Relativas Copiadoras. Os resultados atestam que a construção não-padrão é utilizada em 69,33% dos casos, sendo 67,00% de Relativa Cortadora e 2,33% de Relativa Copiadora, enquanto que a estratégia padrão é empregada em 30,67% (trinta e três por cento). No uso da estratégia padrão, o emprego do pronome relativo está garantido, sendo resultado de movimento do elemento QU, com fixação de parâmetro [+movQU]; e no emprego das estratégias não-padrão a tendência é o uso da partícula “que”, denominada de “juntor”, correlacionada com o fato de que as orações subordinadas são regidas à principal por meio da conjunção. Neste último caso, QU não resulta de movimento [-movQU], sendo gerado na posição de base e caracterizando que o Português Brasileiro (PB) é uma língua de parâmetro [±movQU]. / This work is a formal analysis of the relative clauses’ construction in prepositional sintagms in oral cult Portuguese from Porto Alegre, in which the preposition is not visible in the phonetic form, in spite of the normative grammar requires it. Before accomplishing the analysis, we reminded the construction of the relative clauses, the relative pronouns with or without prepositions and some particularities and innovation of these constructions which are lighting up in BP, besides presenting the generative grammar view until the Principles and Parameters Model, singularizing the most relevant generative subjects about the construction of PP-Chopping. The analysis is based on data collected in 24 enquiries, corresponding to 24 informants registered in the corpus of the NURC project – Urban Cult Norma – which complete 300 periods of analysis. Following the model of generative research – Principles and Parameters –, the strategies standard – Pied-piping – and non-standard clauses´ construction are verified, and classificated in PP-Chopping and Resumptive Pronoun. The results show that the non-standard constructions are used in 69,33% of the cases, being 67,00% of PPChopping and 2,33% of Resumptive Pronouns, while the standard strategy is used in 30,67%. In the usage of the standard strategy, the use of the relative pronouns is assured, being a result of the element WH moviment, with the parameter fixing [+movWH]; while in the nonstandard strategies is tended the usage of “que”, called “juntor”, related to the fact that the subordinate clauses are governed to the main one by the conjuction. In this last case, WH does not result of movement [-movWH], being generated in the base position and characterizing that Brazilian Portuguese is a language of parameter [±movWH].

Le procédé de brochage est aujourd’hui, et depuis plus de cinquante ans, le procédé le plus utilisé par les motoristes aéronautiques pour usiner les alvéoles pied de sapin des disques de turbine. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse visent à améliorer la compréhension du procédé de brochage dans le but d’améliorer la performance de ce procédé. Ils sont décomposés en quatre étapes, une étude sur la coupe de l’Udimet 720®, la modélisation des broches pied de sapin et des efforts de coupe, une étude expérimentale du brochage des alvéoles pied de sapin et finalement une proposition de surveillance de ce procédé. Une étude de la coupe en brochage de l’Udimet 720® est réalisée pour pallier le manque d’études actuel sur ce superalliage et développer des lois de coupe pour la simulation des efforts. La simulation permet d’associer à chaque partie discrétisée de chaque dent de la broche des efforts spécifiques en fonction des différents paramètres d’usinage. Les essais de brochage d’alvéole pied de sapin instrumentés ont servi à vérifier la pertinence de la simulation et à proposer, à partir de cette dernière, des choix de conception visant à améliorer la performance du procédé. La surveillance en usinage propose une stratégie visant à détecter différentes anomalies d’usinage pour limiter le risque de rebut de pièces à fortes valeurs ajoutées. / From more than fifty years ago, the broaching process is what the aeronautic engine manufacturers use the most to machine turbine disc fir-tree slots. The aim of this thesis is to improve the understanding of the broaching process in order to optimize the efficiency of this process. This study is divided into four steps: a study of Udimet 720® machinability, the modelization of fir-tree slot broaches and of cutting forces, an experimental study of fir-tree slots broaching and finally, a proposed method of process monitoring. A study of Udimet 720® machinability is made to fill the lack of current studies about this superalloy and to develop cutting forces model for the modelization of the broaching process. Modelization allows the association of specific forces to each discretized broach tooth according to various machining parameters. Fir tree slots broaching trials were used to check the accuracy of modelization and to suggest, according to the latter, conception choices aiming at improving the efficiency of the process. Process monitoring, in the broaching field, offers a strategy which purpose is to detect various machining disturbances and to limit the risk of rejected parts with high added value.

