Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Estimar o recalque em estacas à um problema muito complexo, incerto e ainda nÃo totalmente compreendido, devido Ãs muitas incertezas associadas aos fatores que afetam a magnitude desta deformaÃÃo. As RNA sÃo ferramentas que funcionam analogamente ao cÃrebro humano, e sua unidade principal, o neurÃnio artificial, trabalha de maneira semelhante ao neurÃnio biolÃgico. Esta ferramenta alternativa vem sendo aplicada com sucesso em muitos problemas de engenharia geotÃcnica, podendo, portanto ser utilizadas como uma ferramentas alternativas para avaliar recalques em estacas isoladas. Nessa pesquisa as RNA utilizadas foram do tipo perceptron de mÃltiplas camadas, empregando um treinamento supervisionado utilizando o algoritmo de retropropagaÃÃo do erro. O modelo desenvolvido relaciona o recalque em estacas isoladas com as propriedades geomÃtricas das estacas (diÃmetro e comprimento), a estratigrafia e as caracterÃsticas de compacidade, ou consistÃncia dos solos por meio dos resultados obtidos nos ensaios SPT, e a carga atuante, obtidas em provas de carga realizadas em estacas hÃlice contÃnua, cravada metÃlica e escavada. O conjunto de aprendizagem foi composto por 1947 exemplos de entrada e saÃda. Com auxilio do programa QNET2000 foram treinadas e validadas vÃrias arquiteturas de redes neurais. ApÃs comparar o desempenho da curva carga x recalque elaborada com os recalques estimados pelo modelo proposto com a curva carga x recalque resultante da prova de carga estÃtica e com a curva carga x recalque gerada pelo emprego do programa comercial baseado em elementos finitos tridimensionais PLAXIS 3D Foundation, constatou-se que as RNA foram capazes de entender o comportamento das fundaÃÃes profundas do tipo estacas hÃlice contÃnua, escavada e cravada metÃlica, possibilitando dentre outras coisas, a definiÃÃo das cargas de trabalho e cargas limites nas estacas. / Predicting the settlement in deep foundation is a very complex, uncertain and not yet fully understood, due to the many uncertainties associated with factors that affect the magnitude of this deformation. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is a tool that works similarly to the human brain, its main unit, the artificial neuron, works in a similar way to the biological neuron. This alternative tool has been successfully applied in many geotechnical engineering problems and can therefore be used as an alternative tool to evaluate the behavior of settlement in isolated piles. In this paper, the ANN used were the multilayer perceptron type, employing a supervised training that uses the error back propagation algorithm. The model developed relates settlement in isolated piles with the type and the geometrical properties of the piles (diameter and length), the stratigraphy and characteristics of compactness or consistency of soils by means of the SPT tests results, and the load applied, obtained in static pile load tests performed in continuous helix, steel driven and excavated pile types. The data set used to model consisted of 1.947 samples of input and output. QNET 2000 was the program used to assist the training and validation of various architectures of neural networks. The architecture formed by 10 nodes in the input layer, 28 neurons distributed in 4 intermediate layers and one neuron in the output layer, corresponding to the measured discharge for cutting (A10: 14:8:4:2:1) was the one that showed the best performance, with the correlation coefficient between the estimated settlements and settlements measured during the validation phase of 0.94, such value can be considered satisfactory when considering the prediction of a complex phenomenon. After comparing the performance of the applied load x settlement estimated by model proposed curve with the applied load x settlement measured in static pile load test curve and the applied load x settlement estimated by an elasto-plastic model thru numerical simulation, it was found that the ANN were able to understand the behavior of deep foundations of continuous helix, steel driven and excavated piles type, allowing among other things, the definition of workloads and load limits at the pile.

