[pt] Este trabalho consiste na determinação dos valores e da distrbuição dos módulos de elasticidade com a profundidade de maciços de solo estratificados através de retroanálises de provas de carga em estaca instrumentada, com medição de recalques no topo e na base, publicadas na literatura para depósito de solos resuduais, argila rija e areia. Nas retroanálises utilizou-se um programa computacional baseado numa versão simplificada do método dos elementos de contorno, sugerida por Poulos (1968), com adaptações da formulação de Mindlin (1936) para permitir também a consideração de maciços estratificados. Seus resultados foram comparados com aqueles obtidos por vários tipos de ensaios de campo ou de laboratório, com o objetivo de indicar quais destes ensaios são os mais adequados para a determinação dos parâmetros de deformação do solo, visando o cálculo do recalque de estacas. Os valores de módulo de elasticidade computados nas retroanálises compararam-se satisfatoriamente com aqueles determinados com base nos ensaios que, durante a execução, induzem pequenas deformações no solo, ocorrendo, por outro lado, uma significativa subestimativa destes valores quando determinados em ensaios envolvendo grandes deformações. Este comportamento permitiu então concluir que uma escolha adequada do nível de deformações associada ao tipo de ensaio é essencial para a determinação das características de compressibilidade do solo na engenharia de fundações. / [en] This work consists of the determination of values and distribution of the modulus of elasticity with depth in layered soils through backanalysis of instrumented pile load tests, published in literature for residual soils, stiff clay and sand. In the backanalysis was used a simplified version of the boundary element method, originally introduced by Poulos and Davis (1968), with adaptations of Mindlin´s formulation to allow for the consideration of layered soils. The results of the backanalysis were compared with those obtained through many ´in situ´ and laboratory tests, with the aim of indicating which of those tests are more suitable for the determination of the deformation parameters of the soil, to be used in the evaluation of pile settlement. The values of elasticity modulus computed in the backanalysis agreed well with those determined from the tests which transmit small strains to the soil during its execution. On the other hand, these values were subestimated when obtained from tests that involve high strains. This behavior permitted the conclusion that an appropriate choice of the strain level, associated to the type of the test, is essential to the determination of the compressibility characteristics of the soil in foundation engineering problems. / [es] Este trabajo aborda la determinación de los valores de los módulos de elasticidad con profundidad de macizos de suelo estratificados así como su distribución. Dicha determinación se efectua a través de retroanálisis de pruebas de carga en estaca instrumentada, que aparecen publicadas en la literatura para depósito de suelos residuales, arcilla dura y arena. En el retroanálisis se utilizó un programa computacional basado en una versión simplificada del método de los elementos de contorno, sugerida por Polos (1968), con adaptaciones de la formulación de Mindlin (1936) que permiten considerar macizos estratificados. Con el objetivo de indicar cuál de estos ensayos resulta más adecuado para la determinación de los parámetros de deformación del suelo y para el cálculo del recalque de estacas, se compararon sus resultados con los obtenidos por varios tipos de ensayos de campo o de laboratorio. Los valores de módulo de elasticidad computados en el retroanálisis se compararan satisfactoriamente con los determinados con base en los ensayos que, durante la ejecución, inducen pequenas deformaciones en el suelo, teniendo, por otro lado, una significativa subestimación de estos valores cuando son determinados en ensayos con grandes deformaciones. Este comportamiento permitió entonces concluir que una selección adecuada del nível de deformación asociada al tipo de ensayo es esencial para la determinación de las características de compresibilidad del suelo en la ingeniería de fundaciones.

Esta dissertação apresenta uma avaliação do comportamento de estacas hélice contínua quanto à capacidade de carga, ao recalque e à segurança e confiabilidade, a partir de um cenário de análise em que foi considerado um banco de dados de 58 provas de carga estáticas, realizadas em estacas hélice contínua de 13 obras distintas. Esta pesquisa está focada principalmente no comportamento carga-recalque e confiabilidade de fundações em estacas hélice contínua. Nesta análise foi também verificada a aplicabilidade do método proposto por Aoki (1989) para determinação da curva carga-recalque destas provas de carga. Os valores de capacidade de carga medidos foram comparados com os previstos pelos método Aoki & Velloso (1975), o método Decourt & Quaresma (1978), o método de Cabral (1996), e o método Alonso (1996). Estes métodos também foram utilizados para previsão de transferência de carga nas estacas, necessária para a previsão da curva carga-recalque pelos método de Aoki (1989). Adicionalmente, com os resultados das provas de carga foram estimadas para cada obra a probabilidade de ruína da fundação, e de ocorrência de recalques superiores a um valor limite. / This dissertation presents an evaluation of the behavior of continuous flight auger piles on ultimate capacity, settlments, safety and reliability, from a scenario analysis in which we considered a database of 58 static load tests, performed on piles of 13 distinct sites. However, this research is focused on the loaddisplacement behavior and reliability of this type of foundation. This analysis also verified the applicability of the method proposed by Aoki (1989) to determine the load-displacement curve of these pile load tests. The values of measured pile capacity were compared with those provided by the method Aoki & Velloso (1975), the method Decourt & Quaresma (1978), the method Cabral (1996), and the method Alonso (1996). These methods were also used to predict the load transfer along the piles, necessary to predict the load-displacement curve by the method of Aoki (1989). Additionally, the results of these load tests were used to estimate the probability of failure of the foundations tested, and the occurrence of settlements exceeding a threshold value.