Les enfants atteints de paralysie cérébrale présentent souvent des troubles de la locomotion. La chirurgie orthopédique vise à améliorer la marche de ces enfants. La perspective de ce travail est de simuler ces effets.Dans ce sens, un modèle anthropométrique 3D représentant un humain, avec des pieds articulés, est développé. La marche est simulée avec une technique d’optimisation LQP, sous contraintes. Les simulations sont réalisées dans le simulateur dynamique multi-corps XDE.Trois types de contact pied-sol sont implémentés. La marche humaine non pathologique est générée avec les déroulements de pieds standards. Des données issues de la capture du mouvement sont utilisées afin d’améliorer les allures de marche générées. Des vitesses de marche et des longueurs de pas supérieures à celles généralement obtenues avec des robots humanoïdes marchant avec des pieds plats sont atteintes. Ces valeurs, ainsi que la cinématique du plan sagittal, sont proches de celles rencontrées chez l’humain. Les deux autres contacts pied-sol développés concernent la marche sur la pointe des pieds et pieds plats avec déroulement du talon. Différentes longueurs de pas et vitesses de marche sont atteintes pour ces deux types de contact. L’effet virtuel de la modification des limites articulaires est testé sur les marches non pathologiques et sur la pointe des pieds. Le système de simulation développé permet de générer des allures de marche en tenant compte de ces modifications. Dans certains cas, les marches générées reproduisent certaines caractéristiques des marches des enfants atteints de paralysie cérébrale.Des limites et des perspectives de l’approche développé dans ce travail sont discutés. / Children with cerebral palsy generally develop gait impairments. Orthopaedic surgery aims to improve the gait and the function of those children by specific procedures. The perspective of this work is to simulate their effects. In order to do that, an anthropomorphic 3D human model with an articulated foot is developed. A task-oriented Linear Quadratic Programming is used to dynamically simulate walking through constrained optimization. The motion is simulated in the multibody dynamics XDE framework. Three different patterns of foot contacts with the ground are implemented. Asymptomatic human walking is first generated with all the normal foot rockers. Experimental data from motion capture systems is used to improve the generated gait patterns. Greater walking speeds and step lengths than usually obtained with flat feet humanoid robots are simulated. They are close to those of healthy human walking, as well as sagittal kinematics. Dynamical data stay within the magnitudes encountered in human walking. Toe walking and flat feet walking with heel off motion, currently observed in children with cerebral palsy, are the two other developed patterns. Different steps lengths and walking speeds are possible for these two types of motion. The virtual effect of modifying joint limits constraints is tested on different asymptomatic or toe walking simulations. The developed simulation system is able to deal with these changes and to produce walking motions. In some cases, the generated gait patterns reproduce features of cerebral palsy children's walking. Limits and perspectives of this dynamic simulation approach are extensively discussed.

Este trabalho é uma análise formal da construção das orações relativas em contextos de sintagmas preposicionais no português oral culto de Porto Alegre em que a preposição não está visível na forma fonética, apesar de a gramática normativa exigi-la. Antes da realização da análise propriamente dita, relembramos a estrutura e a classificação das orações relativas, os pronomes relativos empregados com ou sem preposições e algumas particularidades e inovações dessas estruturas que vêm surgindo no PB, além de apresentar o panorama da gramática gerativa até o modelo de Princípios e Parâmetros, destacando as abordagens gerativas mais relevantes sobre a construção Relativa Cortadora. A análise baseia-se em dados coletados em 24 (vinte e quatro) inquéritos, que correspondem a 24 (vinte e quatro) informantes, registrados no corpus do projeto NURC – Norma Urbana Culta – que totalizam 300 (trezentos) períodos de análise. Seguindo o modelo de pesquisa gerativa – Princípios e Parâmetros –, são levantadas as estratégias de construção das orações padrão e não-padrão, sendo estas classificadas em Relativas Cortadoras e Relativas Copiadoras. Os resultados atestam que a construção não-padrão é utilizada em 69,33% dos casos, sendo 67,00% de Relativa Cortadora e 2,33% de Relativa Copiadora, enquanto que a estratégia padrão é empregada em 30,67% (trinta e três por cento). No uso da estratégia padrão, o emprego do pronome relativo está garantido, sendo resultado de movimento do elemento QU, com fixação de parâmetro [+movQU]; e no emprego das estratégias não-padrão a tendência é o uso da partícula “que”, denominada de “juntor”, correlacionada com o fato de que as orações subordinadas são regidas à principal por meio da conjunção. Neste último caso, QU não resulta de movimento [-movQU], sendo gerado na posição de base e caracterizando que o Português Brasileiro (PB) é uma língua de parâmetro [±movQU]. / This work is a formal analysis of the relative clauses’ construction in prepositional sintagms in oral cult Portuguese from Porto Alegre, in which the preposition is not visible in the phonetic form, in spite of the normative grammar requires it. Before accomplishing the analysis, we reminded the construction of the relative clauses, the relative pronouns with or without prepositions and some particularities and innovation of these constructions which are lighting up in BP, besides presenting the generative grammar view until the Principles and Parameters Model, singularizing the most relevant generative subjects about the construction of PP-Chopping. The analysis is based on data collected in 24 enquiries, corresponding to 24 informants registered in the corpus of the NURC project – Urban Cult Norma – which complete 300 periods of analysis. Following the model of generative research – Principles and Parameters –, the strategies standard – Pied-piping – and non-standard clauses´ construction are verified, and classificated in PP-Chopping and Resumptive Pronoun. The results show that the non-standard constructions are used in 69,33% of the cases, being 67,00% of PPChopping and 2,33% of Resumptive Pronouns, while the standard strategy is used in 30,67%. In the usage of the standard strategy, the use of the relative pronouns is assured, being a result of the element WH moviment, with the parameter fixing [+movWH]; while in the nonstandard strategies is tended the usage of “que”, called “juntor”, related to the fact that the subordinate clauses are governed to the main one by the conjuction. In this last case, WH does not result of movement [-movWH], being generated in the base position and characterizing that Brazilian Portuguese is a language of parameter [±movWH].