En el año 2017, Perú sufrió el fenómeno del Niño Costero luego de 19 años. Este desastre afectó principalmente la costa norte del país, ocasionando que numerosas viviendas e instalaciones terminaran enterradas por las inundaciones. Además, varios puentes colapsaron causando que pueblos queden incomunicados. A raíz de ello, se puede determinar que no todos los puentes están preparados para este tipo de fenómenos, teniendo como posibles causas estudios de suelos y diseños estructurales con escasa información. Por tales motivos, la presente tesis se refiere al diseño y determinación del tipo de pilote para la cimentación profunda más eficiente en puentes sobre suelos arenosos en Tumbes mediante un modelo computarizado. La aplicación se realizará en el puente Canoas, en el cual se buscará optimizar el rendimiento de ejecución considerando que pueda soportar las cargas actuantes y las características del suelo. Se propondrá un diseño alternativo para la superestructura que junto con una cimentación profunda con pilotes analizados será un proyecto óptimo tiempo de construcción, sin descuidar la capacidad resistente y costo. Esta propuesta consta de un puente de 50m de luz con vigas metálicas que presenta estribos de 16 m de altura en cada apoyo. Estos estribos tienen un encepado con 12 pilotes cada uno tipo CPI-8 con barrena de hélice continua (CFA). El diseño de la superestructura se realizará en SAP2000, los estribos serán en GEO5 y los pilotes se diseñarán por dos métodos (FHWA 1999 y analítico) comprobando su resistencia grupal con la eficiencia del grupo de 12 pilotes. / In 2017, Peru suffered the phenomenon of the Coastal Child after 19 years. This disaster mainly hit the north coast of the country, causing numerous homes and facilities to end up buried by flooding. In addition, several bridges collapsed causing villages to go intocommunicado. As a result, it can be determined that not all bridges are prepared for this type of phenomenon, taking as possible causes soil studies and structural designs with little information. For these reasons, this thesis refers to the design and determination of the type of pilot for the most efficient deep foundation in bridges on sandy soils in Tumbes using a computerized model. The application will be carried out on the Canoas bridge, in which it will be sought to optimize the execution performance considering that it can withstand the actuating loads and characteristics of the ground. An alternative design will be proposed for the superstructure that together with a deep foundation with analyzed piles will be an optimal construction time project, without neglecting the resilient capacity and cost. This proposal consists of a 50m light bridge with metal beams that presents 16 m high stirrups in each support. These stirrups have a brush with 12 piles each type CPI-8 with continuous propeller auger (CFA). The superstructure design will be done in SAP2000, the stirrups will be in GEO5 and the piles will be designed by two methods (FHWA 1999 and analytical) checking their group resistance with the efficiency of the group of 12 piles. / Tesis

The need of using the underground space was limited in the human history, but in the last century and due to the increase of world population, the use of the underground space has become essential. Underground metro stations, deep garages, tunnels and basements, etc... are examples of using the underground space inside the cities. The use of underground space is conducted through deep excavation or tunneling. Several techniques are used to conduct the deep excavation and one of the most popular and well known techniques used for deep excavation is the diaphragm walling technique which is widely used specially inside the cities to safe space because it requires a very small space to conduct a deep reinforced concreted wall under the ground. However, the construction of such walls causes deformation of the surrounding ground and it could also affect the nearby existing structures. In some recorded cases the slurry trench failed and causes a great deformation which effect the nearby structures. However, Minor damages and cracks were observed in buildings near stable slurry trenches, because the soil deformation was high. The existing structures inside the cities have been constructed on shallow or deep foundations and this research was oriented to study the effect of diaphragm wall installation on the existing adjacent piled foundation. Very limited studies were made to investigate such an effect. At Cambridge university centrifuge model tests were conducted to investigate the effect of slurry reduction on single piles. Field observation was conducted in several projects and showed the settlement and deformation of buildings located on deep foundation during the diaphragm wall trenching. Numerical analysis was conducted using FLAC 3D to simulate the laboratory and the available field works. FLAC 3D is a commercial software and it depend in its analysis on finite difference method. The purpose of the simulation was to verify the used numerical analysis method. The results from the numerical analysis were in a good agreement with the available field data results, and they were also in good agreement with the laboratory test results regarding soil settlement but it was not in such good agreement when they were compared regarding the pile. Generally, from the verification the numerical analysis method is considered to be reliable. A parametric study was performed using the verified numerical analysis method. The flexible nature of the numerical analysis allows to simulate different cases and to study a variety of parameters. The output of the parametric study was the pile deflection, the bending moment and the shaft friction. The