Pinus oocarpa is one of the most widely cultivated non-native tree species growing on plantations in Zambia. This thesis deals with repeatedly measured data of the growing dynamic of Pinus oocarpa that is then compared to two other forest stands under two different management approaches: one site regularly used controlled fires to regulate the removal of old grass while the other was untouched by fire. Furthermore, two other main objectives will be covered in this paper. The first will be to compare the height and diameter increment of the forest that was exposed to controlled burning. The second goal will be to conduct a dendrochronology analysis by obtaining tree core samples. These samples will aid in determining the annual growth pattern from mature forest stands throughout various parts of the district. The results obtained through the dendrochronology analysis will help to identify the impact of fire on the growth of trees. This data will then be compared to the results gathered from other locations. In essence, this thesis will identify the growth pattern of the Pinus oocarpa and the method of evaluation chosen in this area will serve to either confirm or refute the assumption that controlled forest fires in Choma can have negative impacts on the further growth and development of the Pinus oocarpa stands.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-06-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:43:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_jms_dr_botfca.pdf: 435059 bytes, checksum: 94166d93f0c927f7d4158f3aa6ca96ab (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / The aim of this work was to compare the final development of Pinus oocarpa Schiede seedlings using tree different underwater depth and with or without coverage fertilization. The research was done inside on a glass green house at the UNESP - College of Agronomical Science, Rural Engineering Department (Botucatu - SP - Brazil). Two trials were done to evaluate biomass, seedling height and diameter development. The first trial, using underground water on 17 cm, 31 cm and 45 cm depth, with or without coverage fertilization with N-P-K. The second trial was done with 28 flowerpots (12 liters each) and 3 seedlings per unit. The experimental design, used to evaluate the height and diameter growth and hydric potential and relative plant water content, was: 1- without water deficit and without coverage fertilization; 2- with water deficit and without coverage fertilization; 3- without water deficit and with coverage fertilization; 4- with water deficit and coverage fertilization. The underground water result showed that 31 cm and fertilization was better for seedling growing rather that 17 cm and without fertilization. The fertilized treatments showed higher plant high and diameter comparing to non fertilized samples, using Tukey test at 5%. For dry plant matter, the best results were obtained with 31 and 45 cm underground water level. The seedling root system dry mass was decrement along the soil profile. The treatment with underground water of 31 cm and fertilization was superior according to Tukey test at 5% of probability and the treatment with underground water of 17 cm and without fertilization was inferior for root dry mass (g). All the others treatment didn t have statistical differences. It didn t happen the irrigation effect on the plant high development; however the fertilized treatment had superior development compared to unfertilized samples. The relative water content didn t change... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Densitometric, volumetric and paper-making traits of provenances of Pinus caribaea Morelet, P. oocarpa Schiede and P. patula SchiedeariclDeppe ssp. tecunumanii (Eguiluz and Perry) Styles were evaluated. Provenance mean values of densitometric density (DEN) and within tree density variation (VAR) were significantly different (p<0.05) at seven of the fourteen P.caribaea and at one of the seven of P. oocarpa and P. patula ssp. tecunumanii trials. Provenance mean valuesor volume under bark (VUB)and dry matter index (DMI) were significantly (p<0.05) different at all of the P. caribaea and at five of the P. oocarpa and P. patula ssp. tecunumanii trials. The inland provenances of P. caribaea were generally Higher for DEN and VAR than the coastal provenances, he Camelias, Mountain Pine Ridge, Rafael and Yucul provenances of P. patula ssp. tecunumanii were superior to P. oocarpa provenances for VUB and DMI in all of these trials and were superior to P. caribaea at two sites where the species were growing under similar conditions. Evaluation of densitometric races revealed large differences between species, provenances and sites for the width and density of latewood; this could explain much of the variation in VAR between these sources. The analysis of variance was used to assess genotype by environment interaction of DEN and VAR from eleven provenances of P. caribaea var. hondurensis Barrett and Golfari at eleven sites and from five provenances of P. oocarpa and four provenances of P. patula ssp. tecunumanii at sfx sites. Sites and provenances were significantly different for DEN and VAR in both series of trials out the site by provenance term was not statistically significant in either. Indications were that P. caribaea would be expected to have lower values of DEN and VAR at higher altitude. Provenances of P. oocarpa and P. patula ssp. tecunumanii were lower for VAR at sites of lower latitude but there were no individual site factors which could be