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Housing pigs in large pens using a floor base of deep litter has been developed as an alternative to conventional, indoor, intensive methods. Deep-litter, group housing systems are cheaper to establish and are perceived as being more “welfare and environmentally friendly” for pigs compared to conventional intensive systems. However, recent industry records have shown that pigs housed in deep-litter systems have growth performance problems. In general, pigs are 10 percent less efficient in converting feed to live weight gain, are 1 to 2 mm fatter and exhibit more carcass damage (carcass bruising and non-infectious arthritis stifle joint damage) compared to conventionally housed pigs. It is possible that the growth performance problems in deep-litter systems are largely behavioural and possibly stress related, and pose a barrier to adoption of these systems by industry. This PhD program examined the social and feeding behaviour of entire male growing pigs in deep-litter systems in relation to growth performance and stress physiology.

This thesis, entitled “Modelling the distribution of pig production and diseases in Thailand”, presents many aspects of pig production in Thailand including the characteristics of pig farming system, distribution of pig population and pig farms, spatio-temporal distribution and risk of most important diseases in pig at present, and the suitability area for pig farming. Spatial distribution and characteristics of pig farming in Thailand were studied using time-series pig population data to describe the trend of pig productions in relation to pig numbers, holder numbers, and number of pigs per holder. In more detailed analyses, pig census data in 2010 were used to describe farming systems including type of pig (native, breeding, and fattening pigs), farm scales (extensive and intensive farming systems), type of farming systems (farrow-to-finish, nursery, and finishing systems) and to quantify the association between the geographical distribution of those and several predictor variables by using Random Forest models. The results show that over the last decades, the pig population has gradually increased over time, with a marked cyclical pattern corresponding to what has been termed the “pork cycle”. The spatial distribution of large-scale pig farms corresponds with that of commercial pig breeds, which are concentrated in lowland urban or peri-urban areas, and are close to means of transportation, facilitating supply to major markets such as provincial capitals and the Bangkok Metropolitan region. Conversely the smallholders are distributed throughout the country, with higher densities located in highland, remote, and rural areas, whence they supply local, rural markets. It is proposed that intensive pig production should be integrated with crop farming within a specific “pig zone”, designated for establishment of intensive farming, which includes the necessary input and output facilities and enhanced bio-security. For smallholder pig farmers, integration of pig-farming with crop production should be promoted and combined with capacity development for farm management, including enhancing the bio-security. Spatial epidemiology of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in Thailand was studied by providing a first description of the spatio-temporal pattern of PRRS in Thailand and to quantify the statistical relationship between the presence of PRRS at the sub-district level and a set of risk factors using two modelling approaches: autologistic multiple regression and boosted regression trees. An atypical and more virulent PRRS (HP-PRRS) emerged in China and spread to many countries, including Thailand, causing a lot of damage to pig production. The results indicated that farms with breeding sows may be an important group for targeted surveillance and control. However, these findings obtained at the sub-district level should be complemented by farm-level epidemiological investigations in order to obtain a more comprehensive view of the factors affecting PRRS presence. In this study, the outbreaks of PRRS could not be differentiated from the potential novel HP-PPRS form, which was recently discovered in the country.Spatial characterization of colonies of the flying fox bat, a carrier of Nipah Virus in Thailand was studied. We conducted field observation, remote sensing, and ecological niche modelling to characterize flying fox colonies and their ecological neighbourhoods. A Potential Surface Analysis was applied to map contact zones among local epizootic actors. Results showed that flying fox colonies were found mainly on Thailand’s Central Plain, particularly in locations surrounded by bodies of water, vegetation, and safe havens such as Buddhist temples. High-risk areas for Nipah zoonosis in pigs include the agricultural ring around the Bangkok metropolitan region where the density of pig farms is high. It is suggested that passive and active surveillance programs should be prioritized around Bangkok, particularly on farms with low biosecurity, close to water, and/or on which orchards are concomitantly grown. Integration of human and animal health surveillance should be pursued in these same areas. Such proactive planning would help conserve flying fox colonies and should help prevent zoonotic transmission of Nipah and other pathogens.Using Spatial Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis to identify suitability of pig farming in Thailand was studied. The suitability maps were generated according to the three objectives obtained from decision making process including; i) pig producers’ profit is maximized, ii) public and environmental health are protected, and iii) pig health is protected and rural areas are developed. The maps showed that the areas surrounding the major consuming centres (Bangkok) were highly suitable for objective 1, the large areas in the Northeast were highly suitable for objective 2, and the areas with rather isolation including in the East and the South were highly suitable for objective 3. The final suitability maps were presented in 6 scenarios based on the level of trade-off and risk, which these can be applied for the appropriate situations. It is suggested that establishment of pig zoning, policy makers should take all aspects into consideration in order for sustainable development in all farm levels. The cost effectiveness should be further analyzed to evaluate the zoning plan before they are developed. Additionally, the plans to scale-up support to sustainable smallholder farmers and environmental management such as manure action plan should be developed.Bringing all these results together, this thesis are discussed into three parts, namely, 1) situation and distribution of pig farming, 2) epidemiology of major pig diseases, and 3) sustainable development of pig farming. / Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T21:14:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 28 / Nenhuma / Os dados do relatório do diagnóstico