study was divided into three main parts while each part contains several parameter combinations. The first part studied the effect of the single and double panel(s) on the single pile group that has different piles numbers and formations. The second and third parts studied the effect of multiple panels on connected pile groups and piled raft foundation, respectively. Generally, the studied parameters can be divided into three main groups. The first is related to the trench which includes the panel dimension, the number of panels and the slurry level inside the panel. The effect of slurry pressure reduction at some levels inside the trench was also studied. The second group concerned the soil type and ground water level. The third group is related to the deep foundation which includes pile characteristics, location, and formation within the group. The results from the parametric study showed that the pile behavior was greatly affected by panel length, groundwater level, slurry level inside the trench and steadiness of the slurry pressure. The piles were also affected by the different stages of construction related to the pile location from the constructed panel. The piles within the group act together so they behave different from each other according to their position. The effect of the pile on the trench stability is presented through a simple analytical approach which is based on the wedge analysis. The analytical approach provided equations that calculate the factor of safety in two and three dimensions. The pile location was governing the equation that calculate the factor of safety because the pile could be fully inside the failure wedge or intersect with the failure surface. A comparative study was conducted to find out the effect of the different pile location and other parameters on the safety factor. Generally, this comparative study showed that the pile located within the failure wedge reduces the factor of safety, while the pile that intersects the failure surface could increase it. The pile row near a trench that contains piles inside the failure wedge and others intersects the failure surface act together to balance the failure wedge. The factor of safety results of some cases from the analytical approach were also compared with those calculated from the numerical analysis. In general, the factor of safety from the numerical analysis was higher than that calculated from the proposed analytical approach. This research helped to understand the trenching effect on the ground surface and on the nearby piled foundations. It provided charts that could help to predict the soil deformation and earth pressure coefficient which could be used in the design. It showed through the parametric study the precautions that should be taken into consideration during trenching process near piled foundation. This research provided a design method for the slurry trench panel near piled foundation.

In the field of civil engineering, particularly structural foundations, low-cost options and time saving construction methods are important because both can be a burden on the public. Drilled shafts have proven to both lower cost and shorten construction time for large-scale projects. However, their integrity as load-carrying foundations has been questioned. The statnamic load test was conceived in the 1980s as an alternative method of testing these larger, deeper foundation elements. Performing a load test verifies that the load carrying capacity of a foundation is agreeable with the estimated capacity during the design phase and that no significant anomalies occurred during construction. The statnamic test, however, is classified as a rapid load test and requires special data regression techniques. The outcome of available regression techniques is directly related to the available instrumentation on the test shaft. Generally, the more instrumentation available, the more complete results the regression method will produce. This thesis will show that a proposed method requiring only basic instrumentation can produce more complete results using a predictive model for side shear development with displacement during the statnamic test. A driven pile or drilled shaft can be discretized into segments based on the load shed distribution model. Each segment can be analyzed as a rigid body. The total static capacity is then the summation of each segments’ contribution. Further, a weighted acceleration can be generated and used to perform an unloading point analysis.

Due to the widespread use of drilled shafts in state and federal highway bridges, strict regulation of the design and construction has been imposed by the respective agencies. However, documented cases of anomalies and/or poorly performing shafts continue to arise. To this end, this thesis investigates several aspects of drilled shaft construction that may affect the quality of the finished product. These areas include bentonite slurry properties and performance as well as reinforcement cage and concrete flow interactions. Recent research indicates tremie poured concrete does not flow as predicted. Instead of even rising, a differential between the height of concrete inside and outside the reinforcement cage has been observed. Compounding this problem is the fact that bentonite slurry used to support boreholes may settle suspended sand at the toe of the shaft or on the surface of rising concrete during long wait periods, affording the possibility of soil inclusions in the shaft. This thesis examines two methods of inquiry to quantify the behavior of concrete in a tremie pour drilled shaft and sand suspension behavior of bentonite slurry. Conclusions and recommendations are made to improve pertinent construction regulations to ensure quality of drilled shafts.