correlated with DEN in these provenances. The comparison of full-scale pulping with micropulping of small wood samples from felled trees of six pine species in the Eastern Transvaal, South Africa, revealed positive and significant correlations for the pulp yield and paper strength traits. The correlation of tear index and VAR in these trees was positive and significant. Evaluation and analyses of a number of pine species and provenances by micropulping of cores from standing trees revealed significant differences for certain of the paper strength traits. The Caftas provenance of P. oocarpa was unusual in having high values for both tear index and burst index when grown in Zululand. Similar conclusions were reached for provenances of P. patula ssp. tecunumanii grown in the Eastern Transvaal. The conclusions of this thesis were: 1. Site climatic factors did not affect DEN and VAR of the different species and provenances in the same way; 2. The VAR term varied as a result of site, species and provenance; 3. There was no genotype by environment interaction for DEN«*rJ VAR; 4. The correlation of VAR with pulp and paper-making traits indicated that trees with high VAR were superior for tear index to trees with low VAR; 5. Micropulping of small wood samples could be used to assess the paper-making traits of individual trees.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, 2015. / Submitted by Fernanda Percia França (fernandafranca@bce.unb.br) on 2016-05-11T20:30:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_EmiliaPintoBraga.pdf: 2282932 bytes, checksum: 03552fd7e8030d7d5c0c98f65e9bb5d7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2016-12-20T12:24:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_EmiliaPintoBraga.pdf: 2282932 bytes, checksum: 03552fd7e8030d7d5c0c98f65e9bb5d7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-20T12:24:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_EmiliaPintoBraga.pdf: 2282932 bytes, checksum: 03552fd7e8030d7d5c0c98f65e9bb5d7 (MD5) / Os objetivos foram descrever as estruturas das populações invasoras de Pinus caribaea e Pinus oocarpa, avaliar impactos sobre os nutrientes do solo e de serapilheira e na diversidade funcional do solo e propor manejo para controle e exclusão. No JBB foram realizados dois levantamentos para descrever as populações e montar uma matriz de transição dos estágios de vida de cada população. Para P.caribaea foram definidos 7 estágios de vida: P, J1, J2,J3,J4,I e A;P. oocarpa teve 8 estágios, 7 iguais aos de P. caribaea e mais T. O manejo simulou a exclusão dos indivíduos das classes com maiores valores de sensibilidade. Amostras de serapilheira e de solos foram coletados para quantificar nutrientes e perfil fisiológico. Em 2013, a população amostrada de P caribaea possuiu 208 indivíduos, aumentando para 233 em um ano (λ=1,09). P.oocarpa teve uma população amostrada de 834 indivíduos em 2013, indo para 890 em 2014 (λ=1,07). A simulação das matrizes resultou em populações de 82.570 indivíduos deP.caribaea e 220.478 de P.oocarpaem 22 anos. Com manejo de exclusão de Imaturos e Adultos, as populações de P.caribaea e P.oocarpa teriam, respectivamente, 2.117 e 12.482 indivíduos. Pinheiros adensaram o dossel e produziram mais serapilheira que Cerrado, mas não afetou a qualidade nutricional da serapilheira nem nos nutrientes do solo. Não foi observada relação entre nutrientes de serapilheira e de solo com a comunidade bacteriana. Não houve influência da presença de pinheirosno perfil fisiológico do solo. O perfil fisiológico mudou sob influência do regime pluviométrico. Este é o primeiro relato da invasão das espécies P. caribaea e P. oocarpa e seus efeitos, e também são inéditas as propostas e projeções de manejo para o JBB das duas espécies invasoras estudadas. / The objectives of this study were to: describe the population structure of these species, evaluate their impacts on litter and soil nutrients, evaluate their impacts on the functional diversity in the soil and 4) propose a solution for control and exclusion of these species over time. To study the populations, two surveys were done to provide data for a transition matrix for each species. For P.caribaea the following life stages were defined: P, J1, J2, J3, J4, I, A. For P.oocarpa another stage was included: T. A management proposal for these species was made based on the transitions with the highest values of sensitivity. In 2013, the P. caribaea population in the transects had 208 individuals and this increased to 233 in after one year (λ=1,09). The initial population size of P. oocarpa was 834 and this increased to 890 iin 2014 (λ=1,07). The projection of population growth over a 22 year period indicated an increase in the total number of individuals to 82,570 for P. caribaea and to 220,478 for P. oocarpa. However, if all adult individuals of each species were actively removed, the final estimate for population sizes of each species was 2,117 and 12,482 individuals, respectively. The presence of pine species resulted in greater crown closure and a higher quantity of litter on the soil surface comparing sites with and without pines, but there was no difference in the nutrient content of the litter and in soil. There was no relation between nutrient concentration in the litter and soil and the soil bacterial community. A difference in the preference of carbon sources between the rainy and dry season was observed. This is the first report of invasion of these pine species in the Cerrado, their effects, and also of proposals for their management in the JBB.