socioambiental realizado pela Profill Engenharia e Ambiente e pela rede de monitoramento das condições das águas da Bacia Hidrográfica dos Rios Turvo, Santa Rosa e Santo Cristo pela FEPAM, associada às ações na gestão do Comitê de Bacias, indicam que os rios da referida bacia podem estar contaminados por dejetos de suinocultura, considerado pelos órgãos de fiscalização ambiental como um dos problemas mais sérios da agropecuária moderna. Diante dessa realidade optou-se por investigar os saberes e fazeres relacionados à dimensão ambiental que foram sendo construídos pelos atores sociais da Bacia Hidrográfica dos Rios Turvo, Santa Rosa, Santo Cristo, quando numa dimensão ambiental da Educação estes estão instados a aproveitar os dejetos de suas produções para minimizar os impactos dos mesmos no ambiente. Para a coleta de dados foram realizadas oficinas temáticas com estudantes do Ensino Médio; grupo de discussão com agricultores e agricultoras; entrevistas diretas com atores / The data from the report of the socioenvironmental diagnostic made by Profill Engenharia e Ambiente and by the following net of the conditions of the waters from Hydrographic Basin of Turvo, Santa Rosa and Santo Cristo Rivers by FEPAM, associated with the actions in the management from the Basin Committee, they indicate that the rivers from that basin can be contaminated by the dejections of pig farming, considered by the environmental inspection agency as one of the biggest problems from the modern farming. In face of this reality it was chosen to investigate the knowledge and the doings related to the environment dimension that were being built by the social actors from the Hydrographic Basin of Turvo, Santa Rosa and Santo Cristo Rivers, when in a environmental dimension of Education those are urged to take advantage of the dejections of their productions to minimize the impacts of them in the environment. For the data collecting were realized thematic workshops with students from High School; debating gro

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-03-18T13:03:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 avaliacao_desempenho.pdf: 3372119 bytes, checksum: 3a54f223c2ec1b5a1b1a0ab208290d98 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-18T13:03:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 avaliacao_desempenho.pdf: 3372119 bytes, checksum: 3a54f223c2ec1b5a1b1a0ab208290d98 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-26 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / A suinocultura moderna caracteriza-se pela produção intensiva de animais em unidades restritas de confinamento. Com um rebanho mundial de aproximadamente 957 milhões de cabeças, representando aproximadamente 39% do total de carne consumida, situa-se como a principal fonte de proteína animal no mundo. O Brasil é o quarto maior produtor mundial, e o Rio Grande do Sul ocupa a segunda posição no país. Esse modelo intensivo é responsável por grandes impactos ambientais em virtude da alta geração de resíduos, do elevado consumo de recursos escassos de terra e água, e pela emissão de gases poluentes na atmosfera, necessitando uma maior atenção no que diz respeito ao trato com os seus resíduos. Não existe consenso entre os técnicos em relação às alternativas tecnológicas mais adequadas a serem utilizadas no enfrentamento da questão. Assim, a suinocultura está demandando a contribuição de enfoques mais abrangentes e integrados para ser adequadamente tratada. Neste contexto, foi objetivo desta pesquisa avaliar a forma de planejamento, implantação e operação da sustentabilidade aplicada às granjas produtoras de suínos. Para tanto, se propôs um novo método de avaliação da sustentabilidade para o setor: Método SISS - Sistema de Indicadores de Sustentabilidade da Suinocultura, sendo aplicado em granjas com diferentes sistemas de manejo: esterqueiras, biodigestores, compostagem e sobre camas. O SISS demonstrou ser eficiente para o seu propósito, de fácil aplicação em campo e abrangente na avaliação de fatores relevantes para a prática da suinocultura. Verificou-se que granjas usuárias de compostagem como tratamento dos dejetos apresentaram um maior conjunto de práticas sustentáveis, colocando este sistema como o mais atrativo para a suinocultura. O sistema sobre camas obteve as piores avaliações entre as granjas pesquisadas. E para a adequação das esterqueiras em sistemas de tratamento como biodigestores ou leitos de compostagem há a necessidade de análises de viabilidade econômico-ambientais e que apresentem os melhores benefícios para a granja e região onde está localizada. Como recomendação, salienta-se a necessidade de uma intervenção conjunta entre as esferas participativas da cadeia produtiva da suinocultura no Estado, para que esta atividade econômica seja consolidada como sustentável. / Modern pig farming is characterized by the intensive production of animals in limited confinement units. With a world herd of approximately 957 million animals, representing approximately 39% of the total of meat consumed, it is the main source of animal protein worldwide. Brazil is the fourth largest in the world, and Rio Grande do Sul holds the second position in the country. This intensive model is responsible for strong environmental impacts due to the large amount of wastes generated, high consumption of scarce water and land resources, and the atmospheric emission of polluting gases which require greater attention to waste disposal. There is no consensus among the technical people as regards the more appropriate technological alternatives for adequate treatment of this issue. Thus, pig farming requires broader, more integrated approaches. In this context, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the form of planning, implementation and operation of sustainability applied to the pig-producing farms. For this purpose a new method was proposed to evaluate sustainability in this sector: the SISS Method (SISS- Sistema de Indicadores de Sustentabildade da Suinocultura - System of Sustainability Indicators in Pig-farming), which is applied on farms with different management systems: manure heaps, biodigestors, composting and deep bedings. SISS proved efficient for the purpose, easy to apply in the field, with a broad evaluation of factors relevant to the practice of pig-farming. It was found that farms that used composting to treat the wastes had a greater set of sustainable practices, which makes this system most attractive for pig-farming. The deep bedings system was considered the worst among the farms surveyed. And to render the manure heaps appropriate in treatment systems such as biodigestors or composting beds, it is necessary to perform economic and environmental feasibility analyses, and they must present the best benefits for the farm and region where they are located. The outstanding recommendation is the need for a joint intervention between the participatory spheres of the production chain of pig-farming in the state, so that this economic activity will be sustainably consolidated.