Esta dissertação apresenta uma avaliação do comportamento de estacas hélice contínua quanto à capacidade de carga, ao recalque e à segurança e confiabilidade, a partir de um cenário de análise em que foi considerado um banco de dados de 58 provas de carga estáticas, realizadas em estacas hélice contínua de 13 obras distintas. Esta pesquisa está focada principalmente no comportamento carga-recalque e confiabilidade de fundações em estacas hélice contínua. Nesta análise foi também verificada a aplicabilidade do método proposto por Aoki (1989) para determinação da curva carga-recalque destas provas de carga. Os valores de capacidade de carga medidos foram comparados com os previstos pelos método Aoki & Velloso (1975), o método Decourt & Quaresma (1978), o método de Cabral (1996), e o método Alonso (1996). Estes métodos também foram utilizados para previsão de transferência de carga nas estacas, necessária para a previsão da curva carga-recalque pelos método de Aoki (1989). Adicionalmente, com os resultados das provas de carga foram estimadas para cada obra a probabilidade de ruína da fundação, e de ocorrência de recalques superiores a um valor limite. / This dissertation presents an evaluation of the behavior of continuous flight auger piles on ultimate capacity, settlments, safety and reliability, from a scenario analysis in which we considered a database of 58 static load tests, performed on piles of 13 distinct sites. However, this research is focused on the loaddisplacement behavior and reliability of this type of foundation. This analysis also verified the applicability of the method proposed by Aoki (1989) to determine the load-displacement curve of these pile load tests. The values of measured pile capacity were compared with those provided by the method Aoki & Velloso (1975), the method Decourt & Quaresma (1978), the method Cabral (1996), and the method Alonso (1996). These methods were also used to predict the load transfer along the piles, necessary to predict the load-displacement curve by the method of Aoki (1989). Additionally, the results of these load tests were used to estimate the probability of failure of the foundations tested, and the occurrence of settlements exceeding a threshold value.

Frequently, deep foundations extend through potentially liquefiable soils. When liquefaction occurs in cohesionless soils surrounding a deep foundation, the skin-friction in the liquefied layer is compromised. After cyclical forces suspend and pore pressures dissipate, effective stress rebuilds and the liquefied soil consolidates. When the settlement of the soil exceeds the downward movement of the foundation, downdrag develops. To investigate the loss and redevelopment of skin-friction, strain was measured on an instrumented micropile during a blast-induced liquefaction test in Mirabello, Italy. The soil profile where the micropile was installed consisted of clay to a depth of 6m underlain by a medium to dense sand. The 25cm diameter steel reinforced concrete micropile was bored to a depth of 17m. Pore pressure transducers were placed around the pile at various depths to observe excess pore pressure generation and dissipation. Soil strain was monitored with profilometers in a linear arrangement from the center of the 10m diameter ring of buried explosives out to a 12m radius. Immediately following the blast, liquefaction developed between 6m and 12m below ground. The liquefied layer settled 14cm (~2.4% volumetric strain) while the pile toe settled 1.24cm under elastic displacement. The static neutral plane in the pile occurred at a depth of 12m. From 6m to 12m below ground, the incremental skin-friction was 50% compared to pre-liquefaction measurements. The decrease in residual skin-friction is consistent with measurements observed by Dr. Kyle Rollins from previous full-scale tests in Vancouver, BC, Canada, Christchurch, New Zealand, and Turrel, Arkansas.

Frequently, deep foundations extend through potentially liquefiable soils. When liquefaction occurs in cohesionless soils surrounding a deep foundation, the skin-friction in the liquefied layer is compromised. After cyclical forces suspend and pore pressures dissipate, effective stress rebuilds and the liquefied soil consolidates. When the settlement of the soil exceeds the downward movement of the foundation, downdrag develops. To investigate the loss and redevelopment of skin-friction, strain was measured on an instrumented micropile during a blast-induced liquefaction test in Mirabello, Italy. The soil profile where the micropile was installed consisted of clay to a depth of 6m underlain by a medium to dense sand. The 25cm diameter steel reinforced concrete micropile was bored to a depth of 17m. Pore pressure transducers were placed around the pile at various depths to observe excess pore pressure generation and dissipation. Soil strain was monitored with profilometers in a linear arrangement from the center of the 10m diameter ring of buried explosives out to a 12m radius. Immediately following the blast, liquefaction developed between 6m and 12m below ground. The liquefied layer settled 14cm (~2.4% volumetric strain) while the pile toe settled 1.24cm under elastic displacement. The static neutral plane in the pile occurred at a depth of 12m. From 6m to 12m below ground, the incremental skin-friction was 50% compared to pre-liquefaction measurements. The decrease in residual skin-friction is consistent with measurements observed by Dr. Kyle Rollins from previous full-scale tests in Vancouver, BC, Canada, Christchurch, New Zealand, and Turrel, Arkansas.