Nine taper equations were tested to predict diameters inside bark along the stem for <i>Pinus oocarpa</i> Schiede trees growing in natural stands of central Honduras. A five parameter submodel predicted as well as an eight parameter model proposed by Kozak, 1988. Taper variation was explored between two geographic regions from which trees with different taper were suspected. Results showed that different site classes, not fully accounted for in the model, might have an effect on the prediction of taper in each region. Also, the effect of crown class and live crown ratio on prediction was evaluated. The model selected exhibited different prediction patterns for dominant and suppressed trees. On the other hand, live crown ratio did not appear to affect prediction. A computer program was written to use the taper equation developed to compute total and merchantable volume to different top diameter limits. / Master of Science

Orientador: Antonio Evaldo Klar / Banca: João Carlos Cury Saad / Banca: Magali Ribeiro da Silva / Banca: Marcio da Silva Araújo / Banca: Geraldo Gonçalves dos Reis / Abstract: The aim of this work was to compare the final development of Pinus oocarpa Schiede seedlings using tree different underwater depth and with or without coverage fertilization. The research was done inside on a glass green house at the UNESP - College of Agronomical Science, Rural Engineering Department (Botucatu - SP - Brazil). Two trials were done to evaluate biomass, seedling height and diameter development. The first trial, using underground water on 17 cm, 31 cm and 45 cm depth, with or without coverage fertilization with N-P-K. The second trial was done with 28 flowerpots (12 liters each) and 3 seedlings per unit. The experimental design, used to evaluate the height and diameter growth and hydric potential and relative plant water content, was: 1- without water deficit and without coverage fertilization; 2- with water deficit and without coverage fertilization; 3- without water deficit and with coverage fertilization; 4- with water deficit and coverage fertilization. The underground water result showed that 31 cm and fertilization was better for seedling growing rather that 17 cm and without fertilization. The fertilized treatments showed higher plant high and diameter comparing to non fertilized samples, using Tukey test at 5%. For dry plant matter, the best results were obtained with 31 and 45 cm underground water level. The seedling root system dry mass was decrement along the soil profile. The treatment with underground water of 31 cm and fertilization was superior according to Tukey test at 5% of probability and the treatment with underground water of 17 cm and without fertilization was inferior for root dry mass (g). All the others treatment didn’t have statistical differences. It didn’t happen the irrigation effect on the plant high development; however the fertilized treatment had superior development compared to unfertilized samples. The relative water content didn’t change... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Em 2012 foi anunciado um pacote econômico do governo que concede à iniciativa privada a operação de estradas e ferrovias pelo Brasil, onde serão investidos R$ 133 bilhões, incluindo a construção de 10 mil quilômetros de estradas de ferro. O dormente é um dos componentes estruturais mais importantes na construção de ferrovias, com a função de receber esforços produzidos pelos veículos ferroviários, amortecer parcialmente as vibrações, transmiti-las ao lastro e manter invariável a distância entre os trilhos (bitola). As madeiras utilizadas no Brasil para a produção de dormentes são de essências nobres. Porém, com a escassez cada vez maior dessas espécies e a exploração ilegal de madeiras nativas consideradas de elevada resistência buscaram-se madeiras alternativas para esse uso como o Eucalipto ou o Pinus de florestas plantadas. Objetivo deste trabalho foi a análise experimental da viabilidade técnica da produção de dormentes pelo método de fabricação da Madeira Laminada Colada utilizando a madeira da espécie de Pinus oocarpa e adesivo poliuretano para atender os requisitos da recém aprovada norma de dormentes ABNT NBR 7511:2013 Dormentes de madeira - Requisitos e métodos de ensaio. Após intenso programa experimental em que foram estudadas diversas configurações de disposição de lamelas visando à otimização do processo de fabricação, foram produzidos dormentes de MLC com configurações diferentes de seção transversal, e realizados ensaios preliminares com a finalidade de atingir as especificações mínimas de norma. Os resultados mostraram que