Bactérias resistentes aos antimicrobianos representam um risco, não apenas para a saúde animal, como também para a saúde pública. As bactérias comensais, como Escherichia coli, são consideradas um bom indicador do padrão de resistência de uma população microbiana, uma vez que, por residirem no intestino, estão submetidas à constante pressão de seleção resultante da administração de antimicrobianos, podendo sobreviver ao processo de abate de suínos e chegar aos consumidores. Neste sentido, os objetivos deste estudo foram: i. avaliar a frequência de resistência antimicrobiana fenotípica e a presença de grupos clonais em E. coli isoladas de fezes e carcaças suínas; ii. determinar o perfil fenotípico e genotípico de resistência aos antimicrobianos em isolados multirresistentes de E. coli provenientes de carcaças de suínos e identificar grupos clonais presentes em carcaças suínas; iii. comparar o perfil fenotípico de resistência antimicrobiana em isolados de E. coli de fezes de suínos submetidos a diferentes protocolos de administração de antimicrobianos via ração; iv. descrever o perfil da microbiota intestinal de suínos submetidos a diferentes protocolos de uso de antimicrobianos via ração. Para isto, três etapas distintas foram realizadas. Na etapa 1, dois ciclos de amostragem foram conduzidos em três matadouros-frigoríficos (A, B, C) de suínos, sendo coletado fezes depositadas no piso da pocilga de espera e suabes de superfície de carcaças na etapa de pré-resfriamento. Escherichia coli foi isolada dessas duas origens e avaliada quanto à resistência aos antimicrobianos. Além disso, 92 isolados de ambas as origens apresentando perfil de multirresistência foram submetidos à análise por Pulsed-field gel eletrophoresis (PFGE). Para a etapa 2, os isolados multirresistentes provenientes de carcaças foram submetidos a novos testes de sensibilidade antimicrobiana e de acordo com o perfil fenotípico foram pesquisados quanto aos genes de resistências e submetidos à técnica de PFGE. Em relação a etapa 3, quatro grupos de suínos que utilizavam protocolos distintos de uso de antimicrobianos via ração foram acompanhados em todas as fases zootécnicas e avaliados quanto a frequência de resistência antimicrobiana de E. coli e perfil bacteriano da microbiota intestinal através do sequenciamento de duas regiões do gene 16S rRNA. Entre os 674 isolados de E. coli da etapa 1 apenas 7,4% foram susceptíveis a todos os antimicrobianos testados. As maiores frequências de resistência foram identificadas frente à tetraciclina (85,9%), ampicilina (73,0%), sulfonamida (70,0%), florfenicol (65,0%) e ácido nalidíxico (58,9%). Do total de isolados de E. coli, 79,5% (536/674) foram classificados como multirresistentes. A análise de macro restrição (PFGE), conduzida em isolados apresentando perfis de multirresistência mais prevalentes, demonstrou que isolados de fezes e carcaças eram na maioria dos casos relacionados (similaridade ≥70%) nos três matadouros-frigoríficos. Dos isolados multirresistentes provenientes das carcaças, dez novos antimicrobianos foram testados; em relação a esses, as maiores frequências de resistências foram à cloranfenicol (86,4%), estreptomicina (65,8%) e trimetoprima (57%). Cada matadouro-frigorífico apresentou um perfil distinto de multirresistência predominante. Nos isolados submetidos à pesquisa de genes de resistência, foram detectados por ordem de frequência: strA (83,3%); aac(3)IVa (70%); tetB (70%); sul2 (60%); floR (56,6%); tetA (50%); aph(3)Ia (43,3%); sul3 (26,6%) e blaTEM (10%); três grupos de isolados relacionados (similaridade ≥ 70%) foram encontrados na análise por PFGE. Em relação à etapa 3, os grupos com diferentes protocolos de uso antimicrobianos via ração não apresentaram alteração significativa no perfil de microbiota intestinal e contagem de E. coli; entretanto, os perfis fenotípicos de resistência antimicrobiana foram distintos entre os grupos. O grupo que recebia protocolo com uso alternado de antimicrobianos de seis classes distintas apresentou maior frequência de resistência e multirresistência. De acordo com os resultados encontrados protocolos de uso continuado de antimicrobianos na criação de suínos gera uma pressão seletiva, resultando em cepas multirresistentes que podem sofrer propagação no ambiente e na cadeia de produção de alimentos. Considerando os perfis de resistência encontrados em E. coli originada de carcaças suínas e fezes, em todas as etapas deste trabalho, observou-se que essas cepas são selecionadas na granja pelo uso de antimicrobianos, chegaram ao pré-abate, disseminaram-se na linha de abate e contaminar a carcaça. O uso prudente de antimicrobianos é amplamente citado em toda a literatura científica veterinária e, conforme nossos resultados demonstraram, deve ser incluído entre as metas da suinocultura brasileira. / Bacteria resistant to antimicrobials present a hazard not only for animal health but public health too. Commensal bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, are considered a good indicator of microbial population resistance, because they live in gut and are subjected to constant pressure resulting selection of the administration of antibiotics, may survive in slaughtering process and get consumers. In this sense, the aims of this study were: i. to evaluate the frequency of antimicrobial phenotype resistance and presence of clonal groups for E. coli isolated from feces and pig carcasses; ii. to determine phenotypic profile and antimicrobial genotypic resistance in multiresistant E. coli isolated from pig carcasses and identify clonal groups present in pig carcasses; iii. to compare phenotypic profile of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli from swine feces submitted to different