The observation of cattle breeding before and after monitoring resuets of stable technology from stanchion housing to free box housing with bedding was procceded from 2003 to 2006 in agricultural cooperative Netřebice. There were observed 169 dairy cows, 120 pieces of Holstein and 49 pieces of Czech Pied cattle. The influence of technology change was specified on the basis of milk testing and fertility results. Milk performance in free box housing system reached higher level than in stanchion housing. Reproduction parameters reached mostly better figures in the free box housing.

Este trabalho é uma análise formal da construção das orações relativas em contextos de sintagmas preposicionais no português oral culto de Porto Alegre em que a preposição não está visível na forma fonética, apesar de a gramática normativa exigi-la. Antes da realização da análise propriamente dita, relembramos a estrutura e a classificação das orações relativas, os pronomes relativos empregados com ou sem preposições e algumas particularidades e inovações dessas estruturas que vêm surgindo no PB, além de apresentar o panorama da gramática gerativa até o modelo de Princípios e Parâmetros, destacando as abordagens gerativas mais relevantes sobre a construção Relativa Cortadora. A análise baseia-se em dados coletados em 24 (vinte e quatro) inquéritos, que correspondem a 24 (vinte e quatro) informantes, registrados no corpus do projeto NURC – Norma Urbana Culta – que totalizam 300 (trezentos) períodos de análise. Seguindo o modelo de pesquisa gerativa – Princípios e Parâmetros –, são levantadas as estratégias de construção das orações padrão e não-padrão, sendo estas classificadas em Relativas Cortadoras e Relativas Copiadoras. Os resultados atestam que a construção não-padrão é utilizada em 69,33% dos casos, sendo 67,00% de Relativa Cortadora e 2,33% de Relativa Copiadora, enquanto que a estratégia padrão é empregada em 30,67% (trinta e três por cento). No uso da estratégia padrão, o emprego do pronome relativo está garantido, sendo resultado de movimento do elemento QU, com fixação de parâmetro [+movQU]; e no emprego das estratégias não-padrão a tendência é o uso da partícula “que”, denominada de “juntor”, correlacionada com o fato de que as orações subordinadas são regidas à principal por meio da conjunção. Neste último caso, QU não resulta de movimento [-movQU], sendo gerado na posição de base e caracterizando que o Português Brasileiro (PB) é uma língua de parâmetro [±movQU]. / This work is a formal analysis of the relative clauses’ construction in prepositional sintagms in oral cult Portuguese from Porto Alegre, in which the preposition is not visible in the phonetic form, in spite of the normative grammar requires it. Before accomplishing the analysis, we reminded the construction of the relative clauses, the relative pronouns with or without prepositions and some particularities and innovation of these constructions which are lighting up in BP, besides presenting the generative grammar view until the Principles and Parameters Model, singularizing the most relevant generative subjects about the construction of PP-Chopping. The analysis is based on data collected in 24 enquiries, corresponding to 24 informants registered in the corpus of the NURC project – Urban Cult Norma – which complete 300 periods of analysis. Following the model of generative research – Principles and Parameters –, the strategies standard – Pied-piping – and non-standard clauses´ construction are verified, and classificated in PP-Chopping and Resumptive Pronoun. The results show that the non-standard constructions are used in 69,33% of the cases, being 67,00% of PPChopping and 2,33% of Resumptive Pronouns, while the standard strategy is used in 30,67%. In the usage of the standard strategy, the use of the relative pronouns is assured, being a result of the element WH moviment, with the parameter fixing [+movWH]; while in the nonstandard strategies is tended the usage of “que”, called “juntor”, related to the fact that the subordinate clauses are governed to the main one by the conjuction. In this last case, WH does not result of movement [-movWH], being generated in the base position and characterizing that Brazilian Portuguese is a language of parameter [±movWH].