os dormentes em MLC de Pinus oocarpa atingiram os requisitos da norma ABNT NBR 7511:2013 Dormentes de madeira - Requisitos e métodos de ensaio. / In 2012 it was announced a government economic package that grants to private operation of roads and railways in Brazil, which will be invested R$ 133 billion, including the construction of 10,000 km railroads. Sleepers are one of the most important structural components in the construction of railways with the function of receiving actions produced by the rail vehicles, diminish dampen vibrations and transmitting them to the ballast and remain invariant distance between rails (gauge). The timbers used in Brazil to manufacture sleepers are from tropical forest. Considering the scarcity and tropical illegal logging, Eucalyptus and Pines planted forests are a interesting alternative. The aim of this study was experimental analyze of the technical feasibility to produce Glulam sleepers using Pinus oocarpa species and polyurethane adhesive to reach the requirements of the recently approved sleepers standard ABNT NBR 7511:2013 Wood sleepers - Requirements and test methods. After intensive experimental program using various layout settings of lamellae and different configurations of cross-sectional an optimization of the manufacturing process of MLC sleepers was done in order to achieve the minimum standard specifications. Results showed that in MLC sleepers of Pinus oocarpa reached the requirements of the standard ABNT NBR 7511:2013 Wood sleepers - Requirements and test methods.

Em 2012 foi anunciado um pacote econômico do governo que concede à iniciativa privada a operação de estradas e ferrovias pelo Brasil, onde serão investidos R$ 133 bilhões, incluindo a construção de 10 mil quilômetros de estradas de ferro. O dormente é um dos componentes estruturais mais importantes na construção de ferrovias, com a função de receber esforços produzidos pelos veículos ferroviários, amortecer parcialmente as vibrações, transmiti-las ao lastro e manter invariável a distância entre os trilhos (bitola). As madeiras utilizadas no Brasil para a produção de dormentes são de essências nobres. Porém, com a escassez cada vez maior dessas espécies e a exploração ilegal de madeiras nativas consideradas de elevada resistência buscaram-se madeiras alternativas para esse uso como o Eucalipto ou o Pinus de florestas plantadas. Objetivo deste trabalho foi a análise experimental da viabilidade técnica da produção de dormentes pelo método de fabricação da Madeira Laminada Colada utilizando a madeira da espécie de Pinus oocarpa e adesivo poliuretano para atender os requisitos da recém aprovada norma de dormentes ABNT NBR 7511:2013 Dormentes de madeira - Requisitos e métodos de ensaio. Após intenso programa experimental em que foram estudadas diversas configurações de disposição de lamelas visando à otimização do processo de fabricação, foram produzidos dormentes de MLC com configurações diferentes de seção transversal, e realizados ensaios preliminares com a finalidade de atingir as especificações mínimas de norma. Os resultados mostraram que os dormentes em MLC de Pinus oocarpa atingiram os requisitos da norma ABNT NBR 7511:2013 Dormentes de madeira - Requisitos e métodos de ensaio. / In 2012 it was announced a government economic package that grants to private operation of roads and railways in Brazil, which will be invested R$ 133 billion, including the construction of 10,000 km railroads. Sleepers are one of the most important structural components in the construction of railways with the function of receiving actions produced by the rail vehicles, diminish dampen vibrations and transmitting them to the ballast and remain invariant distance between rails (gauge). The timbers used in Brazil to manufacture sleepers are from tropical forest. Considering the scarcity and tropical illegal logging, Eucalyptus and Pines planted forests are a interesting alternative. The aim of this study was experimental analyze of the technical feasibility to produce Glulam sleepers using Pinus oocarpa species and polyurethane adhesive to reach the requirements of the recently approved sleepers standard ABNT NBR 7511:2013 Wood sleepers - Requirements and test methods. After intensive experimental program using various layout settings of lamellae and different configurations of cross-sectional an optimization of the manufacturing process of MLC sleepers was done in order to achieve the minimum standard specifications. Results showed that in MLC sleepers of Pinus oocarpa reached the requirements of the standard ABNT NBR 7511:2013 Wood sleepers - Requirements and test methods.