In this work we study the behavior of excavated small-diameter props to the executed compression in sedimentary soil at the Experimental testing site of Geotechnical Engineering at UFSM(CEEG/UFSM). In geotechnical engineering the projects of superficial and deep foundations are limited by the load capacity and by the permissible stress. In the region of Saint Maria geotechnical workmanships and the projects of foundations present an eminently empirical character. Therefore, the research developed at the CEEG/UFSM comes to supply this deficiency of the regional knowledge, by means of studies and research destined to the forecast of the behavior of various foundations of current use in the region. The CEEG has already implemented this with the preliminary inquiries of the subsoil investigation, characterization and geotechnical assays already carried out by Emmer (2004). The current phase consists of the project and execution of foundations that will undergo behavior verification. For such six props of 0,20m of diameter with changeable depths going from 3.0 to 5.3 meters had been executed and submitted to static load tests with slow loads where different criteria of arched interpretation had been applied to the load-displacement curve to define rupture. The estimates of bearing capacity are obtained by means of correlation methods with standard penetration tests (SPT) and by theoretical methods, being these forecasts later compared with the loads of rupture gotten in the assays and interpreted according to the Brazilian Norm. The comparison between the results of the load tests and the values of load capacity calculated by the studied methods, show that, for the props situated in the sandy-clay layer, these methods underestimate the values of the total load capacity and overestimate the values of the total load capacity for the piles supported over sandy layer. / Neste trabalho estuda-se o comportamento de estacas escavadas de pequeno diâmetro à compressão executadas em solo sedimentar no Campo Experimental em Engenharia Geotécnica da UFSM (CEEG/UFSM). Na engenharia geotécnica os projetos de fundações superficiais e profundas são condicionados pela capacidade de carga e pelos recalques admissíveis. Na região de Santa Maria as obras geotécnicas e os projetos de fundações apresentam um caráter eminentemente empírico. Portanto, a pesquisa desenvolvida no CEEG/UFSM vem suprir esta deficiência do conhecimento regional, por meio de estudos e pesquisas destinadas à previsão do comportamento de fundações de uso corrente na região. O CEEG já está implementado com as investigações preliminares do subsolo, ensaios de caracterização e geotécnicos já realizados por Emmer (2004). A atual fase compreende o projeto e execução de fundações para verificação do comportamento. Para tal foram executadas seis estacas de 0,20m de diâmetro com profundidades variáveis de 3,0 a 5,3m e realizadas provas de carga estática com carregamento lento onde foram aplicados diferentes critérios de interpretação curva carga-recalque para definição da ruptura. As previsões de capacidade de carga são obtidas por meio de métodos de correlação com sondagens à penetração (SPT) e por métodos teóricos, sendo essas previsões posteriormente comparadas às cargas de ruptura obtidas nos ensaios e interpretadas segundo a Norma Brasileira. A comparação entre os resultados de provas de carga e os valores de capacidade de carga calculados pelos métodos estudados, mostram que, para as estacas situadas na camada argilo-arenosa, esses métodos subestimam os valores da capacidade de carga total e superestimam os valores da capacidade de carga total para as estacas apoiadas na camada arenosa.

nÃo hà / A previsÃo de recalque em fundaÃÃes profundas do tipo estacas hÃlice contÃnua, escavada e cravada metÃlica à o objeto principal desse estudo. O recalque à o deslocamento vertical para baixo que uma fundaÃÃo apresenta quando submetida a um determinado carregamento. A estimativa dos recalques em fundaÃÃes profundas pode ser feita utilizando-se diversas metodologias, dentre as quais os mÃtodos numÃricos e os teÃricos. Diferentes variÃveis influenciam os recalques ocorridos nas fundaÃÃes profundas do tipo estaca destacando-se as caracterÃsticas de resistÃncia e deformabilidade dos materiais envolvidos, a estratigrafia do solo de fundaÃÃo e a geometria