antimicrobial in-feed protocols; iv. to describe gut microbiota profile in pigs submitted to different antimicrobial in-feed protocols. For this, three steps were performed. In step 1, two sampling cycles were conducted in three slaughterhouses (A, B, C) of pigs being collected feces deposited in pen floor and pre-chill carcasses. Escherichia coli was isolated from these two sources and evaluated for antimicrobial resistance. In addition, 92 isolates with multidrug resistance profile were analyzed by pulsed-field gel eletrophoresis (PFGE). In step 2, isolated from carcasses and multiresistant underwent new antimicrobial susceptibility testing and in accordance with the phenotypic profile were screened for the resistance gene and PFGE. In step 3, four groups of pigs used different antimicrobial in-feed protocols were followed in all phases and evaluated frequency of antimicrobial resistance and gut bacterial profile by sequencing two regions of 16S rRNA. Among the 674 E. coli isolates from step 1 just 7.4% were susceptible to all antibiotics. The highest frequencies of resistance were: tetracycline (85.9%), ampicillin (73.0%), sulfonamide (70.0%), florfenicol (65.0%) and nalidixic acid (58.9%). Of total E. coli isolates, 79.5% (536/674) were multidrug. Macrorestriction analysis (PFGE), conducted in isolates with profiles more prevalent multidrug resistance showed that isolated from feces and carcasses were in most cases related (≥70% similarity) in the three slaughterhouses. The multiresistant isolates from carcasses, ten new antibiotics were tested, with greatest frequency in add antimicrobial resistance were: chloramphenicol (86.4%), streptomycin (65.8%) and trimethoprim (57%). Each slaughterhouse showed a distinct profile of resistance and number of resistance markers. Isolates submitted to research genes were detected in order of frequency: strA (83.3%); aac(3)IV (70%); tetB (70%); sul2 (60%); floR (56.6%); tetA (50%); aph(3)Ia (43.3%); sul3 (26.6%) and blaTEM (10%); and three related groups (similarity ≥ 70%) were formed in PFGE. For step 3, groups with different antimicrobial in-feed had no significant change in gut microbiota profile and E. coli counts; however the phenotypic profiles of antimicrobial resistance were different between the groups. The group receiving protocol with alternate use of antimicrobials six different classes showed higher frequency of resistance and multidrug resistance. According to the results, different protocols of antimicrobial in pig farming creates a selective pressure, resulting in multi-drug resistant strains that may contribute to spread environment and in food production chain. Considering the resistance profiles found in E. coli originated from swine carcasses and feces, in all stages of this work, it was observed that these strains were selected for in farm by use of antimicrobials, reached the pre-slaughter, spread in the slaughterhouse and carcasses. The concept of prudent use of antimicrobials is widely quoted in all the veterinary scientific literature and, as our results showed, it should be included among the goals of the Brazilian pig farming.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T15:14:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dangela Maria Fernandes.pdf: 4431136 bytes, checksum: c95d44de12c14904f785c2581dd1a253 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The intensive pig farming's development promoted the production of residual biomass large amounts, when improperly handled becomes a major environment s pollution sources. Therefore, waste management should be seen as an integral part of system's production pigs and should be included in planning this activity. In this context, aiming to evaluate the residual biomass' management generated in the production system for finishing pigs, Unit Colombari farm, there was a study about the water consumption, feed consumption and residues production during the period October 2010 to February 2011 with the goal of generating productivity indices related to the productive system The gotten results indicated that the rates for the daily water consumption per pig ranged from 1.2 to 2.4 liters, the daily feed intake per animal was 1.90 kg and the manure's daily production per animal appeared in 7.3 liters. It is considered that the productive unit is fitted in an efficient handling characteristic, having efficacy in reducing water consumption in the parameterization of the animal feed and residual biomass' control. / O desenvolvimento da suinocultura intensiva promoveu a produção de grandes quantidades de biomassa residual que, quando manejados inadequadamente, tornam-se uma das principais fontes de poluição do meio. Por isso, o manejo de resíduos deve ser visto como parte integrante do sistema produtivo de suínos, devendo estar incluído no planejamento desta atividade. Nesse contexto, visando avaliar o manejo da biomassa residual gerada no sistema produtivo de suínos em terminação, da Unidade Granja Colombari, realizou-se um estudo quanto ao consumo de água, o consumo de ração e a produção de dejetos, durante o período de Outubro de 2010 a Fevereiro de 2011, com o objetivo de gerar índices de produtividade relacionados ao sistema produtivo. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que os índices relativos ao consumo de água diário por suíno variou de 1,2 a 2,4 litros, o consumo de ração diário por suíno foi de 1,90 kg e a produção diária de dejetos por suíno apresentou-se em 7,3 litros. Considera-se que a unidade produtiva se enquadrou nas características de um manejo eficiente, possuindo eficácia na minimização do consumo de água, na parametrização da nutrição animal e no controle de produção de biomassa residual.

