The efficient delivery of potable water for a community through its distribution system has historically been the backbone of nearly all metropolitan developments. Much of these systems are comprised of pipe networks made of various materials including concrete, iron, PVC, and even steel. As these communities expand and urbanize, water demand and population density simultaneously increase. This develops higher strains and stresses in the community‟s water distribution network causing pipes to corrode, crack, or rupture prematurely while in service. As a result, the deterioration of water distribution systems in growing cities is increasingly becoming a major concern for our nation. There have been several publications on the subject of evaluating pipe conditions within a water distribution network that use statistical models, estimation, and other mathematical analyses. However, many of these publications are cumbersome and are difficult to understand from a non-engineering perspective. In order to simplify the evaluation process for all varying professions in a city‟s public works division, the primary objective of this study was to develop a user-friendly risk assessment model that was practical, cost effective, and easy to follow. This risk assessment model focuses primarily on the physical condition of pipes in a water distribution system. It assesses the installation year, age, material, and break history of these water mains. It does not consider pipe fittings, pumps, or other network components. A pipe‟s probability of failure is determined from its physical condition. Page v The model then considers various economic degrees of impact that may affect the rehabilitation or replacement of these water mains. These degrees of impact include raw material costs, customer criticality, land use, demand, pipe material, and traffic impact. By focusing on pipes having the highest probability of failure and considering their economic impacts, this model identifies and prioritizes the most vulnerable water mains that require immediate attention. In order to validate this developed risk assessment model, the method was applied to a real water distribution system. Data from the City of Arroyo Grande, California was used in conjunction with WaterCAD and geographic information systems (ArcGIS) software during analysis. Application of the risk assessment model identified six cast iron pipes in Arroyo Grande‟s water distribution system as having a high risk of failure. Of the city‟s 3,057 individual pipe segments, recognizing only five of these pipes as high risk indicated that the assessment model was functional. Developing and testing this risk assessment model with real city data effectively demonstrated its practicality and easy application to a real water distribution system. If utilized, city officials can quickly identify and prioritize pipes needing rehabilitation or replacement by using reliable, up-to-date water distribution data from their city with this risk assessment model. Furthermore, use of this model may also simplify allocation of capital funds for future pipe improvement projects as the city continues its urbanization.

The goals of this research are to develop and validate the use of distributed fibre optic sensors for use in strain monitoring of buried culverts, and to use full-scale experiments to evaluate the performance of both deteriorated steel and reinforced concrete culverts rehabilitated with grouted slipliners subjected to surface loading. Bench scale experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of fibre optic sensors against conventional strain sensors. Then, fibre optic sensors were attached to a full-scale culvert that was tested in a buried state as a proof of concept. Finally, fibre optic sensors were used in two large scale buried pipe tests to explore the performance of rehabilitated flexible and rigid culverts. A deteriorated steel culvert was tested in a buried state under surface loading, then rehabilitated with a grouted high density polyethylene (HDPE) slipliner while still in a buried state and tested under surface loading at 0.9 m and 0.6 m burial depths. The rehabilitated steel pipe was tested under service loading, and up to 1250 kN of applied load. The results suggested that the grouted annulus stiffened the overall structure, and increased the capacity of the system to over 3 times the fully factored design load. A deteriorated reinforced concrete culvert was tested and rehabilitated in a similar fashion. The grout in the annulus penetrated the cracks at the crown, invert and joint of the concrete pipeline. The lined concrete pipe was tested to 1200 kN under single axle loading, and to 800 kN under single wheel loading. The results suggested that while the concrete pipe was stiffened by the grout, it remained the primary contributor to structural capacity, with the liner contributing little to the capacity. Repair reduced the diameter change by an average of 90%, with the capacity reaching approximately 3.3 and 4.2 times the design loads for single axle and single wheel pair loading, respectively. The maximum response was under single axle loading over the barrels of the concrete pipe. In no instance did the structures reach an ultimate limit state, and the tests were stopped after bearing failure of the soil occurred. / Thesis (Master, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2013-11-28 17:24:50.815

The maintenance or replacement of deteriorated pipes and culverts is a constant and significant concern for municipalities and transportation agencies in the United States (Donaldson and Wallingford, 2010). Trenchless technologies and especially the Cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) method have become increasingly common ways to preserve infrastructures owing to their feasibility, cost-effectiveness, and fewer social impacts (Jung and Sinha, 2007). Therefore, there is a growing need to understand the direct and indirect effects of pipeline rehabilitation activities on the environment. Nearly all past CIPP studies have focused on its mechanical properties, and its environmental impacts are poorly investigated and documented (Allouche et al. 2012). Sewer pipelines and storm-water culverts are administered by municipalities and transportation agencies who bear the responsibility for rehabilitation and renewal of these infrastructures. In consequence, they rarely allow sampling and research projects in the field due to liability issues. This is a main obstacle to conducting comprehensive, precise, and unbiased research on CIPP environmental impacts and to date, the degree of relevant health effects and related environmental impacts have remained unknown. Numerous building indoor air contamination incidents indicate that work is needed to understand the magnitude of styrene emission from CIPP sanitary sewer repairs. The main goal of this study was to better comprehend Volatile Organic Compounds emission at three CIPP sanitary sewer installation sites in one U.S. city. Results showed that CIPP chemical emissions may be a health risk to workers and nearby building inhabitants. Additional testing and investigations regarding chemical emissions from CIPP should be commissioned to fill in the environmental and public health knowledge gaps. The acute and chronic chemical exposure risks of CIPP chemical steam constituents and styrene to sensitive populations should be further examined. Other goals of this study were to estimate the magnitude of solid waste generated as well as the amount of certain criteria air pollutants and greenhouse gases emitted from onsite heavy equipment for both CIPP and open-cut sites in a U.S city. The results indicated that the amount of open-cut related solid waste, criteria air pollutants, and greenhouse gases were greater than those during CIPP activities. Additional work is needed to quantify pollutant emissions from CIPP and open-cut activities and consider emissions from a cradle-to-grave standpoint.