do elemento estrutural de fundaÃÃo, dentre outras, configurando-se, portanto, como um problema multi-variado e de grande complexidade. Uma alternativa para a estimativa mais realista dos recalques em fundaÃÃes profundas consiste no emprego das redes neurais artificiais, que sÃo modelos que trabalham analogamente ao cÃrebro humano que tÃm, recentemente, contribuÃdo na resoluÃÃo de problemas complexos em diversas Ãreas da Engenharia Civil. Nessa pesquisa foram utilizadas redes neurais multicamadas alimentadas adiante (perceptron multi-camadas) para o desenvolvimento de um modelo de previsÃo de recalques em estacas, a partir de um treinamento supervisionado, que utiliza o algoritmo de retropropagaÃÃo do erro (error back propagation). Para o desenvolvimento do modelo foram coletados resultados de ensaios SPT e provas de carga estÃtica, e com auxÃlio do programa QNET2000 foram treinados e validados vÃrios modelos de redes neurais. ApÃs as anÃlises e comparaÃÃes entre os resultados de diferentes configuraÃÃes, constatou-se que as redes neurais artificiais foram capazes de entender o comportamento das fundaÃÃes profundas do tipo hÃlice contÃnua, cravada metÃlica e escavada no que tange a influÃncia das variÃveis de entrada consideradas para a estimativa dos recalques. AlÃm disto, constatou-se que os resultados obtidos pelo modelo desenvolvido permitem, dentre outras coisas, a definiÃÃo das cargas de trabalho e cargas limites na estaca. A arquitetura desse modelo à formada por 6 nÃs na camada de entrada, 20 neurÃnios distribuÃdos em 3 camadas ocultas, e 1 neurÃnio na camada de saÃda, correspondente ao recalque medido para a estaca. O processo de alteraÃÃo dos pesos sinÃpticos, na fase de validaÃÃo do modelo, com 4 milhÃes de iteraÃÃes resultou no maior coeficiente de correlaÃÃo entre os recalques estimados e os recalques medidos, que foi de 0,89, o qual pode ser considerado satisfatÃrio, em se tratando da previsÃo de um fenÃmeno complexo. / The settlement deep foundations preview of stakes continuous helix, metallic dug and stuck is the aim of this study. The settlement is a vertical down dislocation a foundation shows when it undergoes a determined charge. The settlements assessment in deep foundations can be done using several methods as, for instance, the numerical and the theoretical ones. Different variables influence the settlements occurred in foundations of the stake kind which can be detached, among them, the characteristics of resistance and deformation of the involved material, the stratigraphy of the foundation ground and the geometry of the foundationâs structural element manifesting, thus, a multi-diverse and high-complex problem. An alternative to a more realistic assessment of the settlements in deep foundations consists in the application of the artificial neural networks, models that work analogically in the human brain which have been recently contributing to the resolution of complex problems in different areas of Civil Engineering. In this research, multi-marked neural networks were used, fed ahead (perceptron multi-layer) to develop a preview model of settlements in stakes, since a managed training which uses the error back propagation algorithm. To the development of the model, SPT experiments and static charge testsâ results were collected and, with the help of QNET 2000 program, several neural network models were tested and validated. After the analysis and comparison of the different configurationsâ results, it was verified that the artificial neural networks were able to understand the deep foundations behavior, continuous helix, metallic dug and stuck kind concerned to the influence of entrance variables considered to the settlements assessment. Furthermore, the results obtained by the developed model allow, through other factors, the definition of work charges and limit charges on the stake. The architecture of this model is formed by 6 knots in the entrance layer, 20 neurons distributed in 3 hidden layers and 1 neuron in the exit layer, corresponding to the measured settlements to the stake. The change process of the synaptic heights, in the modelâs validation stage, with 4 million iterations, resulted in the bigger correlation coefficient between the assessed and the measured settlements (0.89), which is satisfactory regarding the preview of a complex phenomenon.