Bactérias resistentes aos antimicrobianos representam um risco, não apenas para a saúde animal, como também para a saúde pública. As bactérias comensais, como Escherichia coli, são consideradas um bom indicador do padrão de resistência de uma população microbiana, uma vez que, por residirem no intestino, estão submetidas à constante pressão de seleção resultante da administração de antimicrobianos, podendo sobreviver ao processo de abate de suínos e chegar aos consumidores. Neste sentido, os objetivos deste estudo foram: i. avaliar a frequência de resistência antimicrobiana fenotípica e a presença de grupos clonais em E. coli isoladas de fezes e carcaças suínas; ii. determinar o perfil fenotípico e genotípico de resistência aos antimicrobianos em isolados multirresistentes de E. coli provenientes de carcaças de suínos e identificar grupos clonais presentes em carcaças suínas; iii. comparar o perfil fenotípico de resistência antimicrobiana em isolados de E. coli de fezes de suínos submetidos a diferentes protocolos de administração de antimicrobianos via ração; iv. descrever o perfil da microbiota intestinal de suínos submetidos a diferentes protocolos de uso de antimicrobianos via ração. Para isto, três etapas distintas foram realizadas. Na etapa 1, dois ciclos de amostragem foram conduzidos em três matadouros-frigoríficos (A, B, C) de suínos, sendo coletado fezes depositadas no piso da pocilga de espera e suabes de superfície de carcaças na etapa de pré-resfriamento. Escherichia coli foi isolada dessas duas origens e avaliada quanto à resistência aos antimicrobianos. Além disso, 92 isolados de ambas as origens apresentando perfil de multirresistência foram submetidos à análise por Pulsed-field gel eletrophoresis (PFGE). Para a etapa 2, os isolados multirresistentes provenientes de carcaças foram submetidos a novos testes de sensibilidade antimicrobiana e de acordo com o perfil fenotípico foram pesquisados quanto aos genes de resistências e submetidos à técnica de PFGE. Em relação a etapa 3, quatro grupos de suínos que utilizavam protocolos distintos de uso de antimicrobianos via ração foram acompanhados em todas as fases zootécnicas e avaliados quanto a frequência de resistência antimicrobiana de E. coli e perfil bacteriano da microbiota intestinal através do sequenciamento de duas regiões do gene 16S rRNA. Entre os 674 isolados de E. coli da etapa 1 apenas 7,4% foram susceptíveis a todos os antimicrobianos testados. As maiores frequências de resistência foram identificadas frente à tetraciclina (85,9%), ampicilina (73,0%), sulfonamida (70,0%), florfenicol (65,0%) e ácido nalidíxico (58,9%). Do total de isolados de E. coli, 79,5% (536/674) foram classificados como multirresistentes. A análise de macro restrição (PFGE), conduzida em isolados apresentando perfis de multirresistência mais prevalentes, demonstrou que isolados de fezes e carcaças eram na maioria dos casos relacionados (similaridade ≥70%) nos três matadouros-frigoríficos. Dos isolados multirresistentes provenientes das carcaças, dez novos antimicrobianos foram testados; em relação a esses, as maiores frequências de resistências foram à cloranfenicol (86,4%), estreptomicina (65,8%) e trimetoprima (57%). Cada matadouro-frigorífico apresentou um perfil distinto de multirresistência predominante. Nos isolados submetidos à pesquisa de genes de resistência, foram detectados por ordem de frequência: strA (83,3%); aac(3)IVa (70%); tetB (70%); sul2 (60%); floR (56,6%); tetA (50%); aph(3)Ia (43,3%); sul3 (26,6%) e blaTEM (10%); três grupos de isolados relacionados (similaridade ≥ 70%) foram encontrados na análise por PFGE. Em relação à etapa 3, os grupos com diferentes protocolos de uso antimicrobianos via ração não apresentaram alteração significativa no perfil de microbiota intestinal e contagem de E. coli; entretanto, os perfis fenotípicos de resistência antimicrobiana foram distintos entre os grupos. O grupo que recebia protocolo com uso alternado de antimicrobianos de seis classes distintas apresentou maior frequência de resistência e multirresistência. De acordo com os resultados encontrados protocolos de uso continuado de antimicrobianos na criação de suínos gera uma pressão seletiva, resultando em cepas multirresistentes que podem sofrer propagação no ambiente e na cadeia de produção de alimentos. Considerando os perfis de resistência encontrados em E. coli originada de carcaças suínas e fezes, em todas as etapas