[pt] Este estudo teórico-experimental tem como objetivo a análise do comportamento até a ruptura de vigas de madeira da espécie Pinus oocarpa reforçadas externamente à flexão com compósitos de base epoxídica reforçados por fibras de vidro e juta. No programa experimental foi investigado o desempenho mecânico do Pinus Oocarpa quando submetido a temperaturas elevadas. Uma tendência à redução do módulo de elasticidade e da resistência à compressão foi verificada com o aumento da temperatura, fato que pode ser comprovado através de análises com difração de raios-x. Ensaios de tração nos compósitos reforçados com fibras de vidro e juta foram realizados demonstrando comportamento frágil, linear-elástico até ruptura. Além disso, vinte e duas vigas, com seção transversal de 10x15cm e 300 cm de comprimento foram ensaiadas à flexão. Essas vigas foram divididas em cinco séries, sendo cinco vigas de referência sem reforço, cinco reforçadas com uma camada de fibra de vidro, seis com três camadas de fibra de vidro, uma com uma camada de fibra de juta e, por fim, cinco com três camadas de fibra de juta. No estudo teórico foi aplicado o modelo básico de seção composta para o regime elástico e dois modelos bilineares elasto-plásticos. A partir dos resultados numéricos e para as considerações adotadas, comparou-se com os valores encontrados experimentalmente concluindo-se que o primeiro modelo é o melhor deles para o dimensionamento. Verificou-se que todas as vigas reforçadas apresentaram um acréscimo de força última variando de 16-26 por cento quando considerados os compósitos de juta e 54-81 por cento para os de vidro em relação às vigas de referência. Verificou-se, também, que, com o acréscimo das fibras ocorreu uma modificação no modo de ruptura, ou seja, as peças continuaram rompendo nas fibras tracionadas, só que com uma pequena plastificação nas fibras comprimidas. Observou-se, também, que os compósitos de fibra de juta alteram consideravelmente a rigidez das peças fletidas mesmo com ganho inferior na resistência. / [en] The work in hand aims the theoretical-experimental investigation of the mechanical behavior until rupture of Pinus oocarpa s wood beams reinforced externally for bending with glass and jute epoxy-based composites. In the experimental program, the mechanical behavior under elevated temperatures of Pinus oocarpa was investigated. A tendency to reduce the elastic modulus and the compressive strength was verified with the increase of the temperature, which was traced back to the x-ray diffraction analysis. Tension tests on glass and jute fiber reinforced composites were performed showing a brittle and linear elastic behavior until rupture. Beside this, twenty two beams, with cross section of 10x15cm and 300 cm of length, was tested. The beams were divided into five groups: five non-reinforced beams, five reinforced beams with one fiberglass layer, six with three fiberglass layers, one with one layer of jute fiber and five with three layers of jute fiber. In the theoretical study, a basic model of the composite section for the elastic range was applied and two bilinear elasto-plastic models. From the comparison of the experimental and theoretical results, it was concluded that the first model is the best one to be applied in project. It was verified that all the reinforced beams presented an increase of the ultimate force varying from 16 to 26 per cent when considering the jute composites and from 54 to 81 per cent for the glass ones. It has been found that, with the addition of glass fibers, a change in the mode of rupture was observed. Without the reinforcement, the beams fractured with pure tension. When the composites were used as external reinforcement, some beams presented a small plastification on the compression zone. It was also observed that the jute fiber composites considerably modified the stiffness of the beams even with a lower gain in the load bearing resistance.