Drilled shafts are cylindrical deep foundations constructed by casting fluid concrete into an excavated hole. These elements rely largely on side shear resistance generated by their substantial diameters and lengths to effectively transfer loads. Therefore, an exceptional concrete to soil interface is essential for proper performance of these structures. The FDOT preferred stabilization fluid, bentonite slurry, has been proven to degrade this interface with increased exposure time due to filter cake formation. For this reason, slurry exposure time has been limited to 36 hours by FDOT. Alternately, polymer slurries do not form a filter cake but rather stabilize excavations through continuous soil infiltration and the associated cohesion that accompanies the slurry presence. As polymer slurry use is relatively new to the state of Florida, FDOT does not presently have clear specifications regarding polymer exposure time limits. Hence, this thesis presents the results of pullout tests performed on 1/10th scale drilled shafts constructed with both polymer and bentonite slurries and with varying exposure times. To explore the effect of exposure time on side shear resistance, 24 - 4in diameter 8ft long shafts were constructed: 6 with bentonite and 18 with three different polymer products (6 each). After being exposed to the respective slurry for 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 or 24 hours, each excavated hole was concreted and tested after 7 days of curing. Pullout tests served as a direct measure of side shear resistance due to the absence of base resistance associated with compression testing. After testing, shafts were exhumed and sectioned for filter cake measurement. As expected, shafts constructed using bentonite slurries immediately exhibited a decrease in capacity with increased exposure time. Between 0 and 24 hours a 34% reduction in capacity was witnessed. These reductions were attributed to filter cake thickness which increased with exposure time along with the reduction in effective shaft. After 4 hours of exposure, side shear resistance for the bentonite shafts approached an asymptote, likely defined by the strength of the filter cake formed. The side shear resistance of all polymer shafts exceeded that of the 24hr bentonite control shaft by 20-50 percent depending on the polymer product used. For a given polymer product no capacity reduction was noted with respect to time. Inspection of exhumed shafts revealed the formation of a soil cake (region of stabilized soil stuck to the shaft) around the perimeter of the polymer shafts. Therefore, the side shear resistance of the polymer shafts was defined by the soil-to-soil interface surrounding the shaft and not by an intermediate filter cake. The study resulted in the following findings: (1) open excavations using polymer slurry stabilization are not adversely affected by extended exposure time, (2) the effect of filter cake formation in bentonite supported excavations slows with time whereby no significant degradation in capacity was noted after 8 hours, (3) shafts constructed with polymer slurry performed better than those constructed with bentonite, and (4) as polymer slurry flow into the surrounding soil does not slow with time, more slurry volume is required (compared with bentonite) and slurry level must be continuously maintained.

Deep foundations constructed in liquefiable soils require specialized design. The design engineer of such foundations must consider the effects of liquefaction on the foundation and overlying structure, such as excessive settlement, loss of skin friction at the soil-pile interface, and the development of downdrag on the pile. Controlled blasting was employed to liquefy a loose, saturated sand in order to test the liquefaction prevention capabilities of full-scale, vertical composite earthquake (EQ) drains and to investigate the development of downdrag on full-scale test piles. Blasting produced liquefaction at a test site without EQ drains which eventually resulted in 270 mm of settlement. Liquefaction caused the skin friction on the test pile to decrease to zero immediately following blasting. As pore pressures dissipated and the sand settled, negative skin friction developed, with a maximum magnitude of about onehalf of the positive skin friction. Blasting also produced liquefaction at a site with drains but the settlement was reduced to 225 mm, a decrease of 17% relative to the untreated site. Nevertheless, the dissipation rate dramatically increased. Skin friction did not decrease to zero in the liquefied sand and negative skin friction increased to a value equal to the positive skin friction in the liquefied layer. The computer software, FEQDrain, was utilized to develop a calibrated model of the soil profile using pore pressure and settlement data measured during blast testing. This model was then used to simulate drainage systems with smaller drain spacing and larger drain diameter. Results indicated that pore pressures and settlement could be limited to levels acceptable for many applications. However, development of downdrag on deep foundations would not likely be prevented. EQ drains provide an attractive method of liquefaction mitigation. Furthermore, liquefaction can cause significant amount of downdrag on pile foundations which should be accounted for in deep foundation design.

Augered Cast-In-Place (ACIP) Piles are used in areas were the loading from a superstructure exceeds the soil bearing capacity for usage of a shallow foundation. In Northwest Florida and along the Gulf Coast, ACIP piles are often utilized as foundation alternatives for multi-story condominium projects. Data from 25 compression load tests at 13 different project sites in Florida and Alabama were analyzed to determine their individual relationships between anticipated and determined compression load capacity. The anticipated capacity of the ACIP pile is routinely overestimated due to uncertainties involved with the process of estimating the compressive capacity and procedures of placing the piles; therefore, larger diameter and deeper piles are often used to offset this lack of understanding. The findings established in this study will provide a better empirical relationship between predicted behaviors and actual behaviors of ACIP piles in cohesionless soils. These conclusions will provide the engineer with a better understanding of ACIP pile behaviors and provide a more feasible approach to more accurately determine the pile-soil interaction in mostly cohesionless soils.