deste trabalho, observou-se que essas cepas são selecionadas na granja pelo uso de antimicrobianos, chegaram ao pré-abate, disseminaram-se na linha de abate e contaminar a carcaça. O uso prudente de antimicrobianos é amplamente citado em toda a literatura científica veterinária e, conforme nossos resultados demonstraram, deve ser incluído entre as metas da suinocultura brasileira. / Bacteria resistant to antimicrobials present a hazard not only for animal health but public health too. Commensal bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, are considered a good indicator of microbial population resistance, because they live in gut and are subjected to constant pressure resulting selection of the administration of antibiotics, may survive in slaughtering process and get consumers. In this sense, the aims of this study were: i. to evaluate the frequency of antimicrobial phenotype resistance and presence of clonal groups for E. coli isolated from feces and pig carcasses; ii. to determine phenotypic profile and antimicrobial genotypic resistance in multiresistant E. coli isolated from pig carcasses and identify clonal groups present in pig carcasses; iii. to compare phenotypic profile of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli from swine feces submitted to different antimicrobial in-feed protocols; iv. to describe gut microbiota profile in pigs submitted to different antimicrobial in-feed protocols. For this, three steps were performed. In step 1, two sampling cycles were conducted in three slaughterhouses (A, B, C) of pigs being collected feces deposited in pen floor and pre-chill carcasses. Escherichia coli was isolated from these two sources and evaluated for antimicrobial resistance. In addition, 92 isolates with multidrug resistance profile were analyzed by pulsed-field gel eletrophoresis (PFGE). In step 2, isolated from carcasses and multiresistant underwent new antimicrobial susceptibility testing and in accordance with the phenotypic profile were screened for the resistance gene and PFGE. In step 3, four groups of pigs used different antimicrobial in-feed protocols were followed in all phases and evaluated frequency of antimicrobial resistance and gut bacterial profile by sequencing two regions of 16S rRNA. Among the 674 E. coli isolates from step 1 just 7.4% were susceptible to all antibiotics. The highest frequencies of resistance were: tetracycline (85.9%), ampicillin (73.0%), sulfonamide (70.0%), florfenicol (65.0%) and nalidixic acid (58.9%). Of total E. coli isolates, 79.5% (536/674) were multidrug. Macrorestriction analysis (PFGE), conducted in isolates with profiles more prevalent multidrug resistance showed that isolated from feces and carcasses were in most cases related (≥70% similarity) in the three slaughterhouses. The multiresistant isolates from carcasses, ten new antibiotics were tested, with greatest frequency in add antimicrobial resistance were: chloramphenicol (86.4%), streptomycin (65.8%) and trimethoprim (57%). Each slaughterhouse showed a distinct profile of resistance and number of resistance markers. Isolates submitted to research genes were detected in order of frequency: strA (83.3%); aac(3)IV (70%); tetB (70%); sul2 (60%); floR (56.6%); tetA (50%); aph(3)Ia (43.3%); sul3 (26.6%) and blaTEM (10%); and three related groups (similarity ≥ 70%) were formed in PFGE. For step 3, groups with different antimicrobial in-feed had no significant change in gut microbiota profile and E. coli counts; however the phenotypic profiles of antimicrobial resistance were different between the groups. The group receiving protocol with alternate use of antimicrobials six different classes showed higher frequency of resistance and multidrug resistance. According to the results, different protocols of antimicrobial in pig farming creates a selective pressure, resulting in multi-drug resistant strains that may contribute to spread environment and in food production chain. Considering the resistance profiles found in E. coli originated from swine carcasses and feces, in all stages of this work, it was observed that these strains were selected for in farm by use of antimicrobials, reached the pre-slaughter, spread in the slaughterhouse and carcasses. The concept of prudent use of antimicrobials is widely quoted in all the veterinary scientific literature and, as our results showed, it should be included among the goals of the Brazilian pig farming.

Smallholder pig farming is an important livestock activity in Mpumalanga. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether variation in agro-ecological climatic conditions differently impacts on the small-scale pig production systems in Mpumalanga province and to identify factors that influence production positively or negatively in the various agro-ecological zones. The study was conducted in Mpumalanga province of South Africa in three agro-ecological zones namely the highveld, the lowveld and the midveld. The study followed mixed methods approach, using qualitative and quantitative data. In total, 220 randomly selected smallholder pig farmers were interviewed face to face using pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. Data was entered into Microsoft Excel2007® spreadsheet, filtered and analysed using Stata v9 (Statacorp., Texas, USA) and Microsoft Excel2007® for frequency, herd-related variables; in addition, some hypothesis were tested using appropriate analytical methods (descriptive and correlation analyses). Associations between agricultural training, government assistance (material or financial) and thirteen herd and farmer-related variables were analysed using multivariable logistic regression model. A pairwise correlation was used where necessary and outputs were generated to associate certain variables and preferred methods including markets, market determinants, treatment methods for sick pigs, feed preference, body conditions of the sows and age at weaning. To integrate economic analyses, a partial budgeting combined with other turn on investment (ROI) model has developed in Microsoft Excel 2007® spreadsheet. The outcomes from the field data obtained including details from published materials were utilized to develop and validate the model. Economic feasibility and viability of a 10-sow unit were tested for a three-year farm operation. The results indicated that smallholder pig farming was predominated by males (64%), age group 51 years and above (54%), black Africans (98.6%) and approximately three-quarters of the smallholder farmers were classified as being poor to just below average. The majority (80%) of respondents had no prior pig husbandry training while few had (33%) received assistance from Department of Agriculture. In terms of stock, mixed breeds (89%) from exotic pigs were mostly kept and the majority (87%) of the farmers kept between 1 – 10 ws in their herds. Many farmers (75%) engaged in bio-security risky behaviour of buying auctioned-sourced boars, free-range boars and untested boars from neighbours and relatives. Few (17%) farmers practiced vaccination and only (10%) kept records of the pigs. The majority of the responses on pre-weaning mortality (50%) and post-weaning mortality (90%) were within acceptable range of 1-10% and 1-5% mortality rates respectively. The lead causes of mortality were weak piglets and crushing (46%), diarrhea (27%), poor management knowledge (19%) and malnutrition (16%). Fifty-eight percent farrowed ≤10 piglets/born/sow/litter, 44.2% practiced no weaning method, many fed leftovers alone (41.6%), 47% was using self-medication and 41% of the sows were in poor body conditions. It was also discovered that only 27% sold the porkers in less than 6 months of age and local slaughter/sold live (64.4%) was the most preferred market source. A pair-wise correlation showed links that between the feeding of commercial feeds and pigs in relatively good to very good body conditions. Poor body conditioned pigs were positively correlated with the feeding of swill alone. The economic models for a 10-sow unit proved that pig farming at that scale is unprofitable by feeding commercial feed. However, only through a combination of cooperative systems, benefits of economic of scale, reduction of pre-weaning mortalities, and structured government inputs can improve pig production profitable at this scale of production. In addition, agricultural training and government incentives will facilitate improved productivity in smallholder pig farms within the province / Agriculture, Animal Health and Human Ecology / M. Sc. (Agriculture)

Bactérias resistentes aos antimicrobianos representam um risco, não apenas para a saúde animal, como também para a saúde pública. As bactérias comensais, como Escherichia coli, são consideradas um bom indicador do padrão de resistência de uma população microbiana, uma vez que, por residirem no intestino, estão submetidas à constante pressão de seleção resultante da administração de antimicrobianos, podendo sobreviver ao processo de abate de suínos e chegar aos consumidores. Neste sentido, os objetivos deste estudo foram: i. avaliar a frequência de resistência antimicrobiana fenotípica e a presença de grupos clonais em E. coli isoladas de fezes e carcaças suínas; ii. determinar o perfil fenotípico e genotípico de resistência aos antimicrobianos em isolados multirresistentes de E. coli provenientes de carcaças de suínos e identificar grupos clonais presentes em carcaças suínas; iii. comparar o perfil fenotípico de resistência antimicrobiana em isolados de E. coli de fezes de suínos submetidos a diferentes protocolos de administração de antimicrobianos via ração; iv. descrever o perfil da microbiota intestinal de suínos submetidos a diferentes protocolos de uso de antimicrobianos via ração. Para isto, três etapas distintas foram realizadas. Na etapa 1, dois ciclos de amostragem foram conduzidos em três matadouros-frigoríficos (A, B, C) de suínos, sendo coletado fezes depositadas no piso da pocilga de espera e suabes de superfície de carcaças na etapa de pré-resfriamento. Escherichia coli foi isolada dessas duas origens e avaliada quanto à resistência aos antimicrobianos. Além disso, 92 isolados de ambas as origens apresentando perfil de multirresistência foram submetidos à análise por Pulsed-field gel eletrophoresis (PFGE). Para a etapa 2, os isolados multirresistentes provenientes de carcaças foram submetidos a novos testes de sensibilidade antimicrobiana e de acordo com o perfil fenotípico foram pesquisados quanto aos genes de resistências e submetidos à técnica de PFGE. Em relação a etapa 3, quatro grupos de suínos que utilizavam protocolos distintos de uso de antimicrobianos via ração foram acompanhados em todas as fases zootécnicas e avaliados quanto a frequência de resistência antimicrobiana de E. coli e perfil bacteriano da microbiota intestinal através do sequenciamento de duas regiões do gene 16S rRNA. Entre os 674 isolados de E. coli da etapa 1 apenas 7,4% foram susceptíveis a todos os antimicrobianos testados. As maiores frequências de resistência foram identificadas frente à tetraciclina (85,9%), ampicilina (73,0%), sulfonamida (70,0%), florfenicol (65,0%) e ácido nalidíxico (58,9%). Do total de isolados de E. coli, 79,5% (536/674) foram classificados como multirresistentes. A análise de macro restrição (PFGE), conduzida em isolados apresentando perfis de multirresistência mais prevalentes, demonstrou que isolados de fezes e carcaças eram na maioria dos casos relacionados (similaridade ≥70%) nos três matadouros-frigoríficos. Dos isolados multirresistentes provenientes das carcaças, dez novos antimicrobianos foram testados; em relação a esses, as maiores frequências de resistências foram à cloranfenicol (86,4%), estreptomicina (65,8%) e trimetoprima (57%). Cada matadouro-frigorífico apresentou um perfil distinto de multirresistência predominante. Nos isolados submetidos à pesquisa de genes de resistência, foram detectados por ordem de frequência: strA (83,3%); aac(3)IVa (70%); tetB (70%); sul2 (60%); floR (56,6%); tetA (50%); aph(3)Ia (43,3%); sul3 (26,6%) e blaTEM (10%); três grupos de isolados relacionados (similaridade ≥ 70%) foram encontrados na análise por PFGE. Em relação à etapa 3, os grupos com diferentes protocolos de uso antimicrobianos via ração não apresentaram alteração significativa no perfil de microbiota intestinal e contagem de E. coli; entretanto, os perfis fenotípicos de resistência antimicrobiana foram distintos entre os grupos. O grupo que recebia protocolo com uso alternado de antimicrobianos de seis classes distintas apresentou maior frequência de resistência e multirresistência. De acordo com os resultados encontrados protocolos de uso continuado de antimicrobianos na criação de suínos gera uma pressão seletiva, resultando em cepas multirresistentes que podem sofrer propagação no ambiente e na cadeia de produção de alimentos. Considerando os perfis de resistência encontrados em E. coli originada de carcaças suínas e fezes, em todas as etapas deste trabalho, observou-se que essas cepas são selecionadas na granja pelo uso de antimicrobianos, chegaram ao pré-abate, disseminaram-se na linha de abate e contaminar a carcaça. O uso prudente de antimicrobianos é amplamente citado em toda a literatura científica veterinária e, conforme nossos resultados demonstraram, deve ser incluído entre as metas da suinocultura brasileira. / Bacteria resistant to antimicrobials present a hazard not only for animal health but public health too. Commensal bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, are considered a good indicator of microbial population resistance, because they live in gut and are subjected to constant pressure resulting selection of the administration of antibiotics, may survive in slaughtering process and get consumers. In this sense, the aims of this study were: i. to evaluate the frequency of antimicrobial phenotype resistance and presence of clonal groups for E. coli isolated from feces and pig carcasses; ii. to determine phenotypic profile and antimicrobial genotypic resistance in multiresistant E. coli isolated from pig carcasses and identify clonal groups present in pig carcasses; iii. to compare phenotypic profile of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli from swine feces submitted to different antimicrobial in-feed protocols; iv. to describe gut microbiota profile in pigs submitted to different antimicrobial in-feed protocols. For this, three steps were performed. In step 1, two sampling cycles were conducted in three slaughterhouses (A, B, C) of pigs being collected feces deposited in pen floor and pre-chill carcasses. Escherichia coli was isolated from these two sources and evaluated for antimicrobial resistance. In addition, 92 isolates with multidrug resistance profile were analyzed by pulsed-field gel eletrophoresis (PFGE). In step 2, isolated from carcasses and multiresistant underwent new antimicrobial susceptibility testing and in accordance with the phenotypic profile were screened for the resistance gene and PFGE. In step 3, four groups of pigs used different antimicrobial in-feed protocols were followed in all phases and evaluated frequency of antimicrobial resistance and gut bacterial profile by sequencing two regions of 16S rRNA. Among the 674 E. coli isolates from step 1 just 7.4% were susceptible to all antibiotics. The highest frequencies of resistance were: tetracycline (85.9%), ampicillin (73.0%), sulfonamide (70.0%), florfenicol (65.0%) and nalidixic acid (58.9%). Of total E. coli isolates, 79.5% (536/674) were multidrug. Macrorestriction analysis (PFGE), conducted in isolates with profiles more prevalent multidrug resistance showed that isolated from feces and carcasses were in most cases related (≥70% similarity) in the three slaughterhouses. The multiresistant isolates from carcasses, ten new antibiotics were tested, with greatest frequency in add antimicrobial resistance were: chloramphenicol (86.4%), streptomycin (65.8%) and trimethoprim (57%). Each slaughterhouse showed a distinct profile of resistance and number of resistance markers. Isolates submitted to research genes were detected in order of frequency: strA (83.3%); aac(3)IV (70%); tetB (70%); sul2 (60%); floR (56.6%); tetA (50%); aph(3)Ia (43.3%); sul3 (26.6%) and blaTEM (10%); and three related groups (similarity ≥ 70%) were formed in PFGE. For step 3, groups with different antimicrobial in-feed had no significant change in gut microbiota profile and E. coli counts; however the phenotypic profiles of antimicrobial resistance were different between the groups. The group receiving protocol with alternate use of antimicrobials six different classes showed higher frequency of resistance and multidrug resistance. According to the results, different protocols of antimicrobial in pig farming creates a selective pressure, resulting in multi-drug resistant strains that may contribute to spread environment and in food production chain. Considering the resistance profiles found in E. coli originated from swine carcasses and feces, in all stages of this work, it was observed that these strains were selected for in farm by use of antimicrobials, reached the pre-slaughter, spread in the slaughterhouse and carcasses. The concept of prudent use of antimicrobials is widely quoted in all the veterinary scientific literature and, as our results showed, it should be included among the goals of the Brazilian pig farming.